氮磷营养盐影响海水浮游硅藻种群组成的初步研究

用实验生态学方法研究了氮磷营养盐对近岸海洋硅藻组成的影响?结果表明,氮磷营养盐浓度及其比例可能对海水 游硅藻组成有着明显的影响,氮磷营养盐浓度越高,氮磷化离Ｒｅｄｆｉｅｌｄ比越远,硅藻种类越少,Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ指数越低,这一结果在对虾养殖池浮游植物的观测中得到初步验证。     

基于因子分析的南湾水库水源地浮游植物生物完整性评价

于2016年在淮河流域饮用水源地水库-南湾水库,开展了3次浮游植物调查,在分析南湾水库浮游植物群落结构的基础上,依据生物完整性理论,采用因子分析方法对南湾水库开展了生态完整性评价。研究结果显示:3次调查中浮游植物种类数变化较小,但所属种类存在明显的季节差异;浮游植物密度9月份最高,3月密度最低,而生物量则正好相反,3月最高而9月最低。进一步采用因子分析对群落数据进行分析,筛选确定了4个公因子。其中,因子1反映了群落的耐污特征与能力;因子2表征了群落的多样性特征;因子3表征了群落丰富度状况;因子4表征了水体富营养状况。因子分析得分表明:从时间上来看,南湾水库9月水生态状况最差,从空间上看,则人口密度大的库湾区域水生态状况较差。因子得分较好地反映了水库不同时间与地点水生态状况的相对大小,表明基于因子分析生物完整性评价能够较地应用于南湾水库,也适合推广应用于其他水体的生态评价工作中。     

硅藻在河流健康评价中的应用研究进展

硅藻作为一种光合自养真核藻类,是水生态系统中重要的初级生产者,反映了水环境的平均状况.作为环境的指示生物,普通菱形藻、小舟形藻、极小异极藻均能指示水体富营养化状况,窄异极藻、结膜窗纹藻、念珠等片藻能反映出水体的贫营养状况;广缘小环藻、细纹长蓖藻、短缝藻能反映水体的酸度;肿节曲壳藻能指示水体中的Cu含量,肘状针杆藻能反映水体中的Zn浓度;其他硅藻种类亦能反映水体的受污染程度.本文综述了国内外对硅藻及硅藻指数的应用研究进展,指出了硅藻及硅藻指数在河流健康评价中所存在的问题,并提出了今后的研究方向:进一步完善硅藻的分类与鉴定;广泛开展不同地区及不同条件下硅藻水质监测与评价研究;注重筛选硅藻生物完整性指数并建立适宜的水质评价基准.     

太平湖水库的浮游藻类与营养型评价

研究了太平湖水库的浮游藻类与营养类型。共发现藻类175种。绿藻门的种类最多(87种),占种类总数的50％。硅藻和蓝藻次之(分别为34和33种),各占19.4％和18.8％。其它5门藻合计21种,仅占种类总数的11.8％。根据营养型分析结果,太平湖目前水质优良,属中营养型水体;但是藻类的优势种类和总氮含量两项指标已达富营养水平,而且微囊藻(Microcystis)水体较多出现,表明该水体已有向富营养化发展的趋势。含磷量较低(总磷0.012mg/L)是浮游藻类进一步大量繁殖的限制因子。为防止水质恶化,除了应控制含氮化合物的污染外,限制磷的输入尤为重要。     

硅藻在河流健康评价中的应用研究进展

Diatom, as a kind of autotrophic photosynthetic eukaryotic algae, is an important primary producer in aquatic ecosystem, and can reflect the average status of water environment. As the bio-indicators of the environment, Nitzschia communis, Navicula minuscula, and Gomphonema parvulum can indicate the eutrophication of waters, whereas Gomphonema angustum, Epithemia adnata, and Diatoma moniliformis can indicate the oligotrophication of waters. Cyclotella bodanica, Neidium affine, and Eunotia exigua are all the eosinophilic species that can indicate waters acidity, Aminutissimum nodusa can indicate water’s Cu concentration, and Synedra ulna can indicate the Zn concentration in waters. Some other diatoms can also indicate water’s contamination. This paper reviewed the research progress on the applications of diatom and diatom indices in river health assessment, pointed out the related existing problems, and put forward some future research directions, e.g., further perfect the classification and identification of diatoms, broadly carry out the researches of diatom indices upon different areas and conditions, pay more attention to the screening of diatom bio integrality indices, and establish a benchmark which suits for the assessment of water quality.     

养殖与非养殖型大型水库间浮游甲壳动物的比较

作者从群落结构相似性、生物多样性、现存量等方面比较了两座地理位置接近、营养水平相当的养殖型与非养殖型大型水库的浮游甲壳动物,结果表明：栖息环境的不同以及鲢、鳙的摄食引起两座水库各区域间的浮游甲壳动物种类的差别。鲢、鳙对浮游甲壳动物尤其是枝角类的摄食压力在7月和10月表现明显。鲢、鳙的摄食也降低了枝角类的生物多样性,但是对浮游甲壳动物的体长大小没有影响。     

紧水滩水库浮游轮虫群落与水质生态学评价

2010年5月-2011年3月,调查了紧水滩水库(Ⅰ-Ⅵ站)浮游轮虫的群落及与水质之间的关系.共鉴定轮虫45种,污染指标种37种,其中寡污-β中污带、β中污带和β-α中污带污染指示种类分别占总指示轮虫的32.4%、35.1%和24.3%.优势种为螺形龟甲轮虫(Keratella cochlearis)、针簇多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla)和等刺异尾轮虫(Trichocerca stylata).轮虫群落密度变幅为4.8～542.5ind.·L^-1,平均135.7ind.·L^-1;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H′变幅为2.60～3.65,平均3.20:Q_B/T值变幅为0.83～2.50,平均1.39.Ⅰ-Ⅱ站的群落密度和多样性指数较低,Q_B/T值较大;而Ⅲ-Ⅵ站的群落密度和多样性指数均较高,Q_B/T值较小.Q_B/T值随着水体透明度的增大而明显下降.紧水滩水库属于寡污-中污(贫-中营养型)水体,其中Ⅰ-Ⅱ站为中污(中营养型),Ⅲ-Ⅵ站为寡污-β中污(贫营养型)水体.     

在种与属两个级别评价太子河硅藻群落与环境因子的关系

2009年8—9月,对辽宁省太子河流域67个点位进行采样调查,以硅藻群落为研究对象,比较硅藻属级水平与种级水平相对多度、物种丰富度以及生物多样性指数间的相关性,并比较硅藻属级与种级属性与环境因子的相关性。实验结果表明,太子河流域硅藻属级水平的相对多度、丰富度和多样性指数与硅藻种级水平都极显著相关。Pearson相关性分析表明,硅藻属级水平的丰富度与环境显著相关的因子与种级水平丰富度与环境显著相关的因子相一致。Mantel-Test相关性分析表明,硅藻属级水平的相对多度与环境因子的相关性弱于种级水平与环境因子相关性。典范对应分析结果显示,影响硅藻属级和种级群落结构分布的主要环境因子均为悬浮物。基于硅藻生物评价指数的流域健康评价结果表明,应用硅藻属级和种级属性对太子河流域进行健康评价,其评价结果相一致。     

底栖硅藻应用于河流生态系统健康评价的研究进展

硅藻是水生态系统中最重要的初级生产者之一, 不仅为生态系统中其他消费者提供碳源, 也因分布广泛、种类多、世代时间短等特点, 通常被认为是水环境及生态系统良好的指示生物。文章介绍了河流生态系统健康及生物完整性的概念, 综述了硅藻尤其是底栖硅藻在水生态系统中的自身特点及作用; 概述了硅藻在生物监测中广泛应用的前提: 对环境因子的响应和国内外对硅藻及硅藻指数在河流生态监测中的研究进展; 介绍了广泛应用的硅藻指数及基于硅藻的生物完整性指数的原理及构建方法; 指出了硅藻及硅藻指数在生物监测及评价中可能所存在的问题, 并提出了今后我国在这个领域后期需开展的工作。     

用硅藻群集指数(DAIpo)和河流污染指数(RPId)评价珠江广州河段的水质状况

用硅藻计于1990年采集珠江广州河段的9个采样点的附着硅藻群落．共得硅藻24个属,170个分类单位,其中,适腐性种8个,广腐性种84个,仍腐性种78个．群落相似性聚类分析表明,位于前、后航道中部的员村（st3）,新造（st8）,沙浴村（si10）三点的硅藻群落结构是为相似,向上,下游相似性逐渐减小．用硅藻群集指数（DAIpo）和河流污染指数（RPId）对各采样断面的水质进行分析表明：大盛（st12）和莲花山（st5）两点受污染最轻,属β-寡污带,黄沙点（st2）污染最严重,属α-中污带．对照点鸦岗（St1）也受到一定的污染,属α-寡污带,其它点的污染程度在α-寡污带与β-中污带之间．DAIpo值与BODS存在着显著的负相关（r＝0．86）．珠江广州河段的前、后航道的污染程度相差不大（RPId=56．42,56.26）,均属中度污染．     

Aquatic pollution assessment based on attached diatom communities in the Pinang River Basin,Malaysia

The diatom communities collected from artificial substrates (glass slides) at 12 sampling sites along Pinang River Basin were analysed. Species composition was highly variable among sampling sites, and the highest diversity value (mean H = 3.56 bit/individual) and species richness (mean S = 17.32) was recorded at a polluted station in an estuary, which received salt-water intrusion during high tide. The downstream sampling stations were heavily organically polluted with Saprobic Index values ranging between 2.81 and 3.10, while upstream stations were relatively clean with Saprobic Index values recorded between 1.40 and 1.96. The diatom community structure and the specific sensitivity of certain diatom species can be related to the degree of water quality in Pinang River Basin. The abundance of certain diatom species could be used as biological indicators to measure impacts of river pollution.     

Predicting diatom communities at the genus level for the rapid biological assessment of rivers

1. Diatoms were sampled in the spring of 1994 and the autumn of 1995 at 137 pristine or near-pristine reference sites on large and small streams at various altitudes in eastern New South Wales and Victoria. Scrapings were taken from five firm substrata across a range of microhabitat conditions at each site on each occasion. For each substratum, 100 valves were identified to genus level. 2. Multivariate statistical models were constructed to predict the probability of occurrence of each genus at a given site under near-pristine conditions on the basis of physical features of the site that are not affected by human activity. Model predictions were compared with the flora observed at the reference sites and at 55 test sites affected by varying degrees of human disturbance. 3. Test sites were characterized more by the presence of genera not predicted by the model than by the absence of predicted genera. The degree of departure from model predictions was related mainly to increasing alkalinity, electrical conductivity, hardness and pH of river water. We therefore conclude that the main effect of human activity on the composition of diatom communities in the rivers of coastal south-eastern Australia has been to increase genus richness through enrichment with alkaline salts. 4. The models did not perform as well as similar models applied to river macroinvertebrates at the family level, perhaps because of greater temporal variability in diatom communities and differences in the environmental variables to which diatoms and macroinvertebrates respond. Means of improving the current models are discussed.     

The ABC's of diatom identification using laser holography

Biomonitoring systems designed to protect the integrity of aquatic ecosystems must satisfy complementary requirements if they are to be used in a successful management program. First, they must generate reliable information with respect to the current biological status of the ecosystem; and second, they must be capable of reducing the lag time in the feedback of this information. This paper describes a biomonitoring system, currently being developed, that employs coherent optical spatial filtering techniques to rapidly identify diatoms and process species-abundance information. Preliminary results indicate that the optical problems associated with such a system can be overcome satisfactorily, although investigations are continuing into the problem of interfacing a microscope directly to the optical system. We envision that this system can eventually be employed in a management program along with chemical and physical data to obtain full beneficial use of the ecosystem without damage.Co-authors     

Effect of urban and industrial wastes on species diversity of the diatom community in a tropical river,Malaysia

Monthly species diversity and other components of diversity of diatom samples collected over a period of one year at eight stations in the Linggi River Basin, Malaysia were analysed. Species diversity ranged between 0.52–3.62 bits individua^–1. Among the four stations located in the Linggi River (sensu stricto), highest diversity values were recorded at a station polluted by rubber effluent, followed by the stations unpolluted from point sources. Lowest diversity was recorded at a station polluted with urban sewage. At Kundor River, highest diversity was recorded at stations located downstream of rubber and palm oil waste discharges. On the whole, diversity values at unpolluted stations were always lower than at mildly polluted stations. Severe organic loadings caused low diversity by reducing the number of species (species richness) but did not increase the evenness (equitability) as expected when compared with unpolluted or mildly polluted stations. The changes in species diversity can be related to changes in diatom community structure and thereby changes in water quality, but cannot be used as an index of water quality.     

七项河流附着硅藻指数在东江的适用性评估

综合运用因子分析、聚类分析、箱型图分析等统计方法评估了河流附着硅藻生物指数(Biological Diatom Index,IBD)、硅藻营养化指数(Trophic Diatom Index,TDI)、斯雷德切克指数(Sládecˇek’s Index,SLA)、特定污染敏感指数(Specific Polluosensitivity Index,IPS)、硅藻属指数(Generic Diatom Index,IDG)、戴斯指数(Descy Index,DESCY)和欧盟硅藻指数(European Economic Community Index,CEE)在东江流域河流水质评价中的适用性。结果显示:SLA与IPS,CEE显著相关(P<0.05),CEE与TDI不相关,其余指标间均极显著相关(P<0.01)。SLA与13项水质理化指标均无相关性,TDI与含氯度(Cl)显著负相关,CEE与溶解氧(DO)、电导率(Cond.)、总氮(TN)显著正相关(P<0.05),其余指标与氨氮(NH4-N)、pH不存在线性相关,与五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、高锰酸盐指数(CODKMnO4)、亚硝氮(NO2-N)、硝氮(NO3-N),总磷(TP)具极显著相关性(P<0.01)。13项水质理化指标中主成分负荷贡献大于50%的八项理化参数DO、BOD5、CODKMnO4、TN、NO3-N、NO2-N、TP和SiO2将试验区水质分为四组。IPS、IBD、IDG和CEE与水质物化分类一致性较好。IPS、IBD、IDG和CEE的逐步判别分析(引入P=0.20,剔除P=0.25)显示IPS和CEE都只选出了NO2-N,分类判别的正确率分别为55.6%和48.1%;IBD引入了NO2-N,CODKMnO4和DO 3个解释变量,判别正确率74.1%;IDG引入BOD5和NO3-N两个变量,分组正确率63.0%。硅藻群落聚类显示,IBD和IDG在水质物化分类的箱型图中呈现出明显合理的趋势。以上研究表明IBD和IDG硅藻指数最适合用于东江河流水质生物监测与评价。     

硅藻重金属污染生态学研究进展

硅藻是水生生态系统健康的指示生物之一,对环境变化极为敏感,某些典型硅藻已应用于指示水体重金属污染.本文围绕地表水重金属污染,从毒性效应、生物吸附和累积、生态适应机制及生物指示与生态修复作用等方面,综述了硅藻重金属污染生态学研究进展,阐述重金属污染下硅藻的生长趋势和硅壳形态的变化,硅藻对重金属生物吸附和生物累积的差别,硅藻对重金属的表面络合和离子交换等生态适应机制,以及硅藻对水体重金属污染的指示作用和生态修复作用,为水生生态系统的重金属污染防治与预警技术提供科学依据.     

Assessment of Water Pollution using Diatom Community Structure and Species Distribution — A Case Study in a Tropical River Basin

A study on biological assessment of water pollution using diatom community structure and species distribution was carried out in the Linggi River Basin, Malaysia which was polluted by various urban, industrial and agricultural wastes. A total of 86 diatom taxa belonging to 21 genera were recorded from all eight sampling stations located in the basin, of which 70 species were found on artificial substrates; the remaining 16 species were recorded exclusively on natural substrates. The number of diatom species observed between the stations varied from 22-47 species. The dominant diatom species in decreasing order of abundance were Eunotia vanheurckii, Nitzschia palea, Achnanthes saxonica, Gomphonema parvulum and Achnanthes minutissima. The most common clean water species were Achnanthes minutissima, A. linearis and Synedra rumpens. The most tolerant species were Nitzschia palea followed by Gomphonema parvulum and Pinnularia braunii. Eunotia vanheurckii and Navicula cryptocephala occurred in high densities at both unpolluted and polluted stations and can be considered as the common facultative or indifferent species. Although a large number of species were recorded at the unpolluted stations, equivalent number of species were also found at the moderately polluted stations. However, the number of species was reduced at grossly polluted stations. Nevertheless, a marked variation in species association exists between the unpolluted and polluted stations, but not among the polluted stations to distinguish the type and degree of pollution.     

杂色藻类硅藻和金藻的77K荧光特性

实验测定了7种杂色藻包括:4种硅藻三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)、牟氏角毛藻(Cheatoceros mulleri)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)和3种金藻湛江等鞭金藻(Isochrysis zhanjiangensis)、绿色巴夫藻(Pavlova viridis)、球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystisglobosa)的77 K荧光光谱,并与其它杂色藻以及高等植物菠菜进行了比较。结果表明,4种硅藻和3种金藻的77 K低温荧光发射光谱相似,只有一个明显的荧光发射主峰位于684~686 nm,类囊体膜的荧光光谱中在700 nm附近有个不明显的肩峰,它们均没有高等植物作为PSⅠ特征的730 nm长波荧光发射峰,这个结果与杂色藻类褐藻的荧光特性一致。说明,杂色藻类PSⅠ缺少730 nm长波荧光峰可能具有其普遍性,预示杂色藻类在PSⅠ结构以及能量传递等方面与高等植物具有很大的差异。     

基于AnnAGNPS模型的三峡库区秭归县非点源污染输出评价

非点源(NPS)污染已成为全球关注的环境问题。由于NPS特点、实验手段和监测数据的局限,其研究多采用数学模型进行时间和空间模拟。模型模拟提供了一种成本低效率高的手段来评定区域非点源污染。选择连续农业非点源污染AnnAGNPS(Annualized AGricultural Non-Point Source)模型,构建该模型数据库,模拟秭归县黑沟、兰陵溪、杉木溪等3条典型流域和县域径流、泥沙和营养物质的输出。结果表明：AnnAGNPS模型对3条典型流域的径流模拟能力高于对泥沙和养分的模拟,径流模拟误差均在可接受范围之内,说明模型中采用的径流预测(SCS曲线)法对研究区的地理气候条件是适用的;对3条典型流域泥沙输出模拟误差较高,对氮磷等养分输出模拟的误差最高,通过调整RUSLE和HUSLE等子模型的输入参数来减小泥沙模拟误差;对小型降雨径流事件,模型泥沙、养分模拟误差有偏大趋势,对较大降雨径流事件,模型泥沙和养分模拟误差有偏小趋势;2006年秭归县县域模型模拟的地表径流量为363 mm,泥沙输出为19.6 t/hm2,总氮输出为122 kg/hm2,总磷输出为28 kg/hm2,有机碳输出为581 kg/hm2,模拟结果与相关文献研究和政府统计数据较为相符;AnnAGNPS模型对NPS污染物输出模拟具有一定的不确定性,但作为一个较好的高级农业流域管理工具,该模型可以在三峡库区地理气候条件下使用。     

水文气候波动下云南太平水库硅藻群落演替的长期特征

在区域气候变暖的背景下,干旱事件引起的水位频繁波动以及流域开发导致的污染物输入均可以直接威胁水库的生态安全.本研究以云南省太平水库为对象,通过对沉积物的物理(粒度、烧失量)、化学(碳、氮元素)、生物(硅藻群落)等代用指标的分析,并结合监测数据和调查资料,重建了该水库1937-2018年的生态环境变化过程,并识别了硅藻群...