孕妇肠道菌群与婴幼儿肠道菌群及肥胖的关系研究进展

女性妊娠过程中,身体的生殖、消化、内分泌等系统会发生一系列变化,孕妇的肠道菌群也会发生相应变化。母亲肠道菌群与子代肠道菌群密切相关,婴幼儿生命早期肠道菌群的来源主要有母亲肠道菌群、母亲阴道菌群和母亲体表菌群,出生以后婴幼儿肠道菌群的定殖主要受喂养方式、生活环境、抗生素暴露等因素的影响。此外,人体肠道菌群功能强大,其可通过调节人体营养物质吸收和外周器官的代谢而成为影响肥胖的一种重要的内环境因素。综述孕妇妊娠期间包括孕早期、孕中期、孕晚期肠道菌群的变化和影响婴幼儿肠道菌群定殖的主要因素,以及对子代肥胖的影响,以期为临床医务人员对预防和控制婴幼儿肥胖提供参考。     

妊娠期糖尿病母亲哺乳期母乳N-聚糖的 岩藻糖基化水平差异及其对新生儿肠道菌群的影响

目的比较中国妊娠期糖尿病母亲与正常母亲母乳中N-聚糖的岩藻糖基化水平差异,分析这些差异对其子代肠道微生态的影响。方法收集妊娠期糖尿病母亲和健康母亲在哺乳期第6天和第42天母乳样本各15例,及其纯母乳喂养的新生儿在同一天的粪便样本;以凝集素AAL分析母乳中N-聚糖的岩藻糖基化水平;以变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)检测两组新生儿肠道菌群差异。结果妊娠期糖尿病母亲母乳N-聚糖岩藻糖基化水平显著高于健康母亲(t=4.438,P0.01;t=3.238,P0.001);两组新生儿肠道菌群存在明显差异,其中主要的微生物群如长双歧杆菌属、肠球菌属、泛菌属等的相对丰度有所不同。结论母乳中N-聚糖岩藻糖基化水平在妊娠期糖尿病母亲母乳中显著升高,这一变化可能影响其子代的肠道菌群结构。     

肠道菌群变化对初产妇妊娠期糖尿病和妊娠结局及远期心血管事件的影响

目的 分析妊娠早期肠道菌群变化对初产妇妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠结局及远期心血管事件的影响.方法 选择2010年3月至2014年12月我院收治的2634例初产妇,按照是否为妊娠期糖尿病分为正常妊娠组(NC组)和妊娠期糖尿病组(GDM组),分析两组对象肠道菌群的变化.观察不同妊娠结局GDM患者肠道菌群变化情况以及随访心血管事件发...     

基于PacBio SMRT测序技术评估妊娠期糖尿病人的肠道菌群

[目的]肠道菌群是位于人体肠道内的微生物菌群,其组成与人类多种疾病相关。例如,已有研究表明肠道菌群的变化与妊娠期糖尿病（gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM）的发病密切相关。因此本研究基于PacBio SMRT测序技术评估及比较了不同民族（汉族和蒙古族）及是否患GDM的孕妇的肠道菌群。[方法]本研究利用PacBio SMRT测序技术对97例患有GDM及健康的汉族和蒙古族孕妇粪便样本进行了全长16S rRNA测序及分析。[结果]总体来说,处于相同孕期的4组孕妇肠道菌群的组成相似,不同核心菌群展现出不同强弱的相关性。本研究在种的水平上共鉴定到了44个种。在汉族人中,患有妊娠期糖尿病的孕妇肠道菌群中Akkermansia muciniphila菌的相对丰度要显著低于健康孕妇;而在蒙古族人中,健康孕妇与GDM孕妇间差异并不明显。在健康对照中发现汉族孕妇肠道菌群中Bacteroides uniformis菌的相对丰度显著高于蒙古族孕妇;但在患有GDM组中未找到不同民族分组间的差异。另外,功能预测结果发现四组样本菌群功能组成高度相似,大多数功能基因都与能量代谢有关。汉族GDM患者与健康对照组间没有发现显著差异,但在蒙古族GDM患者中发现无机离子运输等功能相对丰度显著高于与蒙古族正常孕妇。[结论]在相同的孕期,妊娠期孕妇的核心肠道菌群结构与功能是相对稳定的,而民族差异也不会对妊娠期菌群产生显著性影响。但在四组间可以检测到一些低丰度的差异菌群,如Akkermansia muciniphila,其丰度的变化可能导致了肠道中一些与肠道营养吸收等有关的代谢发生变化,而这些变化可能与妊娠期糖尿病的发生密切相关。本研究将有助于探究肠道菌群在GDM发病机制中的作用。     

东北地区分泌型和非分泌型母亲哺乳期 HMO差异及其对子代肠道菌群的影响

目的分析中国东北地区母亲分泌型和非分泌型基因的分布及其在哺乳期母乳中低聚糖(HMO)种类和含量的差异,探讨这些差异对于子代肠道微生态的影响。方法收集56例母亲在哺乳期第6天母乳样本及其母乳喂养的新生儿在同一天的粪便样本;以质谱分析20种主要HMO的含量;以变性梯度凝胶电泳检测两组新生儿肠道菌群差异。结果所选取的56例母亲其分泌型与非分泌型的比例为43∶13,其中分泌型母亲的岩藻糖基化HMO含量显著高于非分泌型母亲,并且两组新生儿肠道菌群结构也有明显差异。结论不同基因型母亲在哺乳期HMO存在明显差异,而这一差异显著影响了其子代肠道菌群结构。     

肠道菌群和流感病毒感染的相互作用

流感病毒感染可引起肺部损伤甚至引发严重的并发症,因其抗原性易发生变异,所以疫苗难以进行全面防护。而肠道菌群具有促进免疫系统正常发育及调节免疫细胞内稳态的功能。本文综述了肠道菌群与流感病毒的相互作用和影响,从肠道菌群提高人体固有免疫反应、减轻肺部免疫损伤、促使树突状细胞成熟及形成同源异型交叉保护等方面,探讨肠道菌群对流感病毒感染的预防和治疗作用及其机制,旨在为将肠道菌群作为预防治疗疾病手段和潜在的药物靶点提供思路。     

肠道益生菌对骨质疏松症影响及其机制的研究进展

益生菌对改善和维持肠道菌群的平衡,促进宿主体机体健康起着重要的作用。近年来,肠道菌群对骨骼健康特别是对骨质疏松症的影响的研究逐渐深入。结果显示,益生菌被证实为对骨质疏松症具有潜在的预防和治疗效果。本文综述了有关益生菌对卵巢切除小鼠因雌激素缺乏而引起的骨质疏松症的影响及其机制。雌激素缺乏引起的骨质疏松症具有肠道菌群的依赖性并被益生菌所预防。     

益生菌干预对肥胖孕鼠子代菌群及脂代谢的影响

目的分析高脂高糖饮食诱导肥胖母亲对子代菌群及脂代谢影响。方法C57BL/6J雌性小鼠30只随机分为正常对照组、肥胖组、益生菌干预组,每组10只。分别给予标准饲料、高脂高糖饲料以及高脂高糖饲料同时给予益生菌,连续喂养6周,制成肥胖母鼠模型。6周后雌、雄鼠合笼,受孕,孕期继续上述饮食。产后母乳喂养,3周后处死。留取雌性子鼠第21天粪便样本进行PCR-DGGE分析,同时酶反应比色法分析子鼠血脂情况。结果与正常对照组子代相比,肥胖母鼠子代菌群结构出现异常,益生菌干预组子代肠道菌群失调状况明显改善;肥胖母鼠子代血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白含量升高,益生菌干预组子代血脂异常情况明显改善。结论高脂高糖饮食诱导肥胖母亲子代存在肠道菌群紊乱及脂代谢异常,益生菌干预母亲有利于改善子代菌群紊乱及脂代谢异常。     

无谷蛋白饮食可降低子代糖尿病的发病率

<正>正常的肠道菌群与糖尿病的发生存在一定关系,因此早期对肠道环境进行干预可影响糖尿病的发病率。谷蛋白是小麦面粉的主要蛋白成分,作为肠道疾病的诱发剂在1型糖尿病中起着重要作用。已有研究报道,无谷蛋白(gluten-free diet,GF)饮食可以降低1型糖尿病的发病率,因此作者猜想在妊娠期和哺乳期给予患糖尿病的母亲GF饮食是否可以减缓子代患糖尿病的进程。为此,作者以非肥胖型糖尿病(non-obese diabetic,NOD)小鼠为研究模型,在妊娠期和哺乳期(产后4周内)给予标     

肠道菌群与相关疾病

近年来肠道菌群的研究发展迅速,肠道菌群对宿主消化、代谢和免疫功能的影响逐渐被人们所熟知并重视。大量研究提示,肠道菌群的改变可能引发代谢、肝脏和肠道等方面的多种相关疾病。因此,研究肠道菌群对宿主健康及疾病的影响尤为重要,也能为预防和治疗肠道菌群相关疾病提供建议。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。