广州地区晚稻田CH4和N2O的排放通量及其影响因素

用密闭箱法同时研究了广州地区晚稻田CH4和N2 O的排放通量。结果表明 ,连续淹水、常规连作和水旱轮作等 3种处理的CH4平均排放通量分别为 1 7 63、2 84和0 36mg·m- 2 ·h- 1 ,而N2 O的平均排放通量分别为 6 74、1 1 69和 55 0 7μgN2 O N·m- 2 ·h- 1 ,表明稻田连续淹水显著增加CH4的排放而降低N2 O的排放。水旱轮作降低CH4排放而提高N2 O的排放 ,说明稻田CH4和N2 O排放之间存在着消长关系。讨论了这 2种温室气体排放的影响因素 ,并初步分析了它们对温室效应的相对贡献。     

鄱阳湖秋季水-气界面CH4排放通量的区域差异及影响因素

有限的观测点以及空间的异质性已经成为准确估算湖泊水-气界面CH4通量的挑战。鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖,为了解秋季湖区水-气界面的CH4排放通量,2010年10月利用密闭静态箱-气象色谱法对星子、都昌、南矶山和吴城4个湖区水-气界面CH4排放通量及气象、底泥、水体等因素进行了测定。研究表明,都昌湖区CH4排放通量平均值为0.26mg·m-2·h-1,显著高于星子(0.15mg·m-2·h-1)、吴城(0.13mg·m-2·h-1)和南矶山(0.10mg·m-2·h-1)湖区。鄱阳湖水-气界面秋季CH4排放通量平均为0.17mg·m-2·h-1,变异系数为58.6%。相关分析表明,风速显著影响CH4排放通量(P<0.01)。在排除风速>5m·s-1的数据后,底泥有机碳以及水体铵态氮含量与CH4排放通量显著相关,而水体DOC含量与CH4排放通量呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。对鄱阳湖CH4排放量的精确估算,依赖于较广区域和较长时间的观测。     

华南丘陵区农林复合生态系统稻田二氧化碳排放及其影响因素

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对稻田CO2排放进行田间原位测定,探讨农林复合生态系统稻田温室气体CO2的排放规律。结果表明,在生长季节中,有植株参与稻田CO2排放速率的日变化形式均为白天出现排放高值,夜间出现排放低值。有植株参与稻田CO2昼夜排放速率平均值都显著高于无植株参与稻田。温度(气温、地表温度、地下5 cm温度)是有植株参与稻田在植株生长期间稻田CO2排放速率昼夜变化的主要影响因素。水稻作物对CO2的排放影响较大,早稻有、无植株参与稻田CO2季节平均排放速率分别为316.29±23.74和101.88±16.83 mg.m-2.h-1。晚稻有、无植株参与稻田CO2季节平均排放速率分为622.40±57.67和179.41±19.51 mg.m-2.h-1。早、晚稻有植株参与稻田的CO2季节平均排放量分别比无植株参与稻田增加了310%和347%。     

中国南方双季稻田转菜地对CO2和CH4通量的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法观测了我国南方亚热带水稻田转为旱作蔬菜地后第1年的CO2和CH4通量变化,旨在探索稻田转菜地初期对CO2和CH4通量的影响.结果表明:CO2通量因蔬菜种类、生长状况及生长季节的不同而不同.种植豇豆菜地CO2通量显著高于稻田,种植辣椒菜地CO2通量则显著低于稻田.稻田转菜地CH4通量从6.96 mg C·m-2·h-1显著下降到-0.004 mg C·m-2·h-1(P<0.001).转菜地后CO2和CH4的净累积碳吸收为543kg C·hm-2,显著低于稻田的3641 kg C·hm-2,但由净CO2和CH4排放造成的增温效应无显著差异.转成菜地1年后的土壤有机碳含量有所升高,且10~20 cm土层显著高于对照水稻田.     

华南丘陵地区农林复合生态系统晚稻田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对晚稻田甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放进行田间原位测定。结果表明,有植株参与的稻田CH4排放通量季节变化与地下5cm温度呈显著正相关关系。稻田CH4和N2O季节平均排放通量在有植株参与时分别为1.16±0.38mgm-2h-1和42.33±20.00μgm-2h-1,而无植株参与的分别为0.15±0.11mgm-2h-1和51.69±15.87μgm-2h-1。水稻种植对CH4的排放影响较大,对N2O的排放影响较小,有植株参与的稻田CH4平均排放量显著高于无植株参与的稻田,N2O的平均排放量无显著差异。     

不同施氮措施对旱作玉米地土壤酶活性及CO2排放量的影响

对施用速效氮肥(尿素)和缓释氮肥的旱作夏玉米地土壤酶活性及CO2排放量进行分析。结果表明,与不施肥处理比较,不同氮肥种类和施用量均可显著提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性和CO2的排放量。在整个生育期,尿素与缓释氮肥处理土壤酶活性和土壤CO2排放量表现出相同变化趋势,尿素和缓释氮肥处理土壤CO2平均排放量分别为459.12 mg·m-·2h-1和427.11 mg·m-·2h-1,两者达到显著差异水平(P<0.5)。相关分析表明,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性与土壤CO2排放量呈显著或极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.79、0.64和0.80。说明相同施氮量缓释氮肥较尿素能有效提高土壤酶活性并降低土壤碳排放量。     

芦苇在微咸水河口湿地甲烷排放中的作用

本研究以长江口微咸水河口湿地为研究对象,通过模拟潮汐淹没和改进的静态箱法,针对芦苇在不同淹水条件下对甲烷的传输作用进行了研究。结果表明,长期淹没样点割除芦苇前后平均甲烷释放分别为1.60 mgCH4 m-2h-1和0.50 mgCH4 m-2h-1,而短期淹没样点割除芦苇前后平均甲烷释放分别为0.94 mgCH4 m-2h-1和0.55 mgCH4 m-2h-1。芦苇的存在增加了大约41.5%—69%的甲烷释放,割除芦苇导致长期淹没样点甲烷释放显著地减少。从淹水前到淹水后的一个潮周期内,长期淹没样点和短期淹没样点的甲烷释放分别在淹没期达到最小和最大释放(1.21 mgCH4 m-2h-1 vs. 1.18 mgCH4 m-2h-1),说明芦苇对甲烷的传输作用受到潮汐淹没程度的影响。实验室针对芦苇自身产甲烷的可能性进行的离体芦苇茎干和叶片的甲烷释放研究发现,离体茎干释放大约0.7 μL/L和0.2 μL/L甲烷,且下部茎干的甲烷释放量要明显高于上部茎干和叶片,随后均不再增加。结果进一步证实芦苇增加的甲烷排放来自对土壤气体的传输。同时,传输作用主要发生在植株的下部茎干。     

美国俄亥俄州人工河滨湿地甲烷排放

2008年11月-2009年10月,在美国俄亥俄州哥伦布市Olentangy河河滨湿地,运用静态箱·气相色谱法对比研究了不同水文模式和植被生长状况下2种植被类型(人工植被和自然植被)淡水河滨恢复湿地甲烷(CH4)排放的时空规律,探讨了湿地土壤温度、水文条件、植被和土壤碳含量等因子对CH4排放的影响.结果表明,人工植被和自然植被湿地CH4排放通量均有明显的季节变化规律,但自然植被的淡水湿地CH4排放量仍明显高于人工植被湿地的排放量,其年排放量分别为68和114gCH4-C· m-2·a-1(P＜0.05),这是由于自然植被湿地相对于人工植被湿地有着更高的累积生产力.在2个实验湿地中,淹没深水区比干湿交替区有更高的CH4排放量,CH4排放通量的中值(平均值)分别为4.7(59.9)和0.09( 1.17)mg·m-2·h-1(P＜0.01),波动的水文相对于静止水文条件可减少CH4排放量.并且,实验湿地CH4排放通量与土壤温度和土壤有机碳含量有一定的相关性.因此,可通过对湿地进行适当的植物配置和水文条件等设计和管理措施有效地减少CH4排放.     

若尔盖高原湿地甲烷排放的时空异质性

集中于北美落基山高山湿地甲烷排放的零星报道远不能解析全球高山湿地甲烷源强. 因此,世界范围内其他区域高山湿地甲烷排放的研究对于合理估计全球高山湿地甲烷源强,意义重大.采用静态箱-气相色谱法,基于3种典型湿地类型的甲烷排放数据,认为若尔盖高原湿地生长季甲烷的平均排放量为4.69 mg CH4 m-2 h-1.同时根据2a数据,初步分析了甲烷通量及其对环境因素和生物因素的响应特征,结果表明:(1)甲烷排放昼夜变化具有双峰模式 (主峰出现在15:00,次峰出现在06:00),可由土壤温度以及植物气孔开启来解释.(2)若尔盖湿地甲烷排放季节动态较为典型,即在7月份或8月份出现排放高峰,冬季甲烷排放较少.生长季,对3类群落类型,表面温度与甲烷排放显著相关 (r2=0.55,P<0.05,n=30),地表水位和植物群落高度与甲烷排放相关性更为显著 (r2=0.32,0.61,P<0.01,n=30).分析认为该季节节律是由温度以及植物生长状况直接影响的,而水位则是使该节律发生波动的原因(高原气候).(3)群落尺度下,物候学上相当重要的两个时期,甲烷排放通量均有较高的空间变异 (植物生长高峰变异系数为38%,积雪融化高峰为61%).通过逐步回归线性分析,发现植物生长高峰期,地表水位和群落高度是影响甲烷排放空间差异的主要因素 (r2= 0.43,0.59,P<0.01,n=30).(4)景观尺度下,生长季,景观尺度下甲烷排放有较大的空间变异,湖滨湿地甲烷平排放量最高为11.95 mg CH4 m-2h-1,其次为宽谷湿地,其排放量为2 12 mg CH4 m-2h-1,河岸湿地表现为甲烷吸收,其吸收量为0.007 mg CH4 m-2h-1.地表水位、植物地上生物量以及植物高度能够很好地解释甲烷排放的景观差异.     

施氮对桉树人工林生长季土壤温室气体通量的影响

施肥是维持短期轮伐人工林生产量的重要手段,为了提高肥料利用效率,缓释氮肥逐渐成为广泛采用的氮肥种类。评估缓释肥施用对人工林生长季土壤温室气体通量的影响对于全面评估人工林施肥的环境效应具有重要意义。以我国南方广泛种植的桉树林为对象,采用野外控制实验研究了4种施氮处理(对照CK:0 kg/hm2;低氮L:84.2 kg/hm2;中氮M:166.8 kg/hm2;高氮H:333.7 kg/hm2)对土壤-大气界面3种温室气体(CO2、N2O和CH4)通量的影响,结果表明:(1)4种施氮水平下CO2排放通量、N2O排放通量和CH4吸收通量分别为276.84—342.84 mg m-2h-1、17.64—375.34μg m-2h-1和29.65—39.70μg m-2h-1;施氮显著促进了N2O的排放(P0.01),高氮处理显著增加CO2排放和显著减少CH4吸收(P0.05),且CO2排放通量与CH4吸收通量随着施氮量的增加分别呈现增加和减少的趋势;(2)生长季CO2和N2O排放呈现显著正相关(P0.01),CO2排放和CH4吸收呈现显著负相关(P0.05),N2O排放和CH4吸收呈现显著负相关(P0.01);(3)土壤温度和土壤水分是影响CO2、N2O排放通量和CH4吸收通量的主要环境因素。结果表明:施用缓释肥显著增加了桉树林生长季土壤N2O排放量,且高氮处理还显著促进CO2排放和显著抑制CH4吸收,上述研究结果可为人工林缓释肥对土壤温室气体通量评估提供参数。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.