菌渣化肥配施对稻田土壤微生物量碳氮和可溶性碳氮的影响

菌渣作为一种养分丰富的有机物料还田,可减少化肥施用,同时保持土壤肥力;而土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性碳、氮是土壤活性碳氮库的重要组成部分,其含量和比例变化对土壤肥力均具有重要作用。因此,探讨不同比例菌渣化肥配施对土壤微生物量碳、氮及可溶性碳、氮的影响,评价菌渣在优化土壤肥力方面的生态作用具有重要意义。本研究在水稻田间定位试验条件下,设置3个化肥水平(C) 0%、50%、100%,菌渣相对用量(F) 0%、50%、100%,共9个处理,分析了各处理土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)和可溶性碳(DOC)、氮(DON)的变化特征,及其占土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)的比例与相关关系。结果表明:菌渣化肥配施后,微生物量碳和可溶性碳、氮均在C100F50最高,微生物量氮在C50F100最高,与不施肥处理相比,分别显著增加了49.40%、43.65%、83.52%、207.19%;MBC/SOC和DOC/SOC均随着菌渣化肥配施量的增加而减少,MBN/TN和DON/TN均在C100F50最高。相关分析表明,MBC、DOC与SOC,MBN与TN均呈极显著正相关,DON和TN呈显著正相关。总体来讲,菌渣化肥配施能够显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性碳、氮含量,但不是随着用量的增加一直呈增加趋势,高量菌渣或者化肥下会有降低趋势;菌渣化肥配施降低了土壤微生物量和可溶性碳氮比,因此适宜的菌渣化肥配施是提高土壤有机碳周转速度、微生物活性及其氮素供应能力和有效性的最佳选择。     

Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in forest ecosystems of Northeast China: a comparison between natural secondary forest and larch plantation

Aims Natural secondary forest (NSF) and larch plantation are two of the predominant forest types in Northeast China. However, how the two types of forests compare in sustaining soil quality is not well understood. This study was conducted to determine how natural secondary forest and larch plantation would differ in soil microbial biomass and soil organic matter quality.Methods Microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in the 0- to 15-cm and 15- to 30-cm soil layers were investigated by making chemical and biological measurements in the montane region of eastern Liaoning Province, Northeast China, during the growing season of 2008 in stands of NSF and Larix olgensis plantation (LOP).Important findings We found that soil MBC and MBN were significantly lower in the LOP than in the NSF. Both MBC and MBN declined significantly with increasing soil depth in the two types of stands. The ratios of MBC to SOC (MBC/SOC) and MBN to TN (MBN/TN) were also significantly lower in the LOP than in the NSF. Moreover, the values of MBC, MBC/SOC, and MBN/TN significantly varied with time and followed a similar pattern during the growing season, all with an apparent peak in summer. Our results indicate that NSF is better in sustaining soil microbial biomass and nutrients than larch plantation in the temperate Northeast China. This calls for cautions in large-scale conversions of the native forests to coniferous plantations as a forest management practice on concerns of sustaining soil productivity.     

喀斯特峰丛洼地植被恢复过程中土壤微生物特性

以喀斯特峰丛洼地草丛、灌丛、次生林和原生林生态系统为对象,研究了植被恢复过程中土壤微生物生物量、土壤微生物碳熵、土壤呼吸及其呼吸熵等微生物特性。结果表明:土壤微生物生物量与土壤微生物碳熵随着植被恢复呈增加趋势(P0.05),土壤呼吸熵变化规律与之相反,土壤呼吸变化不显著,说明随着植被的恢复土壤质量不断提高,顺序为乔木(原生林、次生林)灌丛草丛;同一生态系统中土壤微生物生物量氮、土壤呼吸及其呼吸熵均表现为冬季夏季(P0.05),土壤微生物碳熵为冬季夏季(草丛例外)(P0.05),而土壤微生物生物量碳却未呈现显著性季节变化;土壤微生物生物量氮与微生物碳熵不仅对地上植被及季节变化响应敏感,且与土壤有机质及其他微生物指标相关性较好(P0.05),可以灵敏表征喀斯特峰丛洼地不同植被恢复土壤质量变化。     

退化红壤区人工林土壤的可溶性有机物、微生物生物量和酶活性

以江西省泰和县退化红壤区18年生马尾松纯林(Ⅰ)、马尾松 枫香 木荷混交林(Ⅱ)、木荷纯林(Ⅲ)和枫香纯林(Ⅳ)4种人工林林分为对象,并以自然恢复的无林荒草地为对照(CK),研究其土壤的可溶性有机碳(SOC)、氮(SON),微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)和土壤酶活性的变化.结果表明： 在0～10 cm土层,各林分类型的土壤SOC、SON含量分别为354～1007 mg·kg^-1和24～73 mg·kg^-1,MBC、MBN含量分别为203～488 mg·kg^-1和24～65 mg·kg^-1,脲酶和天门冬酰胺酶活性分别为95～133 mg·kg^-1·d^-1和58～113 mg·kg^-1·d^-1.不同林分类型之间SOC、SON含量为Ⅳ>CK > Ⅲ>Ⅰ>Ⅱ,MBC、MBN含量为CK>Ⅳ>Ⅲ>Ⅰ>Ⅱ,天门冬酰胺酶活性为Ⅳ>CK>Ⅲ>Ⅱ>Ⅰ,差异显著,而脲酶活性没有显著差异.随着土层加深,SOC、SON、MBC、MBN、脲酶及天门冬酰胺酶活性下降.在0～20 cm土层,SOC、SON、MBC、MBN、全碳和全氮两两之间达极显著相关.天门冬酰胺酶活性与SOC、SON、MBC、MBN、TSN、全碳、全氮极显著相关;而脲酶活性与SON、MBCMBN、TSN、全碳显著相关.     

南亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤微生物生物量碳氮年际动态特征及其影响因子

土壤微生物是土壤有机质和养分循环的主要驱动者,研究土壤微生物生物量碳氮变化、稳态特征及其对环境因子内在的长期响应机理具有重要意义。以南亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤为对象,对土壤微生物生物量碳和氮(MBC和MBN)、土壤有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、可溶性碳(ROC)、速效氮(AN)、pH、土壤温度(ST)和土壤含水量(SWC)进行连续10年监测;应用方差分析、相关性和回归分析及稳态分析等探究MBC和MBN的年际变化和稳态特征及主要影响因素。研究结果表明:(1)旱季MBC和MBN含量分别在171.32-358.45和25.90-54.08 mg/kg区间波动,雨季分别在394.01-507.97和68.40-88.05 mg/kg区间波动;旱、雨季的MBC含量年际间变化显著(P < 0.05),但MBN含量仅在旱季变化显著(P < 0.05)。雨季MBC和MBN含量均显著高于旱季(P < 0.01),且雨季的MBC和MBN含量是旱季的2倍以上。(2)旱、雨季的MBC与MBN之间均呈显著正相关(P < 0.05)。在旱季,MBC和MBN均与ROC和AN含量显著正相关(P < 0.05),此外,MBN含量也与TP(P < 0.05)和SOC(P < 0.01)显著正相关。在雨季,仅SOC与MBN呈显著正相关(P < 0.05)。(3)在旱季,MBC含量变化主要受ROC(P < 0.05)和AN(P < 0.001)影响,MBN则受AN控制(P < 0.05)。在雨季,AN(P < 0.05)主导了MBC的变化,TP(P < 0.05)和SOC(P < 0.05)是MBN变异的主导因子。AN(P < 0.001)和SOC(P < 0.001)是旱、雨季土壤MBC和MBN变化的主导因子。(4)土壤MBC和MBC/MBN稳态指数在年际间均为绝对稳态型(P>0.05);雨季的MBN(P=0.685)为绝对稳态型,但旱季为非稳态(P < 0.01,H > 1)。雨季微生物熵显著高于旱季(P < 0.01),表明土壤有机质质量及养分利用效率更高。综上,MBC和MBN含量受季节更替显著影响,且主要受土壤SOC和AN的影响;受旱季水分限制,MBN的稳态更差。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区植被恢复对土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的影响

对典型黄土丘陵沟壑区陕西延安羊圈沟小流域5年生刺槐、沙棘和杏树人工林及5、15和25年生刺槐人工林土壤进行比较研究,以揭示不同植被及恢复年限对土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的影响.结果表明： 在5年生的3种人工林中,以沙棘林土壤有机碳(SOC)和总氮(TN)含量最高;刺槐林土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量显著高于其他两种林地,分别为99.56和28.81 mg·kg^-1,其中MBC含量依次为：刺槐林>沙棘林>杏树林,MBN含量依次为：刺槐林>杏树林>沙棘林;土壤MBC/SOC依次为：刺槐林>沙棘林>杏树林,而MBN/TN为：刺槐林>杏树林>沙棘林,且差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05).随植被恢复年限增长,3种林龄刺槐林的土壤pH值下降,SOC、TN含量、电导率(EC)、MBC和MBN均呈增加趋势.在黄土丘陵沟壑区,种植刺槐比沙棘和杏树更有利于MBC和MBN含量的提高;随着刺槐种植年限的增长,MBC、MBN以及SOC和TN含量均呈增加趋势.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区植被恢复对土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的影响

对典型黄土丘陵沟壑区陕西延安羊圈沟小流域5年生刺槐、沙棘和杏树人工林及5、15和25年生刺槐人工林土壤进行比较研究,以揭示不同植被及恢复年限对土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的影响.结果表明： 在5年生的3种人工林中,以沙棘林土壤有机碳(SOC)和总氮(TN)含量最高;刺槐林土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量显著高于其他两种林地,分别为99.56和28.81 mg·kg^-1,其中MBC含量依次为：刺槐林>沙棘林>杏树林,MBN含量依次为：刺槐林>杏树林>沙棘林;土壤MBC/SOC依次为：刺槐林>沙棘林>杏树林,而MBN/TN为：刺槐林>杏树林>沙棘林,且差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05).随植被恢复年限增长,3种林龄刺槐林的土壤pH值下降,SOC、TN含量、电导率(EC)、MBC和MBN均呈增加趋势.在黄土丘陵沟壑区,种植刺槐比沙棘和杏树更有利于MBC和MBN含量的提高;随着刺槐种植年限的增长,MBC、MBN以及SOC和TN含量均呈增加趋势.     

西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤微生物量C、N、P空间变异特征

土壤微生物是陆地生态系统中最活跃的成分,它推动着生态系统的能量和物质循环,被公认为土壤生态系统变化的预警及敏感指标。以西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地为研究对象,基于网格法取样,结合经典统计学和地统计学方法,揭示了土壤微生物生物量的空间分布与格局及其主要影响因子。结果表明,西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)、磷(MBP)、碳氮比(MBC/MBN)、碳磷比(MBC/MBP)适宜,MBC、MBN、MBP变异均很大;空间自相关性明显,除MBP最佳拟合模型为球状模型外,其他指标均为指数模型。C0/(C0+C)均25%(4.9%—6.2%),呈强烈的空间相关,这主要由结构性变异引起。Kriging等值线图表明,MBC、MBN的高值区集中在坡中上部;MBP的格局明显不同,高值区集中在坡脚;MBC/MBN斑块较大,变化缓和;MBC/MBP的空间分布规律不明显,斑块多而破碎。西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤微生物量空间分布的影响因子很多,其中,影响土壤微生物量碳和氮的主要因子有土层厚度、pH、碱解氮。西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤微生物不仅存在着小尺度的空间分布格局,而且不同土壤微生物属性的空间分布不同。因此,应采取适宜措施,激活土壤微生物活性。     

三江平原4种典型湿地土壤碳氮分布差异和微生物特征

选择三江平原洪河湿地保护区4种典型湿地类型：小叶章+沼柳湿地、小叶章湿地、毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地作为研究对象,分析了不同湿地土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)含量和微生物活性指标(土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、过氧化氢酶、微生物生物量碳MBC、微生物生物量氮MBN、微生物呼吸速率MBR、微生物商q_MB和代谢商q CO₂)的变化及其相互关系.结果表明： SOC和TN含量均随土层深度增加而减少,不同湿地类型之间具有极显著性差异(P<0.01).各湿地土壤酶活性(除过氧化氢酶)、MBC、MBN含量和MBR均以表层(0～10 cm)最高,并随着土层深度的增加而降低.在0～30 cm土层内,小叶章+沼柳湿地和小叶章湿地SOC、TN含量、土壤酶活性、MBC、MBN含量、MBR、q_MB和qCO₂均高于淹水区的毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地.统计分析表明,SOC、TN与微生物活性指标(qCO₂除外)均存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01).表明研究区土壤微生物特征对SOC、TN的变化具有重要的影响和指示作用.     

氮添加对巴音布鲁克高寒湿地土壤微生物量和酶活性的影响

随着全球氮沉降速率的快速增加,已对陆地生态系统微生物群落活性和代谢产生了深刻的影响。因此迫切需要了解全球气候变化敏感区土壤中微生物量和酶活性对氮添加的响应。为此,以中亚干旱区巴音布鲁克高寒湿地为研究对象,在保护良好的高寒湿地选择沼泽(S)、沼泽草甸(SM)和草甸(M)3种湿地类型布设野外原位氮添加试验(施氮浓度分别为0、8、16 kg N hm^-2 a^-1),探究短期氮添加对土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)、微生物生物量碳/氮(MBC/MBN)、微生物商(QMB)、土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、H₂O₂酶和蔗糖酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1)高寒湿地不同湿地类型土壤微生物量和酶活性存在显著差异,其中SM土壤MBC、MBN、MBC\\N、QMB较S和M区高,对酶活性而言,SM和M区土壤蛋白酶和碱性磷酸酶活性较高,M区H₂O₂酶和脲酶活性较高。(2)氮添加显著增加了3种湿地类型中土壤MBC和MBN,其中MBC增加了7.00%-119.00%,MBN增加了8.03%-38.26%。氮添加仅显著增加了S和SM区土壤MBC/N和QMB (增加了24.68%-113.10%),但抑制了M区土壤MBC/N和QMB (抑制了8.93%-10.36%)。(3)氮添加显著增加了3种湿地类型土壤中脲酶、蛋白酶和H₂O₂酶活性,分别增加了7.25%-59.63%、4.71%-58.55%和34.70%-157.27%。但是氮添加对土壤碱性磷酸酶活性无显著影响。对蔗糖酶而言,N1处理增加了S区土壤蔗糖酶活性(增加了58.58%),而N2处理显著降低了22.72%。氮添加对SM和M区蔗糖酶活性无显著影响。(4)结构方程模型的结果显示,氮添加直接增加了土壤微生物量和酶活性。而随着湿地类型的变化(S-SM-M)直接和间接(通过pH)增加了酶活性;湿地类型的变化还通过影响pH、有机碳和有效养分间接增加了土壤微生物量。总之,氮添加和湿地类型可直接或间接的影响着土壤微生物量和酶活性。其中,土壤pH和有机碳是微生物量和酶活性变化的主要影响因素。本研究可为中亚干旱区高寒湿地应对未来气候变化的措施的制定提供技术参考。     

森林类型对土壤有机质、微生物生物量及酶活性的影响

以澳大利亚南昆士兰州典型森林类型——湿地松、南洋杉和贝壳杉林为对象,开展土壤可溶性有机碳和氮(SOC和SON)、微生物生物量碳和氮(MBC和MBN),以及土壤酶活性的研究,剖析森林类型对土壤质量的影响.结果表明:不同林型土壤SOC、SON含量分别在552 ～1154 mg·kg-1和20.11～57.32mg·kg-1;MBC、MBN分别在42～149 mg·kg-1和7～35 mg·kg-1.MBC、MBN之间呈显著相关.土壤几丁质酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性分别为2.96 ～7.63、16.5 ～29.6、0.79 ～ 3.42和3.71 ～9.93 μg ·g-1·h-1,亮氨酸氨肽酶活性为0.18～0.46 μg·g-1·d-1.不同林型土壤SOC含量,以及土壤几丁质酶和亮氨酸氨肽酶活性为湿地松林、南洋杉林、贝壳杉林依次降低;而SON含量为南洋杉林＞贝壳杉林＞湿地松林,且南洋杉林的SON含量显著(P＜0.05)高于湿地松林;MBC和MBN以及碱性磷酸酶活性为贝壳杉林＞湿地松林＞南洋杉林;酸性磷酸酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性为湿地松林＞贝壳杉林＞南洋杉林.在土壤生物代谢因子中,MBC、MBN、SON和亮氨酸氨肽酶对不同森林类型土壤影响较大.     

宁南山区植被恢复对土壤团聚体养分特征及微生物特性的影响

测定了宁夏黄土丘陵区植被恢复近30年的天然草地和农地不同粒径团聚体的土壤养分含量、微生物生物量、呼吸特性和生态化学计量比等指标,探索黄土丘陵区植被恢复对不同粒径土壤团聚体的养分特性和微生物学性质的影响.结果表明: 微团聚体(粒径<0.25 mm)质量百分比、各粒径土壤团聚体养分(有机碳、全氮、速效钾)含量、C/N均表现为天然草地大于农地,其中1～2 mm粒径团聚体有机碳、全氮含量在天然草地和农地中均最高,C/N也较高,说明植被恢复能有效促进土壤团粒的形成,适宜养分积累和有机碳的汇集,且在1～2 mm粒径团聚体上表现最为突出;天然草地各粒径土壤团聚体微生物生物量(碳、氮)、基础呼吸强度均高于农地,而呼吸熵低于农地,可见植被恢复措施可有效提高各粒径土壤微生物生物量与活性,并使土壤生境趋于稳定;但由于养分特性的差异,不同粒径团聚体微生物特性对植被修复的响应存在差异,其中天然草地土壤1～2 mm粒径团聚体微生物生物量碳,<0.25、0.25～1、1～2 mm粒径团聚体微生物生物量氮,以及1～2、>5 mm粒径团聚体基础呼吸强度显著高于其他粒径,即上述粒径团聚体的微生物生物量和微生物活性在植被恢复过程中逐渐被改善.表明宁南山区植被恢复有效改善了土壤团聚体的肥力状况与结构特征,且1～2 mm粒径团聚体的改良效果最为突出.     

Effects of Conservation Tillage on Topsoil Microbial Metabolic Characteristics and Organic Carbon within Aggregates under a Rice (Oryza sativa L.) –Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cropping System in Central China

Investigating microbial metabolic characteristics and soil organic carbon (SOC) within aggregates and their relationships under conservation tillage may be useful in revealing the mechanism of SOC sequestration in conservation tillage systems. However, limited studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between SOC and microbial metabolic characteristics within aggregate fractions under conservation tillage. We hypothesized that close relationships can exist between SOC and microbial metabolic characteristics within aggregates under conservation tillage. In this study, a field experiment was conducted from June 2011 to June 2013 following a split-plot design of a randomized complete block with tillage practices [conventional intensive tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT)] as main plots and straw returning methods [preceding crop residue returning (S, 2100−2500 kg C ha⁻¹) and removal (NS, 0 kg C ha^-1)] as subplots with three replications. The objective of this study was to reveal the effects of tillage practices and residue-returning methods on topsoil microbial metabolic characteristics and organic carbon (SOC) fractions within aggregates and their relationships under a rice–wheat cropping system in central China. Microbial metabolic characteristics investigated using the Biolog system was examined within two aggregate fractions (>0.25 and <0.25 mm). NT treatments significantly increased SOC concentration of bulk soil, >0.25 aggregate, and <0.25 mm aggregate in the 0−5 cm soil layer by 5.8%, 6.8% and 7.9% relative to CT treatments, respectively. S treatments had higher SOC concentration of bulk soil (12.9%), >0.25 mm aggregate (11.3%), and <0.25 mm aggregate (14.1%) than NS treatments. Compared with CT treatments, NT treatments increased MBC by 11.2%, 11.5%, and 20%, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration by 15.5%, 29.5%, and 14.1% of bulk soil, >0.25 mm aggregate, and <0.25 mm aggregate in the 0−5 cm soil layer, respectively. Compared with NS treatments, S treatments significantly increased MBC by 29.8%, 30.2%, and 24.1%, and DOC concentration by 23.2%, 25.0%, and 37.5% of bulk soil, >0.25 mm aggregate, and <0.25 mm aggregate in the 0−5 cm soil layer, respectively. Conservation tillage (NT and S) increased microbial metabolic activities and Shannon index in >0.25 and <0.25 mm aggregates in the 0−5 cm soil layer. Redundancy analysis showed that the SOC and its fractions (DOC and MBC) were closely correlated with microbial metabolic activities. Structural equation modelling showed that the increase in microbial metabolic activities directly improved SOC by promoting DOC in >0.25 mm aggregate in the upper (0−5 cm) soil layer under conservation tillage systems, as well as directly and indirectly by promoting DOC and MBC in <0.25 mm aggregate. Our results suggested that conservation tillage increased SOC in aggregates in the topsoil by improving microbial metabolic activities.     

峡谷型喀斯特不同生态系统的土壤微生物数量及生物量特征

采用样地调查与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了峡谷型喀斯特水田、旱地、草地、灌丛、人工林、次生林6种生态系统不同深度土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量特征及其分形关系。结果表明:峡谷型喀斯特不同生态系统的土壤微生物数量及组成不同,微生物数量均以次生林最高,旱地最低,其组成数量均为细菌放线菌真菌,细菌是土壤微生物的主要类群,数量多达26.66×105—71.64×105cfu/g,占全部微生物比例为87.00%—95.50%,其次为放线菌数量,为1.45×105—3.78×105cfu/g,所占比例为4.21%—12.39%,真菌数量最小,为0.07×105—0.23×105cfu/g,所占比例仅为0.24%—0.61%,不足1%。不同生态系统土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)、磷(MBP)的含量不同,次生林MBC与MBN最高,人工林MBP最高,旱地MBC最低,草地MBN与MBP最低;各生态系统均为MBCMBNMBP。不同生态系统的MBC/SOC、MBN/TN、MBP/TP分别为0.44%—0.97%、2.13%—3.13%、1.46%—2.13%,差异不显著;MBC/MBN在3.06—6.54之间,其中次生林极显著高于其他生态系统,其他生态系统差异不显著。不同生态系统土壤微生物数量及生物量均随土层加深而减少,且具有良好分形关系,均达到了极显著水平(P0.01)。探讨土壤微生物活性为提高石灰土土壤肥力、促进喀斯特植被迅速恢复提供依据。     

Amending biochar affected enzyme activities and nitrogen turnover in Phaeozem and Luvisol

Soil nitrogen (N) is a vital source of nutrients for maintaining soil fertility and crop production. However, the effect of biochar application rate on the mechanism of organic N transformation and the contribution of enzyme mineralization is still unclear. Therefore, we conducted two 5-year field experiments in contrasting soils (Phaeozem and Luvisol) with biochar application rate at 0 t hm⁻² (CK, 0), 22.5 t hm⁻² (D₁, 1%), 67.5 t hm⁻² (D₂, 3%), and 112.5 t hm⁻² (D₃, 5%) to investigate the potential effects of biochar application rate on soil organic nitrogen (N) turnover and its linkage to enzymatic mineralization in contrasting soil. The results showed that soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) contents, microbial biomass carbon to nitrogen ratio (MBC:MBN) and protease activity are significantly influenced by biochar application rate whereas not by soil type. Ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N) contents, and dehydrogenase activity are significantly changed by soil type whereas not by biochar application rate. Based on the redundancy analysis, we found that organic N fractions are associated with MBN, SOC, and protease in Phaeozem, but related to protease activity in Luvisol. Our findings indicate that organic N turnover is not only related to the bioavailability of N but also requires carbon substrates in Phaeozem, whereas the transformation of organic N in Luvisol is dominated by enzymatic mineralization as the relatively low level of bioavailable N.     

小兴安岭6种森林类型土壤微生物量的季节变化特征

土壤微生物是森林生态系统的重要调节者和分解者,其微生物量是陆地生态系统碳氮循环的重要组成部分。采用氯仿熏蒸浸提法测定了小兴安岭6种森林类型不同季节的土壤微生物量碳(MBC)和氮(MBN),并分析了其与土壤环境因子的关系,探讨根系去除对土壤微生物量的影响。结果表明:MBC和MBN的季节变化因森林类型的差异而有所不同,但最高值多发生在8月中旬;MBC和MBN在根系去除后均有不同程度的减少;MBC和MBN分别与土壤有机碳、全氮及含水量呈显著正相关(P0.05);MBN与土壤温度呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。显然,研究区的土壤微生物量受土壤温度、湿度及土壤有效养分综合作用的影响。     

施肥措施对不同母质发育的稻田生态系统土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

以湖南省稻田土壤肥力监测点为基础,研究了稻田生态系统土壤微生物量碳、氮的特性.结果表明,不同施肥措施对不同地域和母质发育的稻田生态系统土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响程度不同.经过18年的不同施肥处理,不同母质发育的稻田生态系统土壤微生物量碳、氮的变化趋势基本一致,变化顺序为湖积物发育的水稻土>河流冲积物和第四纪红土发育的水稻土>石灰岩发育的水稻土>板页岩发育的水稻土.土壤微生物量碳为259.5～864.4 mg·kg^-1,土壤微生物量氮为8.7～70.7 mg·kg^-1.施肥可以明显提高稻田生态系统土壤微生物量碳、氮含量;有机肥是改善土壤微生物量碳、氮的主要基础物质,但以有机无机配合施用效果最好.与对照相比,施化肥和有机无机配施处理土壤微生物量碳、氮最大增量分别为407.6和59.2 mg·kg^-1,最大增长率分别为102.8%和514.8%.     

Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Fractions and Crop Yields Affected by Residue Placement and Crop Types

Soil labile C and N fractions can change rapidly in response to management practices compared to non-labile fractions. High variability in soil properties in the field, however, results in nonresponse to management practices on these parameters. We evaluated the effects of residue placement (surface application [or simulated no-tillage] and incorporation into the soil [or simulated conventional tillage]) and crop types (spring wheat [Triticum aestivum L.], pea [Pisum sativum L.], and fallow) on crop yields and soil C and N fractions at the 0–20 cm depth within a crop growing season in the greenhouse and the field. Soil C and N fractions were soil organic C (SOC), total N (STN), particulate organic C and N (POC and PON), microbial biomass C and N (MBC and MBN), potential C and N mineralization (PCM and PNM), NH₄-N, and NO₃-N concentrations. Yields of both wheat and pea varied with residue placement in the greenhouse as well as in the field. In the greenhouse, SOC, PCM, STN, MBN, and NH₄-N concentrations were greater in surface placement than incorporation of residue and greater under wheat than pea or fallow. In the field, MBN and NH₄-N concentrations were greater in no-tillage than conventional tillage, but the trend reversed for NO₃-N. The PNM was greater under pea or fallow than wheat in the greenhouse and the field. Average SOC, POC, MBC, PON, PNM, MBN, and NO₃-N concentrations across treatments were higher, but STN, PCM and NH₄-N concentrations were lower in the greenhouse than the field. The coefficient of variation for soil parameters ranged from 2.6 to 15.9% in the greenhouse and 8.0 to 36.7% in the field. Although crop yields varied, most soil C and N fractions were greater in surface placement than incorporation of residue and greater under wheat than pea or fallow in the greenhouse than the field within a crop growing season. Short-term management effect on soil C and N fractions were readily obtained with reduced variability under controlled soil and environmental conditions in the greenhouse compared to the field. Changes occurred more in soil labile than non-labile C and N fractions in the greenhouse than the field.     

Tropical forest and savanna ecosystems show differential impact of N and P additions on soil organic matter and aggregate structure

Landscape transformation and atmospheric nutrient depositions, important global change drivers, are affecting the vegetation and soil properties of natural dry tropical forest and derived savanna ecosystems in India. This study assessed the effect of continuous N and P additions for 6 years on the size distribution and properties of soil aggregates in forest–ecotone–savanna gradient. Addition of N significantly increased the proportion of macroaggregates in forest and ecotone, whereas the same input significantly decreased their proportion in the savanna. Consequently, the stability of soil aggregates increased significantly in forest and ecotone, whereas it decreased significantly in the savanna. The effect of P addition on soil aggregate stability was marginal. N addition also altered the biological and chemical qualities of soil aggregates. It caused increase in microbial biomass C (MBC) associated with macroaggregates in forest and ecotone; however, in savanna, MBC increased in the microaggregates. P addition did not affect the amount of MBC in both types of soil aggregates. Because of rapid accumulation of applied N and P in the microbial biomass, the ratios of MBC to microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) as well as microbial biomass phosphorous (MBP) were decreased in both aggregates. Overall, the effect of N addition was more marked than that of P addition, suggesting that N is more limiting than P in these dry tropical ecosystems. In the current scenario of N loading, continued soil N loading in forest may lead to increased macroaggregates with associated MBC and MBN and greater aggregate stability. In contrast, the extensively distributed savannas may show the reverse trend leading to a decrease in soil fertility.     

Effects of dissolved organic matter from different plant sources on soil enzyme activities in subtropical forests

探究不同植物来源可溶性有机质(DOM)进入土壤后对酶活性的影响, 可以为降水淋溶下亚热带地区不同森林生态系统土壤碳循环提供科学依据。该研究提取杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、木荷(Schima superba)和楠木(Phoebe zherman) 3种植物鲜叶中的DOM分别输入杉木人工林土壤中, 以等量的去离子水添加为对照, 进行25天的室内培养。培养结束后测定土壤理化性质、微生物生物量和酶活性等指标。结果表明: 与对照处理(CT)相比, 添加3种叶片DOM后, 土壤总有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)含量和碳氮比均无显著变化。杉木叶片DOM添加处理(CL)的TN含量显著低于木荷叶片DOM添加处理(SL)和楠木叶片DOM添加处理(PL), 碳氮比显著高于SL和PL。3种叶片DOM输入整体上提高了土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)和溶解有机氮(DON)的含量。叶片DOM输入后土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量无显著变化, 然而CL和SL的土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量分别比CT降低了50.9%和51.1%, PL的MBN含量比CT提高了54.0%。与CT相比, 不同植物来源DOM输入后, β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、纤维素水解酶(CBH)和过氧化物酶(PEO) 3种酶活性均显著上升, 而多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性则显著下降; 此外, βG和CBH活性均表现出CL > SL > PL的特征。相关性分析的结果表明, 添加叶片DOM 3种处理的SOC、TN、MBN含量和βG、CBH活性都与所输入DOM的DOC含量和腐殖化指数(HIX)显著相关, 此外, 土壤MBN含量和PPO活性与输入叶片DOM的pH呈正相关关系。冗余分析(RDA)结果表明, 叶片DOM输入后引起土壤酶活性变化的关键因子是DON和DOC含量。总体来说, 不同植物来源DOM性质的差异会影响土壤碳循环水解酶的活性, 而叶片DOM输入后增加了土壤碳和氮的有效性, 引起4种碳循环酶的不同响应。