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1.
Michael Perrone Jr. 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1978,3(2):193-201
Synopsis The patterns of mate size and parental care of a monogamous cichlid fish,Cichlasoma maculicauda, were studied in Gatun Lake, Panama. Males defend territories which serve as courtship and nest sites. Within a population most mates in pairs are of equal size rank. In each pair the male is larger than the female, probably because most mature males are larger than most mature females. Clutch size increases with female body size. Male size affects breeding success in two ways. First, larger males provide nest sites less susceptible to destructive wave action. Second, young of larger males grow faster than young of smaller males. Large males defeat small males in contests for position in feeding areas, and this may provide their young with better feeding conditions. In the laboratory young growth rates increase with food abundance, and at high levels of food surpass those observed in nature. Fast growth of young reduces their vulnerability to predators and should allow parents to breed more often. Young survival rates improve with the size of the parents, so that larger fish raise more offspring at each breeding attempt. These observations suggest why preference for large mates should occur. 相似文献
2.
This article reports biparental mouthbrooding of the bagrid catfish Phyllonemus filinemus in Lake Tanganyika, based on analysis of specimens collected during SCUBA diving. This catfish was nocturnally active, and
in the daytime it was concealed singly or in pairs beneath rocks. Within a breeding pair, the male or female alone incubated
all the brood in the mouth until the offspring attained 12 mm or so in total length, but thereafter joint mouthbrooding or
guarding by both parents took place. Most females of nonbrooding pairs showed high values of gonadosomatic index (GSI), whereas
all females of brooding pairs and most single females showed low GSI values. This fact indicated that a pair is formed at
a time near the gonadal maturation of the female and separates after the brood is reared. No significant difference in body
condition among parents of different reproductive states was observed, which suggested that their condition does not deteriorate
markedly as the result of foraging by an off-duty parent.
Received: September 16, 2000 / Revised: November 18, 2000 / Accepted: January 23, 2001 相似文献
3.
Christian Sturmbauer Corinna Fuchs Georg Harb Elisabeth Damm Nina Duftner Michaela Maderbacher Martin Koch Stephan Koblmüller 《Hydrobiologia》2008,615(1):57-68
Lake Tanganyika, the second-oldest and second-deepest lake in the world, harbors an impressive cichlid fish fauna counting about 250 endemic species that are characterized by a great level of ecological, morphological, and behavioral specialization. This study describes and compares cichlid fish communities at two rocky shores with differential human impact in the south of Lake Tanganyika. Species inventories and depth-dependent abundances were elaborated. About 41 and 46 sympatric cichlid species were recorded in the two study sites, respectively. Variabilichromis moorii was the most abundant species (29–60% of total number of fishes), followed by Aulonocranus dewindti (3–19%), Tropheus moorii (12%), Ophthalmotilapia ventralis (4–10%), Eretmodus cyanostictus (6–11%), and Cyathopharynx furcifer (0.01–9%). All other species had abundances below 5%. It further emerged that large cichlids such as Petrochromis species, Cyathopharynx furcifer, and Lobochilotes labiatus were very rare at one location, with frequencies of 0.55% or less. Territorial sizes of three particularly abundant species, Variabilichromis moorii, Aulonocranus dewindti, and Tropheus moorii, were assessed by behavioral observations. We distinguished between territorial core areas and total defended area, yielding average core areas between 0.4 (V. moorii) and 1.6 m2 (T. moorii), and total defended areas averaging for each species between 1.6 (V. moorii) and 5.0 m2 (A. dewindti) with no significant differences between the two study sites. The data on individual densities are also relevant for evolutionary studies, in that they allow more accurate calculations of effective population sizes. 相似文献
4.
Neolamprologus cancellatus, a new cichlid species, is described on the basis of eight specimens from the Zambian coast of Lake Tanganyika. The new species
is characterized by a subtruncate caudal fin and a body that is slender (depth 22.3–25.2% in standard length) and easily distinguishable
from its congeners by having 7–8 anal fin spines, 34–37 scales in longitudinal line, 33 total vertebrae, and a gridlike body
pattern on a pale brownish body color. This species is only known to inhabit the shallow (2–7 m depth), rocky bottom of Wonzye
Point in the southern part of the lake. 相似文献
5.
Oral incubation of young or mouthbrooding reduces the selective advantages of care by two parents and thus biparental care is rare among mouthbrooding fish. We surveyed the breeding biology of Eretmodus cyanostictus, a biparental mouthbrooder from Lake Tanganyika, to understand what factors maintain biparental care. We found larger males than females, a male-biased sex ration and indications that spawning is synchronized around the full moon. These preliminary findings suggest that the benefits of desertion for males are low; males may maximize their reproductive success by helping raise young while females regain reproductive condition. 相似文献
6.
7.
Microdontochromis rotundiventralis, a new cichlid fish (perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika
Microdontochromis rotundiventralis, a new species of cichlid fish, is described on the basis of 13 specimens from Nkumbula Island, Lake Tanganyika (Zambia).
It is distinct from its only congener,M. tenuidentatus, in having two (rarely one) rows of teeth on both jaws, a rounded distal margin on the pelvic fin, the outermost pelvic fin
soft ray length 1.23–1.43 times the innermost ray, a deeper body (depth 26.8–29.1% standard length) and the anal fin with
9 (rarely 8 or 10) soft rays. 相似文献
8.
The population dynamics of two small cichlid fishes (Pharyngochromis darlingi andPseudocrenilabrus philander) were studied in Lake Kariba, a very large African man-made lake. They are of no economic importance but make up about 14% and 7% respectively of the inshore fish population and are the major components of the diet of fish-eating birds on the lake.P. darlingi isthe larger species (L
= 156.5 mm) and is found on both shelving and steep, eroding shores. Its mortality rate differs in each habitat (Z = 0.44 and 0.72 month–1 respectively), only 0.79% survive for 12 months and its % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiuaiaac+% cadaqdaaqaaiaadkeaaaaaaa!384D!\[P/\overline B \] ratio is 5.45 (on shelving shores).Ps. philander is smaller (L = 83.9 mm) and is restricted to shelving areas with abundant vegetation. Its monthly mortality rate was high (Z = 7.69), only 0.05% survive to 12 months whilst its % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiuaiaac+% cadaqdaaqaaiaadkeaaaaaaa!384D!\[P/\overline B \] ratio was very high (7.69). The estimates of growth obtained forP. darlingi differ considerably from those given in an earlier study in Lake Kariba and some possible reasons for this are discussed. In suitable habitats, the combined production of both species could be 40 kg ha–1 yr–1 which indicates their potential importance to the ecology of the lake. 相似文献
9.
I studied the parental care behavior of the Madagascar paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone mutata in northwestern Madagascar. I especially focused on feeding, brooding and vigilance behaviors. Feeding rate did not differ between males and females, but females spent more time at the nest than males. Females dedicated their time to brooding, while males perched on the nest and were vigilant. Both parents changed the feeding rate in relation to brood size, so the feeding rate per nestling was not different among nests of different brood size. Duration of brooding by females increased with decreasing brood size, suggesting that the Royama effect, the pattern of lower feeding rate per nestling in larger broods, did not apply in this study. Males spent more time on vigilance than females. Anti-predator vigilance by males should be important for nestling survival given the high predation pressure typical of this population. In conclusion, males provide considerable parental care probably to minimize nestling starvation and to avoid nest predation. My results are not consistent with the general pattern of less parental effort by males in monogamous, sexually dimorphic species. 相似文献
10.
Bernd Egger Beate Obermüller Eva Eigner Christian Sturmbauer Kristina M. Sefc 《Hydrobiologia》2008,615(1):37-48
Female mate preferences effectuate reproductive isolation among and sexual selection within species. Both mechanisms have
been associated with the diversification and speciation of cichlid species flocks of the East African Great Lakes. In Lake
Tanganyika, the endemic genus Tropheus has diversified into >100 geographic colour morphs. Although distributed allopatrically at present, water level fluctuations
have repeatedly displaced and merged the benthic, rock-dwelling populations. Tests for assortative mating were performed to
explore the potential for reproductive isolation between morphs in secondary contact, and to assess the importance of sexual
selection for the diversification of this group. In contrast to other haplochromine cichlids, Tropheus is a sexually monochromatic, territorial and maternally mouthbrooding fish, which establishes temporary pair bonds prior
to spawning. Female mate preference trials involved two-way choices between a homotypic and a heterotypic male and were conducted
on allopatric populations of red and blue morphs from the southern part of Lake Tanganyika. Female affiliation time near each
male’s compartment did not predict the mate preferences subsequently expressed in unrestrained interactions after removal
of the compartment separators (spawning, pseudospawning and courtship). Consequently, mate preferences were inferred from
unrestrained interactions with one test male at a time in replicate observation sessions. Of the 23 females tested, 13 courted,
pseudospawned or spawned with the homotypic male, one blue female courted a red male, and nine females expressed no sexual
motivation. The assortative mate preferences in the experiments (P < 0.01) suggest that colour differentiation between Tropheus populations can effectuate reproductive isolation, and is consistent with the notion that sexual selection contributed to
the diversification of the genus.
Guest editors: T. Wilke, R. V?in?l? & F. Riedel
Patterns and Processes of Speciation in Ancient Lakes: Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Speciation in Ancient Lakes,
Berlin, Germany, September 4–8, 2006 相似文献
11.
Guy Hoelzer 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1988,21(4):309-313
Synopsis Direct observation and the analysis of stomach contents indicate that custodial male Cortez damselfish, Stegastes rectifraenum, regularly eat some of the eggs they fertilize and guard. The pattern of forced starvation and brood cycling by custodial
males that is seen in sticklebacks and other fishes for which filial cannibalism is known in the field does not exist for
this species. These results indicate that filial cannibalism is likely to be more common among fishes than previously thought,
because this behavior is not restricted to species that brood cycle. 相似文献
12.
Brood size and the economy of brood defence: examining Lack's hypothesis in a biparental cichlid fish 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Synopsis We tested the explanatory value of two hypotheses reviewed by Lack (1954) in the maintenance of brood size in free-ranging convict cichlidsCichlasoma nigrofasciatum: (1) physiological constraints on egg production, and (2) behavioural constraints imposed by brood defence. Number of free-swimming young in 13 experimental (E) broods was augmented to the upper limit of the size distribution of natural broods (150 young); 18 control (C) broods were handled in the same way but brood size was not changed (mean ± SE = 69.5 ± 11.0). E and C brood sizes were measured at 5 day intervals. At day 20 (just before independence from parental care), 50.3 ± 9.4 (n = 9) young remained in E broods and 30.8 ± 7.8 (n = 8) young remained in C broods (p> 0.05). Offspring number did not differ significantly (p> 0.05) between C and E broods after day 10. Mean growth rate of offspring was significantly lower in E broods than in C broods, perhaps in response to increased density of young in the former. Both the convergence of offspring number in E and C broods and suppression of growth in E broods support a behavioural constraint; that during the first 10 days in which the young are free swimming, two parents are unable to defend large broods as successfully as small broods. A trade-off exists in parental investment between current and future reproduction. Extra-parental investment in current reproduction (eggs) does not result in an increased number of young at independence, therefore a behavioural constraint during brood defence should stabilize the evolution of clutch size. 相似文献
13.
We studied foraging site partitioning between the sexes in Neolamprologus tetracanthus, a shrimp-eating Tanganyikan cichlid with harem-polygyny. Females maintained small territories against heterospecific food
competitors within large territories of males, foraging exclusively at the inner side of their own territories (foraging areas).
Males fed as frequently as females in their own territories, but mostly outside female foraging areas, although they frequently
entered female territories and repelled food competitors from the territories. Soon after removal of the resident females,
however, harem males, as well as many food competitors, invaded the vacant territories and intensively devoured prey of female
foraging areas. This indicates that although female foraging areas appear to contain more food than outside the areas, harem
males refrained from foraging there when the resident females were present. We suggest that harem males will attempt to keep
female foraging areas in good condition, whereby they may get females to reside in male territories and/or promote female
gonadal maturation. 相似文献
14.
Diversification and speciation processes are influenced by intrinsic (ecological specialization, dispersal) and extrinsic
(habitat structure and instability) factors, but the effect of ecological characteristics on dispersal is difficult to assess.
This study uses mitochondrial control region sequences to investigate the population structure and demographic history of
the endemic Lake Tanganyika cichlid Neolamprologus caudopunctatus with a preference for the rock-sand interface along two stretches of continuous, rocky shoreline, and across a sandy bay
representing a potential dispersal barrier. Populations along uninterrupted habitat were not differentiated; whereas, the
sandy bay separated two reciprocally monophyletic clades. The split between the two clades between 170,000 and 260,000 years
BP coincides with a period of rising water level following a major lowstand, and indicates that clades remained isolated throughout
subsequent lake level fluctuations. Low long-term effective population sizes were inferred from modest genetic diversity estimates,
and may be due to recent population expansions starting from small population sizes 45,000–60,000 years BP. Comparisons with
available data from specialized rock-dwelling species of the␣same area suggest that habitat structure and lake level fluctuations
determine phylogeographic patterns on large scales, while fine-scale population structure and demography are modulated by
species-specific ecologies. 相似文献
15.
Christian Sturmbauer Christoph Hahn Stephan Koblmüller Lisbeth Postl Danny Sinyinza Kristina M. Sefc 《Hydrobiologia》2008,615(1):49-56
Lake Tanganyika harbors the ecologically, morphologically, and behaviorally most diverse species flock of cichlid fishes.
It is comprised by substrate breeding and mouthbrooding species, most of which live in littoral habitats. Species communities
are characterized by complex behavioral and trophic interactions, resulting in a dense pattern of partially overlapping territories,
depending on the degree of ecological distinctness. We studied territorial behavior of breeding pairs in a substrate breeding
species, with respect to territory size and defense behavior. The study species Variabilichromis moorii belongs to the tribe Lamprologini, the most species rich tribe of cichlids in Lake Tanganyika. Our study shows that breeding
pairs of V. moorii can have highly complex territories, in which both parents hold separate sub-territories which are shifted slightly according
to the movements of the fry, but the outer borders are conjointly defended. The size of the total defended territory varied
from <1 to almost 4 m2, averaging at about 2 m2. Depending on presence of competitors or fry-predators evoking agonistic interactions, the territory size varied quite substantially
over the day. Attack rates and size of the defended area decreased with water depth. Agonistic behavior was observed toward
heterospecifics as well as conspecifics, with heterospecific attacks mostly concerning territorial neighbors and potential
fry-predators in about equal frequencies.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Guest editors: T. Wilke, R. V?in?l? & F. Riedel
Patterns and Processes of Speciation in Ancient Lakes: Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Speciation in Ancient Lakes,
Berlin, Germany, September 4–8, 2006 相似文献
16.
Evanilde Benedito cecilio Alexandre Leandro pereira Cássia Mônica sakuragui 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2004,71(4):313-320
In this paper we analysed autotrophic sources of the carbon (
13C) and the trophic position (
15N) of Leporinus friderici in the influence area of Corumbá Reservoir, Brazil. We collected samples of muscles of fish from different sizes riparian vegetation, C4 grasses, zooplankton, periphyton and particulate organic carbon (POC). There were significant differences for the carbon isotope proportion found in muscles of L.friderici in the different size groups analysed. The highest values of
13C recorded for middle sized individuals is attributed to the large contribution of C4 plants in their diet. Small individuals sampled upstream also receive similar contribution from C4 plants. In contrast the same size group sampled downstream from the reservoir, has a much smaller of C4 plants. The
13C negative character of small individuals from downstream is due to the larger contribution of C3 plants (except periphyton). At larger sizes we found intermediate
13C values. The
15N proportions we found for each size group were not significantly different, however we found decreasing mean values with increasing size. The trophic level calculated from the dietary data was higher than that found with the
13C concentration in the muscle, except for small individuals, when the values were equal. 相似文献
17.
Infant development and parental care in two species of sifakas 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Bettina Grieser 《Primates; journal of primatology》1992,33(3):305-314
This paper reports the results of a three-month field study on parental care and infant development in the diademed sifaka
(Propithecus diadema edwardsi) in the primary rain-forest of south-eastern Madagascar. They are compared with a three-and-a-half-month study of captive
white sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi coquereli) in the Duke University Primate Centre. Records were taken by means of focal animal and instantaneous sampling. In both species
the mother was the primary carrier and caretaker; theP. verreauxi father carried the infant significantly more than did any animal other than the mother in theP. diadema group. The infantP. verreauxi spent less time off the mother than didP. diadema from week 4 through week 10. It is concluded thatP. verreauxi shows more non-maternal care thanP. diadema and also develops at a slower rate. The difference in the two species' habitats is discussed as a possible cause. 相似文献
18.
Synopsis Mercury concentration in axial muscle of brown trout, Salmo trutta, whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, smelt, Osmerus eperlanus and pike, Esox lucius, were studied in Lake Tyrifjorden during 1978–1982. Our data demonstrate that older and bigger fish on an average have higher mercury concentration than smaller and younger. Further, complex life histories as in brown trout influence the pattern of mercury accumulation. During young stages accumulation in brown trout is moderate, while accumulation in older stages is highly correlated to lake residency time. Based on our data we suggest the following requirements for a test organism and the collecting procedure; (1) life history should be simple with small sexual differences, (2) ageing should be easy and reliable, and (3) large representative samples should be easily obtained during (4) a fixed biological period i.e. the spawning period. We consider smelt as an appropriate test organism based on these criteria. 相似文献
19.
Synopsis When brood-guarding males of the biparental convict cichlid, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum, held in experimental ponds, deserted their mate and brood, or were removed from the pond, survival of the young depended on their age when the father left. If they were embryos or free embryos, few broods survived, but if they were up to seven days into the free-swimming juvenile period, most broods survived. The cause of brood mortality is not certain, but predation by conspecifics is most likely (no other fish species were in the ponds). The willingness of a deserted, brood-guarding female to continue defending her young probably depends, in part, on their age. If they are very young, the benefit/cost ratio of guarding them to independence may be so low that she should give up that breeding attempt and begin another. If they are older, the benefit/cost ratio is higher and she should continue to guard them alone. 相似文献
20.
In laboratory feeding trials, we analyzed the feeding behavior and selectivity of the cichlid, Sarotherodon galilaeum, for zooplankton prey from Lake Kinneret, Israel. The feeding behavior was dependent on fish size. Fish less than 20 mm SL fed on zooplankton as obligate particulate feeders. Fish from 20 to 42 mm SL fed either as particulate feeders or as filter feeders. Fish larger than 62 mm SL fed as obligate filter feeders. Particulate-feeding fish were size selective and had highest feeding electivities for large-sized zooplankton species. Filter-feeding fish had highest feeding electivities for zooplankton species with poor escape ability. In general, S. galilaeum predation pressure would be greatest on Ceriodaphnia reticulata, a large-bodied and easily captured species which is selected by both particulate-feeding and filter-feeding fish. 相似文献