栗疫菌低毒力dsRNA与真菌病毒dsRNA的序列同源性

以我国栗疫菌［Ｃｒｙｐｈｏｎｅｃｔｒｉａ（＝Ｅｎｄｏｔｈｉａ）ｐａｒａｓｉｔｉｃａ］低毒力菌株ＥｐＣ１４０（广西）的［γ─￣３２Ｐ］ＡＴＰ末端标记ｄｓＲＮＡ作探针,与５种真菌病毒ｄｓＲＮＡ进行分子杂交。探针可与紫孢侧耳病毒（Ｐｌｅｕｒｏｔｕｓｓｅｐｉｄｕｓｖｉｕｓ）和小麦全蚀菌病毒（Ｇａｅｕｍａｎ─ｎｏｍｙｃｅｓｇｒａｍｉｎｉｓ·ｖｉｒｕｓ）的ｄｓＲＮＡ杂交,但不能与黑曲霉病毒（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓｎｉｇｅｒｖｉｒｕｓ）、产黄青霉病毒（Ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍｃｈｒｙｓｏｇｅｎｕｍｖｉｒｕｓ）和稻瘟菌病毒（Ｐｙｒｉｃｕｌａｒｉａｏｒｙｚａｅｖｉｒｕｓ）的ｄｓＲＮＡ杂交。当以低毒力菌株ＥｐＣ３２（云南）作探针时,结果相同。     

dsRNA介导的RNA干扰

在多种生物中 ,外源或内源性的双链ＲＮＡ(ｄｏｕｂｌｅ ｓｔｒａｎｄｅｄＲＮＡ ,ｄｓＲＮＡ)导入细胞中 ,与ｄｓＲＮＡ同源的ｍＲＮＡ则受到降解 ,因而其相应的基因受到抑制。这种转录后基因沉默 (ｐｏｓｔ ｔｒａｎｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎａｌｇｅｎｅｓｉｌｅｎｃｉｎｇ ,ＰＴＧＳ)机制首先在线虫 (Ｃ .ｅｌｅｇａｎｓ)中得以证实。由于这是一种在ＲＮＡ水平的基因表达抑制 ,故也称为ＲＮＡ干扰 (ＲＮＡｉｎｔｅｒｆｅｒ ｅｎｃｅ) ,简称ＲＮＡｉ[1] 。随后发现 ,在各种生物 ,如果蝇[2 ] 、拟南芥菜[3 ] 、及小鼠[4] 等均存在ｄｓＲＮＡ介导…     

栗菌低毒力dsRNA与协菌病毒dsRNA的序列同源性

以我国栗疫菌（Ｃｒｙｐｈｏｎｅｃｔｒｉａ（＝Ｅｎｄｏｔｈｉａ）ｐａｒａｓｉｔｉｃａ）低毒力菌株ＥｐＣ１４０（广西）的（γ－＾３２Ｐ）ＡＴＰ末端标记ｄｓＲＮＡ作探针,与５种真菌病毒ｄｓＲＮＡ进行分子杂交。探针可与紫孢侧耳病毒（Ｐｌｅｕｒｏｔｕｓ ｓａｐｉｄｕｓ ｖｉｒｕｓ）和小麦全蚀菌病毒（Ｇａｅｕｍａｎ－ｎｏｍｙｃｅｓ ｇｒａｍｉｎｉｓ．ｖｉｒｕｓ）的ｄｓＲＮＡ杂交,但不能与黑曲霉病毒（Ｐｙｒｉｃ     

平菇病毒dsRNA传播途径的探究

通过对平菇孢子dsRNA检测、单双杂交和单单杂交,从垂直传播和水平传播2个方面来研究平菇病毒dsRNA的传播途径,结果表明：病毒dsRNA通过孢子垂直传播的几率很小,通过细胞融合的水平传播几率相对比较高,在实际生产中平菇病毒dsRNA的主要传播途径还有待进一步的研究。     

香菇dsRNA病毒LeV的RT-PCR检测

香菇病毒HKB(Lentinula edodes mycovirus HKB,LeV)是一种具有潜隐性特点的真菌病毒,广泛存在于香菇菌株中。为了快速、准确地检测出LeV,根据LeV病毒基因组序列(AB.429556.2)的信息,设计合成一对引物,对25个香菇菌株进行RTPCR检测,在20个香菇菌株中分别扩增出LeV病毒基因组特有的条带,在5个香菇菌株中未能扩增出条带。通过对25个香菇菌株进行dsRNA提取检测,结果也表明不存在扩增片段的菌株提取不到dsRNA,存在扩增片段的菌株能够提取得到dsRNA。因此建立的RT-PCR方法可以快速检测到香菇dsRNA病毒LeV,能够对香菇的质量检测提供技术支持。     

dsRNA介导植物基因沉默及其应用

植物双链RNA(double stranded RNA,dsRNA)能有效干扰同源基因的表达,近年来已成为功能基因组学研究上的新方法。本文综述了植物dsRNA介导的转基因沉默现象及其特点、分子作用机制、主要介导方法,以及近年来在植物功能基因组学研究上的应用情况。     

萝卜的栽培

萝卜又名莱菔,是我国原产的植物。在我国蔬菜栽培面积中仅次于白菜。栽培历史悠久,品种繁多。其中含多量的维生素C、碳水化合物同各种矿物盐类,营养价值很高,含淀粉酶,生食时可助消化,治喉痛,俗话称为“土人参”,熟食时则淀粉酶被破坏,此外尚可加工醃制、干制和酱制,为加工中的好原料,亦可作为牲畜饲料,在我国南方作为水田的绿肥作物栽培。     

趣话萝卜

膳食养生是中国悠久文明史独特的组成部分,近期热播的韩国连续剧《大长今》中丰富的韩国料理,其食疗功效在我国古代关于饮食、处方的典籍中均有详细记载。从本期开始,我们推出的“餐桌‘养生”栏目将结合我国古代中医药学典籍、饮食杂记、近现代植物学与分子生物学研究成果,每期介绍一款应季蔬食,以飨读者。     

中国东部栗疫病菌dsRNA群体的多样性

采用生物学测定和凝胶电泳的方法,对中国东部栗疫病菌(Cryphonectria parasitica)的dsRNA病毒进行了研究。根据电泳图谱,中国东部栗疫病菌的dsRNA病毒可以分为5种类型,其中类型1只具有一个12．7kh的条带,占大多数;类型Ⅱ有两条带,一条12．7kh,另一条5．2kb左右,只有一个菌株354;类型Ⅲ则除了12．7kb的条带外,还有3条小于2kb的小片段,有238和250两个菌株;dsRNA属于类型Ⅳ的为269和344两个菌株,它只含有两个1．8—3．1kb的小片段;dsRNA类型Ⅴ只有一个菌株280,除了一条12．7kb分子外,还有4条2．6—3．3kb的小片段。含有dsRNA的菌株培养性状多样,根据菌落特征．栗疫病菌可以划分为5种培养类型,但菌株的培养类型与dsRNA的类型间没有对应的关系。毒力测定表明含有dsRNA病毒的供试菌株大多属于低毒力类型;     

Sequences hybridizing to mRNA, oligo(dT) and dsRNA from pre-mRNA are contiguous in the cloned mouse DNA fragments.

Fragments from the DNA of mouse embryos produced by restriction endonucleases HindIII were cloned in pBR322 plasmid and examined for the ability to hybridize in situ with [32P] labeled cDNA synthesized from the polysomal poly(A)+mRNA template. Several of the selected clones were examined for the presence of specific sequences inside the cloned mouse DNA fragments by the blotting procedure of southern [1]. The data obtained indicate that the majority of the cloned mouse DNA fragments contained sequences hybridizing with cDNA, oligo(dT) and double-stranded regions from pre-mRNA. The results of hybridization experiments and double digestion with HindIII+HaeIII endonucleases provide evidence that these sequences could be contiguous in the given restriction DNA fragments.     

Amplification of alpha-fetoprotein complementary DNA by insertion into a bacterial plasmid.

A fragment of the α-fetoprotein (AFP) structural gene was purified and amplified by bacterial cloning techniques. Double-stranded DNA_AFP was constructed from a cDNA copy of greater than 95% pure mRNA_AFP and inserted into E. coli plasmid pBR322 by poly(dA-dT)-linkers. Chimeric plasmid DNA isolated from transformants of E. coli strain χ1776 have been shown to contain α-fetoprotein sequences by hybridization to labeled mRNA_AFP. One clone, designated pA5 (chimeric plasmid pBR322 containing a cDNA_AFP sequence isolated from clone 5), has been studied in more detail. The inserted sequence of approximately 950 nucleotide pairs was positively identified by a hybridization-translation procedure. Hybridization of [³H]uridine-labeled poly(A)-containing RNA from an AFP-secreting cell line to excess pA5 DNA immobilized on nitrocellulose filters was used to show the selectivity of this probe for detecting expression of the AFP gene.     

Expression of the cDNA for alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, a rat plasma protein, in Escherichia coli

Polyadenylated RNA was isolated from acute-phase liver and transcribed into cDNA. After homopolymer tailing this was cloned into the PstI site of pBR322 which was used to transform E. coli RR1 cells. Clones containing cDNA corresponding to acute-phase proteins were identified by differential hybridization with 32P-labelled normal and acute-phase cDNA. A clone synthesizing about 10 ng of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein per E. coli colony was detected using a solid-phase based immunochemical procedure. The identification of the clone was verified by competition assay with authentic alpha 1-acid glycoprotein isolated from serum and by restriction analysis of the cDNA inserted into pBR322.     

Fate in soil of a recombinant plasmid carrying aDrosophila gene

A recombinant plasmid (C357; 3.5 Mdal) containing heterologous DNA (pBR322 [2.6 Mdal] with cDNA for an egg yolk protein fromDrosophila grimshawi) inEscherichia coli strain HB101 survived in and was recovered on selective media from sterile and nonsterile soil during 27 days at frequencies similar to those of theE. coli(pBR322) system. In sterile saline, the numbers of all cells decreased during 34 days, but the numbers of the plasmidless host declined less. There was no selective loss of the heterologous DNA in either soil or saline, as determined by colony hybridization with a³²P-labeled DNA probe for the cDNA, but the HB101(C357) appeared to be less able than HB101(pBR322) to cope with conditions of starvation. These results suggested that nonessential eucaryotic DNA inserted into plasmid DNA has little effect on the survival in soil or saline of the bacterial host and the maintenance of the vector.     

Direct cloning of cDNA inserts from lambda gt11 phage DNA into a plasmid vector by a novel and simple method

Bacteriophage lambda gt11 has been used quite extensively for producing cDNA libraries. The cDNA inserts are usually subcloned into a plasmid vector for large scale production and analysis. However, isolating the recombinant DNA of interest from the phage clones can be a tedious task. Since the E. coli strain Y1088 used for lambda gt11 phage infection carries a pBR322-derived plasmid endogenously, we reasoned that this endogenous plasmid could be used directly for cloning the cDNA phage insert. In this report, we describe a method in which cDNA inserts from lambda gt11 phage were cloned directly into the pBR322 plasmid vector, bypassing the time-consuming procedures of preparing plasmid DNA as a subcloning vector. This method is likely to be extended to the cloning of DNA inserts derived from other phage lambda vectors when bacteria containing endogenous pBR322 are used as host cells.     

Cloning and expression of the cDNA coding for aequorin, a bioluminescent calcium-binding protein

Aequorin is a bioluminescent protein which consists of a polypeptide chain (apoaequorin), coelenterate luciferin, and bound oxygen. Aequorin produces blue light upon binding Ca2+. We have isolated six recombinant pBR322 plasmids which contain apoaequorin cDNA sequences. A mixed synthetic pBR322 plasmids which contain apoaequorin cDNA sequences. A mixed synthetic oligonucleotide probe was used to identify these cDNAs. An extract of an E. coli strain possessing the largest cDNA contained apoaequorin. This apoaequorin can be converted to aequorin in the presence of coelenterate luciferin, 2-mercaptoethanol, and O2. This cDNA is therefore apparently full-length.     

Nonradioactive in Situ Hybridization Histochemistry in Leukemic and Nonleukemic Culture

Technical limitations are associated with conducting successful in situ hybridization. In this study, three cell types including a tumor neuroblastoma cell line (Neuro-2a), an oligodendrocyte primary culture, and a nonneuronal acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line (Reh) were used to conduct successful nonradioactive in situ hybridization. Two cDNA probes were used. A 1 kb probe was used to identify the expression of proteolipid protein (PLP) mRNA in a primary culture of oligodendrocytes. A 760 bp cDNA was used to identify the expression of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (UCH-L1) mRNA in Neuro-2a and Reh cells. The probes were labeled with digoxigenin-11-dUTP, denatured, and hybridized with cells fixed on coverslips. The efficiency of the labeling was tested using dot blot analysis by comparing the intensity of our labeled probes with known concentration of the probe labeled by the provider. The nonspecific signals were washed off, followed by detection of a signal specific to the gene. The specificity of the probes was determined by treating the cells with RNase A, hybridizing with bacterial Dig-labeled cDNA (pBR322) and hybridizing the tissues in the absence of labeled probe. During the labeling step, we found that addition of co-precipitants, such as tRNA or glycogen, during precipitation of the labeled probe followed by overnight incubation at -20 C is essential for good recovery of labeled cDNA. Dissolving the labeled probe in a buffer solution containing sodium dodecyl sulfate improves the quantity of the labeling. At the cellular level, prehybridization treatments optimize the permeability of the cell and allow efficient penetration of the labeled probe. Fixing with paraformaldehyde or an ethanol-acetic acid mixture can preserve the structure of cultured cells. To increase the signal to noise ratio, cells were treated with 0.2 N HC1 followed by extensive washes using a solution with a high salt concentration and containing dextran sulfate. This treatment significantly improves the signal and reduces the background in cell cultures, but not in tissue sections. The ability to reuse the labeled probe-hybridization mixture is another advantage for using nonradioactive in situ hybridization.