八珍制剂对~(60)Co辐射小鼠微生态失调的促恢复作用

目的　观察中药八珍制剂对60 Co辐射小鼠微生态失调的调整作用。方法　60 Co辐射昆明种小鼠制成微生态失调模型 ,用中药八珍制剂对其进行调整 ,检测肠道膜菌群与腔菌群中双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、肠杆菌、肠球菌及肝脏细菌易位数量 ,血浆内毒素水平 ,小肠黏膜中二胺氧化酶的活性和丙二醛的含量等指标 ,观测中药对辐射性微生态失调的调整作用。结果 :中药八珍制剂具有调整小鼠肠道菌群失调 ,降低肠道菌易位和血浆内毒素水平 ,减少丙二醛含量 ,升高肠黏膜中二胺氧化酶的活性。中药治疗组各项指标与自然恢复组相比 ,差异均有显著性(P <0 .0 0 1或P <0 .0 1或P <0 .0 5 )。结论　八珍制剂对60 Co辐射小鼠微生态失调有促恢复作用     

低聚果糖对溃疡性结肠炎模型小鼠肠黏膜屏障影响的研究

目的探讨低聚果糖对溃疡性结肠炎(UC)模型小鼠肠黏膜屏障的调节作用及可能机制。方法小鼠随机分成3组:正常对照(NC)组、模型(MD)组和低聚果糖(FOS)组,采用葡聚糖硫酸钠制作UC小鼠模型。造模7d同时给予干预治疗,停用造模药物并后续治疗7d。采用细菌定量测定法检测肠道菌群,放射免疫法检测肠黏膜sIgA,ELISA法检测小鼠肠黏膜IL-10、TNF-α和IL-6水平。结果模型组小鼠存在肠道菌群失调(t=2.088,2.036,2.203,2.109,P0.05),其TNF-α、IL-6水平高于正常对照组(t=1.734,1.801,P0.05),肠黏膜sIgA、IL-10低于正常对照组(t=1.820,1.806,P0.05);低聚果糖组肠道菌群失调状况较模型组有所改善,其TNF-α、IL-6水平低于正常对照组(t=1.980,1.816,1.936,1.920,1.969,1.893,P0.05),肠黏膜sIgA、IL-10高于正常对照组(t=1.801,1.796,P0.05)。结论低聚果糖可改善溃疡性结肠炎模型小鼠肠道菌群屏障功能,可以提高肠黏膜sIgA和抗炎细胞因子IL-10的水平并降低致炎细胞因子TNF-α和IL-6的水平,通过调节肠道过度的免疫反应,使免疫屏障功能得到一定恢复。     

香菇多糖对微生态失调小鼠肠道菌群及免疫功能的调节作用

目的 探讨香菇多糖对微生态失调小鼠肠道菌群及免疫功能的调节作用.方法 经盐酸林可霉素灌胃建立肠道微生态失调小鼠模型,香菇多糖灌胃治疗,同时设正常对照组、自然恢复组和丽珠肠乐组.7d后处死各组小鼠,进行肠道菌群定量、免疫器官体重及其淋巴细胞转化率检测.结果 用香菇多糖对肠道微生态失调小鼠进行治疗后,小鼠肠道双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌数量显著增加,而肠杆菌和肠球菌的数量显著降低;脾脏指数明显增加,对胸腺指数无影响;显著增强了淋巴细胞转化率.结论 盐酸林克霉素灌胃能诱导微生态失调小鼠模型的有效建立.香菇多糖能调整小鼠肠道菌群及免疫功能.     

马齿苋多糖对肠道微生态失调小鼠的调整作用研究

目的研究应用马齿苋多糖对肠道微生态失调小鼠进行调整治疗,达到从微生态学角度防治感染的目的。方法应用林可霉素灌胃建立肠道微生态失调小鼠模型,然后用马齿苋多糖进行治疗,同时设正常对照组、阳性对照组和阴性对照组,于给药7 d后处死小鼠,进行肠道菌群定量、肠内容物挥发性脂肪酸检测及肠黏膜电镜观察。结果林可霉素灌胃3 d后,小鼠肠道菌群失调,肠内容物挥发性脂肪酸含量明显下降,肠黏膜损伤严重。持续7 d治疗后,治疗组小鼠肠道双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量明显上升,肠内容物挥发性脂肪酸含量明显上升,损伤的肠黏膜基本修复。结论应用林可霉素可以成功建立肠道微生态失调动物模型;马齿苋多糖具有扶植肠道正常菌群生长,调整菌群失调,防治感染的作用,是理想的中药微生态调节剂。     

肠道微生态在华支睾吸虫致宿主肝功能损伤中的作用研究

目的研究肠道微生态在华支睾吸虫致肝损伤中的作用。方法建立华支睾吸虫感染大鼠模型。分别在造模后48 h、18 d和35 d检测血浆内毒素、ALT(谷丙转氨酶)、AST(谷草转氨酶)水平;检测肠黏液中sIgA含量;取肠内容物进行乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、肠球菌和肠杆菌的培养及定量分析。结果造模后18 d、35 d,大鼠血浆内毒素、ALT、AST水平明显升高,差异有统计学意义(t_内=8.335、7.612,t_(ALT)=11.815、9.874,t_(AST)=7.433、8.015,P值均0.01);造模后48 h,肠黏液sIgA水平高于正常组(t=2.752,P0.05),尤以造模后18 d、35 d升高显著(t=13.118、9.546,P值均0.01);造模后48 h、18 d和35 d,肠道乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量明显减少(t_乳=2.612、4.142、5.556,t_(双)=2.302、4.565、3.982,P值0.05或P值0.01),造模后18 d和35 d,肠杆菌和肠球菌数量明显增多(t_肠=4.562、5.247,t肠=5.366、4.775,P值均0.01)。结论华支睾吸虫感染可致大鼠肠道菌群发生失调,引发内毒素血症,参与介导对肝细胞的损伤。     

采用高通量测序技术 研究抗生素对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的探讨不同浓度抗生素对小鼠肠道菌群多样性和结构的影响,并预测相关功能变化。方法 15只SPF级ICR小鼠随机分为正常组、低浓度抗生素组和高浓度抗生素组,连续灌胃5 d后,采集小鼠新鲜粪便样本。利用Illumina MiSeq测序平台,对细菌的16S rRNA V3-V4区进行高通量测序,并对测序的结果进行生物信息学分析。结果高、低浓度抗生素组小鼠肠道菌群组成与正常组存在明显差异。与正常组相比,高剂量组小鼠肠道肠球菌属、志贺埃希菌属相对丰度显著升高(t=-2.71,P=0.026;t=-2.30,P0.05);分节丝状菌属、拟普雷沃菌属相对丰度显著降低(t=2.88,P=0.020;t=2.49,P=0.037),理研菌属极显著降低(t=3.79,P=0.005)。低剂量组小鼠肠道菌群变形菌纲成为优势菌,芽胞杆菌属、粪球菌_2、苏黎世杆菌属、普雷沃菌属_2、普雷沃菌属_7、志贺埃希菌属、沙雷菌属和放线菌属等相对丰度显著升高(均P0.05);梭杆菌属、泛菌属极显著升高(t=-3.19,P=0.013;t=-3.50,P=0.008);分节丝状菌属、理研菌属相对丰度显著降低(t=2.69,P=0.028;t=2.33,P=0.048)。PICRUSt功能预测分析显示,抗生素组显著增加人类疾病、细胞过程和环境信息处理功能层的基因拷贝数,显著降低有机系统、遗传信息处理和代谢功能层的基因拷贝数。结论广谱抗生素能破坏小鼠肠道的微生态平衡,有必要深入研究抗生素对心血管、免疫性、感染性及神经退行性疾病发展的潜在作用。     

八珍制剂对60Co辐射小鼠微生态失调的促恢复作用

目的观察中药八珍制剂对60Co辐射小鼠微生态失调的调整作用.方法 60Co辐射昆明种小鼠制成微生态失调模型,用中药八珍制剂对其进行调整,检测肠道膜菌群与腔菌群中双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、肠杆菌、肠球菌及肝脏细菌易位数量,血浆内毒素水平,小肠黏膜中二胺氧化酶的活性和丙二醛的含量等指标,观测中药对辐射性微生态失调的调整作用.结果:中药八珍制剂具有调整小鼠肠道菌群失调,降低肠道菌易位和血浆内毒素水平,减少丙二醛含量,升高肠黏膜中二胺氧化酶的活性.中药治疗组各项指标与自然恢复组相比,差异均有显著性( P<0.001或P<0.01或P<0.05).结论八珍制剂对60Co辐射小鼠微生态失调有促恢复作用.     

马齿苋多糖对衰老小鼠肠道微生态调节作用的研究

目的探讨中药马齿苋多糖对衰老小鼠微生态调节作用。方法皮下注射D-半乳糖建立衰老小鼠模型,用马齿苋多糖进行治疗,同时设正常对照组、阳性对照组和阴性对照组,用药30d后处死小鼠,进行肠道微生态指标检测。结果用D-半乳糖造模以后,小鼠肠道双歧杆菌及乳酸杆菌数量降低（P〈0．05）,而肠杆菌及肠球菌数量增加说明模型建立,血内毒素含量也升高（P〈0．05）。用马齿苋治疗后,益生菌数量升高而肠杆菌和肠球菌数量减少,血内毒素含量也降低（P〈0．05）。结论马齿苋多糖对衰老小鼠的肠道菌群和血内毒素具有调节作用。     

益生元对抗生素引起的肠道菌群失调的作用

目的 评价益生元菊糖和大蒜多糖在治疗肠道菌群失调中的作用.方法 72只Balb/c小鼠随机分为6组,随机取出12只作为正常对照组,其余灌胃盐酸林可霉素和头孢曲松钠混合抗生素溶液3d,建立小鼠肠道失调模型后,以生理盐水灌胃作为自然恢复组,其余4组分别灌胃菊糖、低剂量大蒜多糖、高剂量大蒜多糖以及丽珠肠乐5d.受试小鼠无菌取粪,观察各组肠道菌群的数量变化、测量血清IgG,粪便内毒素含量、有机酸含量变化.结果 菊糖和大蒜多糖高剂量灌胃能加速恢复抗生素导致的小鼠肠道菌群失调,这两种益生元对内毒素的清理、免疫力的恢复也有积极的效果,效果均优于丽珠肠乐和自动恢复.结论 益生元有加快肠道菌群恢复和降低抗生素的破坏效果,有益于小鼠肠道健康.     

香菇多糖对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠肠道微生态失调的调整作用研究

目的研究香菇多糖通过扶植肠道正常菌群生长,控制内毒素易位,对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠肠道微生态失调进行调整,从微生态学角度防治溃疡性结肠炎。方法 Wistar大白鼠48只,随机取8只作为正常对照组,其余40只造模。之后以香菇多糖和丽珠肠乐灌胃,14 d后处死。取肠内容物、血液,分别进行细菌培养、检测挥发性脂肪酸、内毒素。结果经过香菇多糖和丽珠肠乐治疗后,大鼠肠道双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌的数量明显上升,大肠埃希菌、肠球菌的数量明显下降;肠内容物挥发性脂肪酸含量显著上升;血中内毒素含量显著下降。结论香菇多糖和丽珠肠乐均具有扶植正常菌群生长,调整菌群失调,提高机体免疫力,防治溃疡性结肠炎的作用;香菇多糖和丽珠肠乐联合应用效果更佳。     

Interaction of vasoactive intestinal peptide with rat small intestinal epithelial cells after intestinal resection

Specific binding of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and VIP-stimulated c y c l i c AMP accumulation were studied in small intestinal epithelial cells (both of crypt and villous levels) 3, 7 and 14 d after a 60% resection of the small intestine . The affinity, but not the binding capacity, of VIP receptors decreased during the adaptive hyperplastic response. Basal cyclic AMP levels were similar in cells of both control and resected rats. Resection induced a decrease of potency, but not of efficiency, of VIP on the stimulation of cyclic AMP accumulation.     

肠黏膜屏障与肠道菌群的相互关系

摘要：人类肠道中微生物群与肠道环境相互作用以维持机体健康。肠黏膜屏障主要由黏液层、肠道菌群、肠道免疫系统和肠上皮细胞本身的完整性等构成。肠道作为直接与大量菌群接触的器官,其屏障功能在肠道健康中的作用尤为显著。肠道菌群与肠道屏障相互作用,保持肠道菌群与肠道屏障相对稳定,肠道菌群参与肠道免疫反应的建立,共同建立机体天然防御系统,在保持肠道免疫的动态平衡中具有重要作用。当两者之间的平衡被打破时,可诱发功能性胃肠病（如肠易激综合征）及免疫相关性疾病（如炎症性肠病）。本文主要阐述肠黏膜屏障与肠道菌群之间的相互关系以及与肠道屏障功能障碍相关的肠道疾病。     

肠道微生物对肠道屏障功能完整性的维护机制研究概况

肠道微生物群是一个稳定且复杂的生态系统,可以通过形成菌膜屏障或促进肠道上皮细胞增殖分化等方式形成保护屏障,并在肠道病原菌感染和威胁期间维持和促进免疫稳态中起积极作用。本文重点叙述宿主-肠道微生物相互作用过程中抗病原菌感染的方式,以及肠道微生物参与合成抗菌化合物抵御肠道病原菌入侵和威胁的机制,为调控肠道微生物解决临床胃肠道疾病及其相关症状提供理论参考依据。     

Murine intestinal organoids resemble intestinal epithelium in their microRNA profiles

Intestinal organoids were established as an ex vivo model of the intestinal epithelium. We investigated whether organoids resemble the intestinal epithelium in their microRNA (miRNA) profiles. Total RNA samples were obtained from crypt and villus fractions in murine intestine and from cultured organoids. Microarray analysis showed that organoids largely resembled intestinal epithelial cells in their miRNA profiles. In silico prediction followed by qRT-PCR suggested that six genes are regulated by corresponding miRNAs along the crypt-villus axis, suggesting miRNA regulation of epithelial cell renewal in the intestine. However, such expression patterns of miRNAs and their target mRNAs were not reproduced during organoids maturation. This might be due to lack of luminal factors and endocrine, nervous, and immune systems in organoids and different cell populations between in vivo epithelium and organoids. Nevertheless, we propose that intestinal organoids provide a useful in vitro model to investigate miRNA expression in intestinal epithelial cells.     

Teleost intestinal immunology

Teleosts clearly have a more diffuse gut associated lymphoid system, which is morphological and functional clearly different from the mammalian GALT. All immune cells necessary for a local immune response are abundantly present in the gut mucosa of the species studied and local immune responses can be monitored after intestinal immunization. Fish do not produce IgA, but a special mucosal IgM isotype seems to be secreted and may (partly) be the recently described IgZ/IgT. Fish produce a pIgR in their mucosal tissues but it is smaller (2 ILD) than the 4–5 ILD pIgR of higher vertebrates. Whether teleost pIgR is transcytosed and cleaved off in the same way needs further investigation, especially because a secretory component (SC) is only reported in one species. Teleosts also have high numbers of IEL, most of them are CD3-?⁺/CD8-α⁺ and have cytotoxic and/or regulatory function. Possibly many of these cells are TCRγδ cells and they may be involved in the oral tolerance induction observed in fish. Innate immune cells can be observed in the teleost gut from first feeding onwards, but B cells appear much later in mucosal compartments compared to systemic sites. Conspicuous is the very early presence of putative T cells or their precursors in the fish gut, which together with the rag-1 expression of intestinal lymphoid cells may be an indication for an extra-thymic development of certain T cells. Teleosts can develop enteritis in their antigen transporting second gut segment and epithelial cells, IEL and eosinophils/basophils seem to play a crucial role in this intestinal inflammation model. Teleost intestine can be exploited for oral vaccination strategies and probiotic immune stimulation. A variety of encapsulation methods, to protect vaccines against degradation in the foregut, are reported with promising results but in most cases they appear not to be cost effective yet. Microbiota in fish are clearly different from terrestrial animals. In the past decade a fast increasing number of papers is dedicated to the oral administration of a variety of probiotics that can have a strong health beneficial effect, but much more attention has to be paid to the immune mechanisms behind these effects. The recent development of gnotobiotic fish models may be very helpful to study the immune effects of microbiota and probiotics in teleosts.     

The intestinal LABs

The complete gastrointestinal (GI) tract of humans is colonised soon after birth by a myriad of microbial species with a characteristic distribution depending on the location. GI-tract ecology has been experiencing a revival due to the development of molecular techniques, especially those based on 16S RNA (zRNA) genes. A richer ecosystem than previously imagined of novel species is being discovered that is significantly influenced by our host genotype. Special attention has been focused on the bifidobacteria and the lactic acid bacterial (LAB) populations, both those that are naturally present within this complex ecosystem and those that are ingested as probiotics in functional foods. Overall this interest stems from a increasing awareness of interplay between microflora, diet and the health of the host, and is further stimulated by an increasing incidence of gastrointestinal illnesses and atopy. Substantial documentation of benefits to host health has especially distinguished the LAB for multidisciplinary research aimed to determine the molecular mechanisms involved. Recent advances in molecular technologies, including high-throughput genomics-based approaches, can significantly advance our understanding of the microbe–diet–host interactions and offer valuable information for design and application of health-targeted microbes.     

Relationship between intestinal microecology and the translocation of intestinal bacteria

It is now well known that endogenous bacteria can translocate from the intestinal tract and cause many of the complicating infections seen in severely ill, hospitalized patients. Of the hundreds of bacterial species in the intestinal tract, relatively few aerobic/facultative species appear to translocate with any frequency. Van der Waaij and colleagues (1971, 1972a, 1972b) originally proposed that, by a process termed colonization resistance, strictly anaerobic bacteria prevented the intestinal overgrowth and subsequent translocation of these potentially pathogenic aerobic/facultative bacteria. Selective antimicrobial decontamination, designed to maintain colonization resistance, has been effective in reducing the incidence of infectious morbidity in high risk patients. However, the mechanisms controlling bacterial translocation remain unclear, but appear to depend on host factors, as well as on factors inherent in the microbe itself. There is both clinical and experimental evidence supporting the concept that strictly anaerobic bacteria do not readily translocate. Bacteria that are able to survive within macrophages (e.g., Salmonella species and Listeria monocytogenes) translocate easier than others, and there is recent experimental evidence that normal intestinal bacteria may translocate to the draining mesenteric lymph node within host phagocytes. There is also evidence that anaerobic bacteria translocate along with facultative species in situations associated with intestinal epithelial damage, i.e., burn trauma, oral ricinoleic acid, and acute mesenteric ischemia. In contrast, recent experimental evidence demonstrates that facultative bacteria can translocate across a histologically intact intestinal epithelium, and that the ileal absorptive cell may be at least one portal of entry prior to transport into deeper tissues. It is anticipated that further clarification of the routes and mechanisms involved in bacterial translocation will provide new insights into the treatment and prevention of a significant proportion of the infectious morbidity seen in severely ill, hospitalized patients. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Lecture presented at the Annual Meeting of the Netherlands Society of Microbiology, Utrecht, 23 November, 1989.     

Effect of intestinal ischaemia on intestinal VIP levels and VIP interaction with intestinal epithelial cells from rat

1. The number (but not the affinity) of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors in small intestinal epithelial cells decreased following intestinal ischaemia in rats as compared to sham-operated animals. 2. There was a parallel decrease of the efficiency (but not the potency) of the neuropeptide upon cyclic AMP formation at the same level after intestinal ischaemia. 3. The surgical manipulation did not modify the level of VIP immunoreactivity in the gut segment studied. 4. These results suggest that the VIPergic system is not directly involved in the high loss of water and electrolytes that appears following intestinal ischaemia.