扁蓿豆冷诱导基因差异表达分析

以直立型扁蓿豆幼苗为试验材料,采用cDNA-AFLP技术分析扁蓿豆在低温胁迫诱导下的基因表达差异.结果显示,利用筛选的64对引物组合,对0℃低温处理3～5叶期扁蓿豆幼苗的叶片cDNA进行扩增,共获得549条差异表达的转录衍生片段(TDFs).选取上调表达较好的43条片段进行克隆、测序、Blastx比对和功能分析,其中32个TDFs的蛋白序列与基础代谢、信号转导、转录因子、防御等功能有关,11个TDFs为假设蛋白、未知蛋白或没有找到一致序列.利用荧光定量PCR对3种不同上调表达差异片段进行验证,结果可从数值上更准确地显示差异片段在低温胁迫过程中的相对表达量.     

茶树冷诱导基因的AFLP筛选及其表达分析

以中小叶茶树良种舒茶早和云南大叶种73-11为材料,于4℃低温处理4 d后,采用AFLP技术筛选出冷诱导下茶树差异表达基因并进行分析.结果显示,实验共获得41个差异片段(TDFs),其中舒茶早产生19条差异条带,73-11产生38条差异条带,两品种共有条带16条.所获得的差异片段按功能可划分为4类,即信号传导蛋白、转录因子、基础代谢相关蛋白、抗逆蛋白质,此外还有一些假设蛋白质以及未知蛋白.利用qRT-PCR对Kh1、Kh3和Kh11差异片段进行验证,结果显示这3个片段均被低温诱导,表达量上升.研究表明,茶树在低温胁迫下的逆境反应非常复杂,涉及多种代谢过程中的众多基因,而且大叶种比中小叶种对低温反应更为敏感.     

用mRNA差异显示法分离冷胁迫香蕉幼苗叶片内水杨酸诱导表达的基因

用mRNA差异显示法对7℃低温胁迫3 d后的香蕉幼苗叶片进行研究,回收了18条在低温下水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)诱导的差异带;反向Northern杂交证明,SA在低温胁迫下能诱导7条差异带高表达.对其中最显著表达的两条差异带(G和A)进行克隆和测序,结果显示,G片段序列与大豆在冷胁迫环境下两个高表达基因片段的部分序列有92%同源性;A片段未发现其同源性基因片段.     

不结球白菜Pol胞质雄性不育系和保持系蕾期基因的差异表达

以不结球白菜Pol胞质雄性不育系及其保持系为材料,利用cDNA-AFLP技术分析它们蕾期基因的差异表达,以获得与胞质不育相关的差异表达基因.结果共得到7条在GenBank中有同源性的差异表达片段,5条存在于不育系中,2条存在于保持系中.序列分析发现,在不育系花蕾克隆到的5条差异片段,分别与芥菜胞质雄性不育系线粒体orf108和atpA、拟南芥焦磷酸酶基因、拟南芥的锚定蛋白家族基因、甘蓝型油菜中的水胁迫蛋白、大白菜叶绿体基因片段有较高同源性;在保持系花蕾克隆到的2条差异片段分别与拟南芥未知蛋白基因有较高同源性.采用实时定量PCR验证其中5条差异片段在不育系和保持系花蕾中的表达水平,结果表明bcA19T15、bcA7T9在不育系中特异表达,bcA6T9、bcA19T8、bcA12T19在不育中表达比保持系中略强.     

玉米对二氧化硫胁迫响应的相关cDNA克隆与分析

应用mRNA差异显示技术,对高耐SO2玉米自交系Q9进行了SO2胁迫下的基因差异表达分析.结果显示,30对引物组合进行的PCR扩增中,获得了13条差异表达的cDNA片段,其中3条诱导表达,2条增强表达,6条减量表达,2条抑制表达.序列分析和数据库比对表明,GenBank中只搜寻到5条cDNA序列,其中2条增强表达的cDNA片段D1和D5分别与氨基酸结合蛋白ABP、锌指结构转录因子蛋白DOF部分序列高度同源,其他诱导表达的3条cDNA(D3、D6、D11)功能未知,可能是新的cDNA片段.经半定量RT-PCR分析验证,D1和D5转录水平受SO2胁迫表达显著增强,推测D1和D5可能参与了玉米对SO2胁迫的抗性反应.     

差异显示法克隆与小麦低温诱导相关的磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白基因

本研究利用差异显示技术检测经低温处理的小麦品种"石新828"及对照材料中的mRNA,获得2条差异片段序列。经Blast比对后,发现其中一条长为293bp的差异片段序列与小麦的一个冷调蛋白基因的mRNA(GenBank:AB097412.1)同源性为99%。该基因编码的蛋白属于磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白家族,命名为wpebp。经荧光定量PCR分析,wpebp基因的表达量随低温处理时间的增长总体呈上升趋势,表明该基因与小麦的抗寒能力相关。     

低温胁迫后抗寒茶树品种‘紫阳圆叶’的基因差异表达分析

采用DDRT—PCR技术,对低温（4℃）胁迫处理不同时间（0、8、12、24和48h）后茶树[Camellia sinensis（Linn．）O．Ktze．]抗寒品种‘紫阳圆叶’（‘Ziyangyuanye’）叶片中差异表达的基因进行分离和测序,并采用半定量RT-PCR对差异表达基因的表达特性进行了比较。结果表明：有12个引物对扩增出有明显差异的cDNA片段,其中3个片段是与抗寒性相关的差异片段,分别被命名为Csgsf．Cscafl和Cscaf2,碱基数分别为217、316和232bp。比对结果显示：Cscaf与茶树品种‘安吉白茶’（‘Anjibaicha’）和‘龙井43’（‘Longjing43’）的谷氨酰胺合成酶基因的同源性分别为96％和91％,与菜豆（Phaseolus vulgaris Linn．）、蒺藜苜蓿（Medicago truncatula Gaertn．）、油棕（ElaeisguineensisJacq．）、西洋参（Panax quinquefolius Linn．）和水稻（Oryza sativa Linn．）等植物的谷氨酰胺合成酶的基因序列同源性均达到90％以上,因此,Cscafl应为茶树谷氨酰胺合成酶基因片段;Cscaf2与干旱胁迫条件下茶树表达的cDNA的同源性为100％,为茶树应答干旱和低温胁迫的基因片段;Cscafl未检索出同源序列,推测其为与冷胁迫相关的未知基因片段。半定量RT—PCR分析结果表明：Cscafl和Cscafl在低温胁迫的初始期即开始表达且表达量随低温胁迫时间延长逐渐下调;而Cscaf2的表达量随低温胁迫时间延长逐渐上调并在胁迫48h后达到最大,3个片段的表达特性均与差异扩增结果相符。     

悬钩子属植物肌动蛋白基因片段的克隆与表达

目的:克隆悬钩子属植物肌动蛋白基因(actin),为研究该物种中其他基因的表达和调控提供内标基因.方法:利用一对特异性引物从黑莓、悬钩子杂种和树莓品种中克隆actin cDNA片段,对其进行序列分析和半定量RT-PCR表达分析.结果:从3个品种中均获得一条783 bp actin cDNA片段,编码260个氨基酸,3条actin片段与其他植物核苷酸序列的同源性都在82%以上,与其他植物氨基酸序列同源性也均在95%以上;树莓和悬钩子杂种品种的actin核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性均达99%,系统进化分析也发现两者亲缘关系较近些;表达分析发现actin基因在各品种不同组织中均有一定的表达量.结论:首次克隆了悬钩子属植物肌动蛋白基因actin,将来自黑莓和树莓品种的序列登录在GenBank,登录号分别为HQ439556和HQ439557.     

小麦苗期冷驯化相关cDNA的克隆

以中国春小麦幼苗为材料,利用改进的mRNA差异显示方法和银染技术,对不同低温驯化诱导表达的差异基因进行分离,共得到cDNA差异片段60条.经Reverse Northern验证,检出阳性表达片段8条,克隆并测序,分别命名为TIGW1~TIGW8.其中,TIGW2和TIGW3可能与抗冻蛋白积累、低温诱导蛋白的生成或低温信号的感受与传递有关;TIGW1、TIGW6、TIGW8中具有ACGT应答元件,TIGW3含有CAACA应答元件,说明可能获得了冷诱导基因的启动子序列.     

小麦抗黄矮病相关基因cDNA-AFLP差异表达片段的验证

cDNA-AFLP技术是研究基因差异表达的有利工具,广泛用于植物抗病、抗逆和生长发育等研究领域.本研究以cDNA-AFLP技术分离的抗黄矮病小麦与感黄矮病小麦间差异表达片段为对象,利用反向Northern方法,从cDNA-AFLP技术筛选的46个候选抗黄矮病防御基因差异表达片段中,筛选出抗黄矮病相关防御基因片段6个;采用对回收的差异片段进行再扩增(延伸引物再扩增),再与原选扩产物一起进行PAGE电泳分析法,并结合半定量RT-PCR分析法,又验证了候选抗黄矮病相关基因表达片段3个.反向Northern方法以及对回收的差异片段进行再扩增(PAGE再分析法),结合(半)定量RT-PCR分析方法,可以比较准确地验证cDNA-AFLP所筛选出的基因差异表达片段.     

Rhizobium pisi sv. trifolii K3.22 harboring nod genes of the Rhizobium leguminosarum sv. trifolii cluster

The taxonomic status of the Rhizobium sp. K3.22 clover nodule isolate was studied by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of 16S rRNA and six housekeeping chromosomal genes, as well as by a subsequent phylogenic analysis. The results revealed full congruence with the Rhizobium pisi DSM 30132^T core genes, thus supporting the same taxonomic position for both strains. However, the K3.22 plasmid symbiosis nod genes demonstrated high sequence similarity to Rhizobium leguminosarum sv. trifolii, whereas the R. pisi DSM 30132^Tnod genes were most similar to R. leguminosarum sv. viciae. The strains differed in the host range nodulation specificity, since strain K3.22 effectively nodulated red and white clover but not vetch, in contrast to R. pisi DSM 30132^T, which effectively nodulated vetch but was not able to nodulate clover. Both strains had the ability to form nodules on pea and bean but they differed in bean cultivar specificity. The R. pisi K3.22 and DSM 30132^T strains might provide evidence for the transfer of R. leguminosarum sv. trifolii and sv. viciae symbiotic plasmids occurring in natural soil populations.     

Extrachromosomal DNA in Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, var. finitimus, var. sotto, and in Bacillus popilliae

Four entomopathogenic bacteria contained extrachromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules of various sizes. Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki contained twelve elements banding on agarose gels that ranged from 0.74 to > 50 × 10⁶ daltons, three of which were giant extrachromosomal DNA elements. B. thuringiensis var. sotto contained one giant extrachromosomal DNA element with a molecular size of about 23.5 × 10⁶ daltons and two lesser elements of 0.80 and 0.62 × 10⁶ daltons. B. thuringiensis var. finitimus harbored two giant DNA elements corresponding to >50 × 10⁶ daltons and two lesser bands with relative small size (0.98 and 0.97 × 10⁶ daltons). B. popilliae contained no giant extrachromosomal DNA elements but did contain two smaller elements corresponding to 4.45 and 0.58 × 10⁶ daltons. The possible use of extrachromosomal DNA elements that prove to be autonomous replicons for recombinant DNA studies is discussed.     

Unveiling Gymnosporangium corniforme, G. unicorne, and G. niitakayamense sp. nov. in Taiwan

Three rust fungi from high mountains and pear-producing areas in Taiwan were described using morphological and molecular data based on 34 specimens. Gymnosporangium corniforme was demonstrated to produce spermogonia and aecia on Sorbus randaiensis based on molecular analyses and inoculation experiments. The pear rust pathogen G. unicorne was discovered in Taiwan for the first time. Gymnosporangium niitakayamense sp. nov. was observed on the leaves of Photinia niitakayamensis. It was distinct from other species in peridial cell wall structures, i.e., smooth outer wall, rugose side wall, and coralloid projections on the inner wall, and in having echinulate aeciospores.     

Flavonoids from Haplophyllum pedicellatum, H. robustum AND H. glabrinum

Haplophyllum pedicellatum, H. robustum and H. glabrinum all yielded the known compound gossypetin 8,3′-dimethyl ether 3-rutinoside. In addition the first two species afforded isorhamnetin and its 3-rutinoside. A new glycoside, gossypetin 8,3′-dimethyl ether 3-glucoside was obtained from H. pedicellatum together with the 3-malonylrutinoside, 3-malonylglucoside and 3-galactoside of isorhamnetin plus kaempferol 3-malonylglucoside. H. robustum yielded isorhamnetin 7-glucoside and 3-glucoside and quercetin 3-galactoside, while H. glabrinum was found to contain gossypetin 8-methyl ether 3-malonylrutinoside in addition to kaempferol and isorhamnetin 3-glucoside.     

Cortinarius sect. Brunnei (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) in North Europe

The section Brunnei was extensively studied based on material from North Europe. To stabilise the nomenclature we studied the relevant types of taxa included in this section. Phylogenetic relationships and species limits were investigated using rDNA ITS sequences and the results were compared with the morphological data. We recognised 11 species: Cortinarius brunneus, C. clarobrunneus comb. nov., C. coleoptera, C. ectypus, C. gentilis, C. glandicolor (neotypified), C. pseudorubricosus, and four species described as new C. caesiobrunneus, C. albogaudis, C. carabus, and C. cicindela. They are described here and their taxonomy, ecology, distribution, and relationships are discussed. In addition, a key to species of the section Brunnei is provided. A total of 77 new sequences of 11 species are published including nine type sequences. Also the taxonomic assignments of sequences in the public databases belonging to the section Brunnei are revised.     

Sesquiterpene lactones from Liatris acidota, L. Aspera and L. Mucronata

Examination of Liatris mucronata gave the known 15-hydroxylated heliangolides liscundin, liscunditrin, punctaliatrin and two new closely related heliangolides. Liatris acidota furnished six new similar but 15-deoxygenated heliangolides as well as euparin and 3β-acetoxytaraxaster-20-en-30-aldehyde. Liatris aspera gave a known glycosidic germacradienolide and a new germacradienolide as well as several known flavones and a known benzofuran. Structures were established by spectroscopic methods and chemical transformations.     

Three sesquiterpene lactones from Helianthus niveus subsp. canescens and H. argophyllus

Further investigation of the minor terpenoids in Helianthus niveus subsp. canescens and H. argophyllus afforded two known 12,8-fused sesquiterpene lactones, 3-acetylchamissonin and simsiolide as well as one new germacranolide, argophyllin C. Identification and structure elucidation of these lactones by ¹H NMR and chemical transformations are described.