胡萝卜吸附式低温干燥特性的研究

对胡萝卜吸附式低温干燥过程的干燥特性进行了试验研究。考察了干燥气体 (空气 )的湿度和风量以及物料粒度对胡萝卜干燥特性和复水比的影响 ,得到形状相似的干燥曲线 ,用自定义最小二乘法拟合均能获得较好的结果。结果表明 :吸附式低温干燥过程可使被干燥物料达到超干水平 (含水率 <5 % ) ;增加干燥气体流量对干燥过程进行有利 ,当气体流量从 2 0 0L/h增加到 4 0 0L/h时 ,胡萝卜含水率从 4 1 13%降低到 34 93% ;被干燥物料颗粒大小和形状对干燥过程有显著影响 ;经过吸附式干燥后的胡萝卜色泽鲜艳 ,无褐变 ,外表品质优于热风干燥。吸附式低温干燥后胡萝卜的复水比 (6 5 2 )显著高于热风干燥 (1 78)。     

马铃薯吸附干燥特性及模型拟合

在实验的基础上研究了马铃薯的干燥特性,考察了温度、湿度、风速和粒子大小对马铃薯的干燥特性的影响。对马铃薯的干燥特性进行模型拟合结果表明:马铃薯吸附式低温干燥过程分为调整、恒速和降速3个阶段。含水率从76.88%变化到65.44%这段为调整阶段;从65.44%变化到47.34%这段为恒速阶段,主要是去除非结合水;从47.34%降到27.7%为降速阶段,主要脱除非结合水及部分结合水,干燥速度下降。温度是影响干燥的主要因素,温度越高,湿度越小,介质流速快,干燥速度越快。Page模型能够较好地拟合马铃薯干燥过程的特性。     

不同干燥方法对冬瓜片品质的影响

以冬瓜为试材,研究自然干燥、普通热风干燥和微波干燥 3 种不同干燥方法对冬瓜品质的影响,通过测定冬瓜片的复水性、维生素C和酸度等,探求冬瓜长久储藏的方法。结果表明,微波干燥法在以上各质量参数方面均为最优。     

热风干燥法对刺梨果活性成分影响的研究

目的：采用热风干燥法干燥刺梨鲜果,分析干燥前后对刺梨主要活性成分（维生素C、总多酚、总黄酮、没食子酸、儿茶素和鞣花酸）的影响,以及测定其有害重金属含量。结果：刺梨鲜果经60 ℃热风干燥后,总黄酮含量基本不变,总多酚和维生素C含量有减少;多酚类化合物儿茶素含量减少,没食子酸和鞣花酸含量则增加;刺梨干果中维生素C含量仍然高（7.2%）;干果中总多酚96.18 mg/g、总黄酮1.97 mg/g、儿茶素4.94 mg/g、没食子酸0.30 mg/g、鞣花酸1.70 mg/g。有害重金属限量符合国家标准GB 2762—2017的规定。结论：热风干燥的工艺方法使刺梨中活性成分含量变化,但不影响干刺梨的应用品质,是加工干燥刺梨鲜果的方便、快捷、性价比合适的方式,适合规模化应用。     

基于顶空-气相色谱-离子迁移谱法研究干燥方式对小米椒挥发性风味物质的影响

本研究采用顶空-气相色谱-离子迁移谱(HS-GC-IMS)技术对经热风干燥、红外干燥、真空冷冻干燥和自然晾晒4种干燥方式处理的小米椒进行挥发性风味物质分析。结果表明:这4种干燥方式获得的小米椒中共鉴定出挥发性风味物质39种,其中酯类9种、醛类10种、醇类10种、呋喃类2种、吡嗪类3种、酮类3种、有机酸类2种;小米椒干燥后的主要风味物质为酯类、醛类和醇类化合物。主成分分析(PCA)和热图聚类结果表明:相比于真空冷冻干燥与自然晾晒,热风干燥与红外干燥的挥发性风味物质具有较高的相关性;而与热风干燥和红外干燥相比,真空冷冻干燥与自然晾晒间的差异较大;干燥过程中部分挥发性风味物质间具有较强的相关性,如酯类和醇类、醇类和醛类等,其通过化学反应可实现风味物质间的转化。干燥方式对挥发性风味物质种类影响较小,热风干燥、红外干燥、真空冷冻干燥、自然晾晒的小米椒挥发性风味物质种类分别为39、37、36、34种。然而,干燥方式对小米椒挥发性风味物质的含量有明显的影响。与真空冷冻干燥和自然晾晒相比,热风干燥和红外干燥处理的样品中酯类、呋喃类和吡嗪类物质含量较高,而在真空冷冻干燥和自然晾晒处理的样品中醛类物质含量高于热风干燥和红外干燥。总之,相比于其他干燥方式,热风干燥与红外干燥对丰富干制小米椒的风味具有积极的影响。本研究将为干制小米椒的加工及风味品质调控提供理论依据。     

壶瓶枣干燥预处理及提取工艺对其多糖得率的影响

本文考察了不同的干燥预处理手段(烘箱干燥和真空冷冻干燥)及减压内部沸腾法中各因素(真空度、温度、液料比和提取时间等)对壶瓶枣多糖及蛋白质得率的影响。实验结果表明:干燥方式对原料枣粉的色差和多糖、蛋白质含量均有显著影响,对含水量无明显影响;真空冷冻干燥所得的枣粉色差小、多糖含量高、蛋白质含量低,综合考虑,选用真空冷冻干燥作为原料预处理手段;减压内部沸腾法最佳工艺参数为体系内温度60℃,液料比50∶1(mL∶g),提取时间30 min,此时外界温度为71℃,真空度为80 kPa,此条件下多糖及蛋白质得率分别为26.05 mg/g和2.14 mg/g;与传统热浸提相比,有效物质多糖得率提高了16.66%。     

不同干燥方法对林下参品质的影响

目的：通过研究林下参不同干燥方法的干燥过程和对林下参物理性质及其皂苷类成分的影响，为林下参提供适宜干燥方法。方法：采用热风干燥、微波干燥、真空冷冻干燥3种干燥方法，对林下参的干燥时间、外观性状、体积收缩率、主根和芦的直径和长度收缩率、表皮和粉末的色泽及内在成分（总皂苷和8种单体皂苷）含量等指标进行分析评价。结果：微波干燥耗时最短，其次为真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥；真空冷冻干燥对林下参的外形和粉末色泽影响小，并且与热风干燥林下参的外观性状和微波干燥林下参的粉末色泽区别明显；真空冷冻干燥林下参和微波干燥林下参的体积、主根长和直径、芦长的收缩率小于热风干燥林下参，具显著差异；真空冷冻干燥林下参的表皮色差增长率最小；总皂苷含量、人参单体皂苷含量加和值、人参二醇型皂苷和人参三醇型皂苷含量的均值大小顺序为真空冷冻干燥林下参>微波干燥林下参>热风干燥林下参。结论：真空冷冻干燥较好的保留了林下参的形态和色泽，且真空冷冻干燥林下参人参皂苷含量高，真空冷冻干燥林下参具高附加值，综合考虑，真空冷冻干燥可以作为生产高档商品林下参的干燥方法。     

紫薯干燥的动力学模型及工艺优化

为了探究紫薯在干燥过程中水分变化规律,建立动力学模型,进一步为紫薯干中天然色素的高效提取给予理论依据。以新鲜紫薯为原材料,分别研究了切片厚度、热风温度和热风风速对紫薯干燥特性的影响,通过用线性回归法处理,根据较常用的薄层干燥模型进行拟合,建立紫薯热风薄层干燥的动力学模型;在以上单因素试验的基础上,采用正交实验优化提取红色素的干燥工艺参数。研究得出对紫薯薄层干燥速率的影响因素由大到小是切片厚度、热风温度、热风风速;紫薯热风薄层干燥的动力学模型满足Page方程;紫薯红色素提取的最优工艺为热风温度60℃、热风风速0.6 m/s、切片厚度6 mm,此条件下提取得率为15.90 mg/g。     

紫淮山全粉喷雾冷冻干燥工艺及其特性研究

制备高品质的紫淮山全粉,有利于拓宽紫淮山的消费途径和提升产品价值。本文考察了固液比、进料流量和冻结温度对紫淮山全粉水分含量、溶解度和花色苷含量的影响,通过四因素三水平正交试验,优化了紫淮山全粉喷雾冷冻干燥工艺,并对热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥、喷雾干燥、喷雾冷冻干燥这4种干燥方式制备的紫淮山全粉理化特性和抗氧化能力进行了比较。结果表明,紫淮山冷冻喷雾干燥的最佳工艺条件为进料流量25 mL/min、固液比1∶1、冻结温度-30℃,在此条件下得到的紫淮山全粉水分含量为3. 89%、溶解度为23. 12%、花色苷含量为13. 28 mg/100 g。干燥方式对紫淮山全粉的物理性质、营养成分、活性成分和抗氧化能力的影响显著。     

不同干燥方法对白芍中6种化学成分的影响与评价

研究不同干燥方法对白芍中单萜苷类和酚酸类化学成分的影响,为白芍适宜干燥方法的确定提供依据;采用HPLC同时测定经不同干燥方法制备的样品中4种单萜苷类、2种酚酸类化学成分的含量;利用SPSS软件进行主成分分析,利用主成分得分进行综合评价。结果表明:不同干燥方法所得白芍均能达到2015年版《中国药典》对白芍含量和水分的要求,采用真空冷冻干燥单萜苷类和酚酸类总量最高,为6.248%,热风60℃干燥次之,为6.141%;经主成分分析,不同干燥方法处理的白芍中单萜苷类和酚酸类成分含量综合评分依次为:真空冷冻干燥热风60℃干燥微波干燥远红外干燥晒干热风40℃干燥热风80℃干燥阴干热风100℃干燥。不同干燥方法对白芍中单萜苷类和酚酸类成分有一定的影响。因此,从各成分含量、成本和实用性方面综合分析,热风60℃干燥为白芍适宜的干燥方法。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.