基于高分辨率卫星图的川中丘陵区村级景观格局特征研究

以Erle C.Ellis 建立的村级景观分类和景观制图方法,利用IKONOS高分辨率（1 m）卫星遥感图,进行典型抽样和地形→土地利用→土地覆被→生态立地的景观分类和分层制图,研究了四川盆地中部丘陵地区村级景观的构成和格局特征,并就有关方法作了讨论.结果表明,川中盆地丘陵村级景观类型多样,其多样性指数从地形、土地覆被、土地利用到生态立地变化在1.08～2.26之间,丰富度除土地覆被较高,达到85%以外,其余都较低,在42.22%～58.62%之间.分布普遍的生态立地类型为12.5%,其余88.5%的类型都以较大差异分布在各村级景观内.景观破碎化指数较高,不同村级景观之间为2.93～4.27,地形到生态立地的破碎度为2.86～5.63.村级景观构成中,人口密度、道路面积和农家院落面积与景观格局指数存在较大程度的线性相关关系,但以农家院落面积与景观分形指数、景观破碎度的线性相关显著,分别为0.957*和0.991**.运用景观4级分类和制图方法研究村级景观,多数景观格局指标都表现出显著的统计学差异,表明运用高分辨率卫星遥感图研究村级景观,以多级景观单元分类研究比单一分类的更能够反映相关信息,增加对村级景观格局的认识和理解.     

Forest and the city: A multivariate analysis of peri-urban forest land cover patterns in 283 European metropolitan areas

Heterogeneous definitions of urban areas and poorly homogenized forest data at the country scale have hampered the comparative assessment of peri-urban forest structure in developed countries. The present study investigates selected landscape characteristics of peri-urban forests in 283 metropolitan areas in Europe controlling for the role of the local context and regional suburbanization trends. Using landscape metrics derived from Urban Atlas maps (a Copernicus/GMES initiative providing a comprehensive land-use assessment of European cities >100,000 inhabitants), significant differences in peri-urban forest structure were detected under five European regions. Specific class metrics (percent forest area, mean patch size, perimeter-to-area ratio) were correlated with urban morphology, landscape and territorial indicators. On average, forest cover is larger in northern and southern European metropolitan areas. Forest patch size increases from western to eastern Europe, with more regular patch shapes in central and eastern regions and less regular shapes in the rest of Europe. Forest class area increases with the area of discontinuous, medium-density settlements. Forest patch size increases with the average patch size of discontinuous dense urban fabric. Our evidence outlines a ‘sprawl model' shaping fringe landscapes characterized by discontinuous urban settlements mixed with fragmented – but possibly well protected – forest patches.     

Impact of rapid urban expansion on green space structure

Rapid urban expansion has had a significant impact on green space structure. A wide variety of modelling approaches have been tested to simulate urban expansion; however, the effectiveness of simulations of the spatial structure of urban expansion remains unexplored. This study aims to model and predict urban expansion in three cities (Kuala Lumpur, Metro Manila and Jakarta), all experiencing rapid urban expansion, and to identify which are the main drivers, including spatial planning, in the resulting spatial patterns. Land Change Modeller (LCM)-Markov Chain models were used, parameterised on changes observed between 1988/1989 and 1999 and verified with the urban form observed for 2014. These models were then used to simulate urban expansion for the year 2030. The spatial structure of the simulated 2030 land use was then compared with the 2030 master plan for each city using spatial metrics. LCM-Markov Chain models proved to be a suitable method for simulating the development of future land use. There were also important differences in the projected spatial structure for 2030 when compared to the planned development in each city; substantive differences in the size, density, distance, shape and spatial pattern. Evidence suggests that these spatial patterns are influenced by the forms of rapid urban expansion experienced in these cities and respective master planning policies of the municipalities of the cities. The use of integrated simulation modelling and landscape ecology analytics supplies significant insights into the evolution of the spatial structure of urban expansion and identifies constraints and informs intervention for spatial planning and policies in cities.     

两岸典型城市生态功能网络的组成与结构

城市景观的发展加速了景观结构的更新,亦使得景观功能日趋完备;同时,由于城市化亦衍生了景观破碎化以及城市热岛效应等一系列限制当前城市发展的环境问题。因此,城市景观优化必须在充分考虑经济和生态双重需求的前提下,寻求与自然生态体系协调的生态问题解决途径。本文通过对城市生态网络组成与结构的现状分析,阐明城市生态系统间的空间关系,以网络结构的优化达到保护生态环境,提高城市整体开放空间价值的目标。选择经济发展稳定且生态环境良好的中国台湾乌溪流域(台中地区)及深圳市为研究区,通过耗费距离模型评价两岸典型城市生态网络结构。结果表明:两地城市生态功能网络均受城市发展影响,生态中心与社会经济中心的空间位置出现显著的两极化,且生态功能中心与联系中心并不吻合,使得生态功能的流动与传输更依赖于城市范围内的生态组分与结构通达性。因此,为提升城市生态功能,需从强化生态功能网络结构入手,整合城市内的生态景观单元,提高关键生态节点的通达性,进而优化城市景观生态。     

Do protected areas in urban and rural landscapes differ in species diversity?

Previous studies from Central Europe and North America showed that species richness is higher in urban than in rural landscapes. Do protected areas, which can be found in both city and countryside, reflect this species richness pattern? The impact of urban land-use might reduce conservation success and necessitate special management strategies. We compared species richness and species spatial turnover of selected animal and plant taxa (carabids, butterflies, snails, birds, lichens, mosses, vascular plants) in 30 protected areas in the city of Halle and 56 protected areas in the adjacent rural district of Saalkreis (Central Germany). Species were mapped by experienced biologists within a systematic species inventory. We corrected species numbers for the effects of landscape structure (e.g. size, shape and distance of habitats) which might influence species diversity beyond urbanisation effects. Butterflies, birds and lichens had significantly higher species numbers in the rural protected areas. Species spatial turnover was higher among urban areas than among rural areas or pairs of urban and rural areas for most taxa. Diversity in all taxa depended on the size of a protected area. We discussed these patterns in the context of the general urban-rural species diversity patterns. Our results indicate an increasing isolation of species assemblages with urbanisation and highlight that space for protected areas is even more limited in urban than rural areas. An effective conservation of urban species diversity should include both typical urban and semi-natural habitats to cover the full range of species living in cities.     

Traffic-induced noise levels in residential urban structures using landscape metrics as indicators

Traffic noise is one of the most prominent environmental stressors in cities. It often results in cardiorespiratory diseases among urban dwellers and thus counteracts important urban health targets. Using the city of Leipzig in Germany as a case study, we show that the noise level depends on the properties of the urban structure type, determined by landscape metrics. Landscape metrics, as a type of indicator, describe potential noise in residential areas in cases in which no measured data are available, e.g., for future planning purposes. Potential noise conflict areas can be efficiently, easily and reliably detected. For each considered residential urban structure type, we computed nine different models to evaluate the noise level and the number of exposed persons in addition to 14 landscape metrics for all patches of the urban structure type. The results offer significant correlations between noise level and landscape metrics. In addition, construction height and total built area was found to reduce the noise level in neighbourhoods. These results can be adopted for other cities in Europe facing considerable structural changes in residential areas.     

基于GIS的上海市景观格局梯度分析

 定量分析景观格局及其变化对于监测和评价城市化的生态后果十分重要。该研究应用基于GIS的梯度分析与景观指数相结合的方法定量分析了上海市城市化的空间格局。沿一条自西向东64 km长6 km宽和另一条自南向北66 km长6 km宽的样带,应用移动窗口计算了一系列景观指数。结果表明,城市化的空间格局可以用梯度分析与景观指数来定量,不同的土地利用类型沿景观格局梯度确实表现出明显的“空间特征”。多项景观指数可准确地、定量地指示上海地区东西和南北发展轴线上城市化的前沿和城市景观梯度分异的特征。城市化的总体格局是随着城市化程度增加,景观在组分上更多样化,形状上更为复杂以及生态学上更破碎化。此外,该文显示的上海市城市化景观格局比较符合同心圆论的城市发展理论,研究结果支持斑块密度随城市化程度而增加,斑块大小和景观连接度则下降的假说,但与随人类干预程度增强,斑块形状变得更规则的假说不相符和,因此,需要进一步研究来证实该发现。     

The Landscape as a Semiotic Interface between Organisms and Resources

Despite an impressive number of investigations and indirect evidence, the mechanisms that link patterns and processes across the landscape remain a debated point. A new definition of landscape as a semiotic interface between resources and organisms opens up a new perspective to a better understanding of such mechanisms. If the landscape is considered a source of signals converted by animal cognition into signs, it follows that spatial configurations, extension, shape and contagion are not only landscape patterns but categories of identifiable signals. The eco-field hypothesis, by which cognitive templates are used to identify spatial configurations as carriers of meaning according to an active function, are combined with the sign theory to create an eco-semiotic model of landscape representation. Signs from landscape change in efficacy according to mechanisms of degradation, and metric sign categories have to be considered. An interdisciplinary coalescence is expected by using the theoretical approach in different fields of conservation and resource management and planning.     

焦作市景观生态规划研究

运用景观生态学原理,借助于地理信息系统技术,根据焦作市实际情况,将其景观构成要素分为耕地、园地、林地、居民点及工矿用地、水域和其它用地6个景观类型,采用景观多样性、景观优势度、景观破碎度和景观分离度等指标进行定量分析,归纳焦作市景观空间格局特征,提出焦作市景观生态规划的方案.焦作市的景观总体布局模式为：市域保留4~5个大型自然植被斑块,市区规划小型绿地斑块,生态廊道将大小绿地斑块联系起来,维持城市生态系统良性循环;适当合并居民点,形成以市区为中心,其外侧有博爱区、沁阳市等7个市、区的组团式城市群,通过快速干道相连,形成相对独立、相互依存、有机联系、协调发展的网络城市格局;城镇斑块镶嵌于以耕地、林地为背景的基质之中,以道路廊道、绿地廊道、水系廊道相连接,有利于保持物种多样性和景观异质性,改善城市生态环境.     

景观生态学原理在城市土地利用分类中的应用

根据城市相同土地利用类型具有相似景观格局特征的原理,探讨了融合景观格局特征指数和遥感技术的城市土地利用信息提取的新方法。以北京市五环内建城区为例,研究表明,在斑块类型水平和景观水平上,居住用地和非居住用地内景观斑块的大小、形状、边缘特征、空间连接度、核心区面积特征、多样性、均匀性等特征都有极显著的差异。进一步融合TM遥感影像和这些景观格局特征指数,提取了居民用地和非居民用地类型,总分类精度是79.7%,Kappa系数达到59.8%。研究揭示,景观生态学原理的引入,为传统的遥感技术应用提供了新的思路,在格局复杂的城市土地利用信息提取中有很大的应用发展潜力。     

城市绿色空间格局的定量化方法研究进展

城市绿色空间格局的变化是影响城市生态系统社会、经济与生态功能的重要因素.在分析城市绿地数量和结构时空动态变化的基础上,重点综述了城市绿地斑块和廊道连接的景观格局指数法和网络分析方法,探讨了城市绿地与居住用地的空间交互作用以及可达性分析方法,比较了城市绿地沿城乡分布的梯度分析方法.并总结了城市绿色空间格局研究的热点领域,包括城市绿色空间格局的空间显式表征和多尺度分析,以及格局的定量研究与规划的结合,并应用于生态系统服务的评价.     

Habitat selection of breeding riparian birds in an urban environment: untangling the relative importance of biophysical elements and spatial scale

Aim Urbanization is a leading threat to global biodiversity, yet little is known about how the spatial arrangement and composition of biophysical elements – buildings and vegetation – within a metropolitan area influence habitat selection. Here, we ask: what is the relative importance of the structure and composition of these elements on bird species across multiple spatial scales? Location The temperate metropolitan area of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Methods We surveyed breeding birds on 71 plots along an urban gradient. We modelled relative density for 48 bird species in relation to local woody vegetation composition and structure and to tree cover, grass cover and building density within 50–1000 m of each plot. We used an information‐theoretic approach to compare models and variables. Results At the proximate scale, native tree and understory stem frequency were the most important vegetation variables explaining bird distributions. Species’ responses to landscape biophysical features and spatial scales varied. Most native species responded positively to vegetation measures and negatively to building density. Models combining both local vegetation and landscape information represented best or competitive models for the majority of species, while models containing only local vegetation characteristics were rarely competitive. Smaller spatial scales (≤ 500 m) were most important for 36 species, and eight species had best models at larger scales (> 500 m); however, several species had competitive models across multiple scales. Main conclusions Habitat selection by birds within the urban matrix is the result of a combination of factors operating at both proximate and broader spatial scales. Efforts to manage and design urban areas to benefit native birds require both fine‐scale (e.g., individual landowners and landscape design) and larger landscape actions (e.g., regional comprehensive planning).     

Linking vegetation type and condition to ecosystem goods and services

Our focus here is on how vegetation management can be used to manipulate the balance of ecosystem services at a landscape scale. Across a landscape, vegetation can be maintained or restored or modified or removed and replaced to meet the changing needs of society, giving mosaics of vegetation types and ‘condition classes’ that can range from intact native ecosystems to highly modified systems. These various classes will produce different levels and types of ecosystem services and the challenge for natural resource management programs and land management decisions is to be able to consider the complex nature of trade-offs between a wide range of ecosystem services. We use vegetation types and their condition classes as a first approximation or surrogate to define and map the underlying ecosystems in terms of their regulating, supporting, provisioning and cultural services. In using vegetation as a surrogate, we believe it is important to describe natural or modified (e.g. agronomic) vegetation classes in terms of structure – which in turn is related to ecosystem function (rooting depth, nutrient recycling, carbon capture, water use, etc.). This approach enables changes in vegetation as a result of land use to be coupled with changes to surface and groundwater resources and other physical and chemical properties of soils.For Australian ecosystems an existing structural classification based on height and cover of all vegetation layers is suggested as the appropriate functional vegetation classification. This classification can be used with a framework for mapping and manipulating vegetation condition classes. These classes are based on the degree of modification to pre-existing vegetation and, in the case of biodiversity, this is the original vegetation. A landscape approach enables a user to visualise and evaluate the trade-offs between economic and environmental objectives at a spatial scale at which the delivery of ecosystem services can meaningfully be influenced and reported. Such trade-offs can be defined using a simple scoring system or, if the ecological and socio-economic data exist in sufficient detail, using process-based models.Existing Australian databases contain information that can be aggregated at the landscape and water catchment scales. The available spatial information includes socio-economic data, terrain, vegetation type and cover, soils and their hydrological properties, groundwater quantity and surface water flows. Our approach supports use of this information to design vegetation management interventions for delivery of an appropriate mix of ecosystem services across landscapes with diverse land uses.     

基于类型和要素的城市多等级景观分类方法

城市区域的景观格局具有高度的异质性和复杂性,因而单一等级的景观分类方法难以揭示其复杂的多等级景观特征。基于等级斑块动态范式,探讨了针对城市区域基于景观类型和要素的多等级景观分类方法。以北京市为研究区,首先根据其景观类型和景观要素的特征,将城市区域划分为"城市"、"农田"和"森林"3种景观类型,同时确定"植被"、"裸地"、"水体"和"不透水表面"4类景观要素。然后,应用自上而下的分类思路和面向对象的分类方法对研究区进行了景观类型和要素的分类,其总体精度分别为93.36%和87.89%。相比单一等级的景观分类结果,多等级的分类结果不仅体现了城市生态系统不同等级的景观组成,还能揭示多级景观间的隶属关系,因而能更完整的描述城市景观格局,进而为认识城市生态系统的结构和功能提供新的视角。     

基于空间优先级的快速城市化地区绿色基础设施网络构建——以南京市浦口区为例

绿色基础设施是一个由自然区域和其他开放空间相互联系的网络。在城市空间极为有限的情况下,如何有效构建城市绿色基础设施网络并识别那些具关键性景观生态功能的网络要素显得极为重要。为了给城市绿色基础设施网络的建设和管理提供新的建模与分析理念,以快速城市化的南京市浦口区为例,采用MSPA方法并结合景观连通性指数,遴选出了对维持景观连通性贡献最大的生境斑块作为绿色基础设施网络的网络中心,进而采用最小路径方法构建了研究区潜在的绿色基础设施网络,并尝试利用空间句法分析,基于结构优化视角对绿色基础设施网络进行优先级的识别,从而使绿色基础设施网络的构建更科学。研究结果可为快速城市化地区绿色基础设施网络的构建提供一种研究思路与方法,对绿色基础设施网络要素的优先级评价也具有一定的借鉴意义。     

城市非点源污染控制的景观生态学途径

城市非点源污染是伴随城市快速发展而出现的新问题.城市土地利用的特殊性、不透水层面积的增加,使城市非点源污染不同于农业非点源污染,而控制难度更大.治理城市非点源污染的常用方法是最佳管理措施(BestManagementPractices,BMPs),主要采取一些局部修复措施在地表径流迁移过程中控制污染物.但城市土地利用格局的改变对非点源污染的影响十分显著,结合局部的BMPs和区域的景观规划是控制城市非点源污染的一个理想途径.城市非点源污染控制的景观生态学途径首先需要了解城市景观格局对非点源污染源、污染物迁移过程和受纳水体的影响,明确非点源污染与景观格局的关系,判定造成非点源污染的主要原因和关键环节.在此基础上,根据城市非点源污染控制要求,针对性地重新组合原有景观格局或引入新的景观要素以构建新的景观格局,并将BMPs融入规划之中,将景观规划与管理有机结合,增强城市景观异质性,实现对城市非点源污染的有效控制.     

城市地域生态调控的空间途径——以深圳市为例

城市地域的可持续发展必须以生态环境的可持续发展为前提和保障。景观生态学主要研究地表各种景观空间格局与生态过程及其相互作用,其原理和规律为在实践中通过优化景观格局,提高生态系统稳定性提供了理论框架。以深圳市为例,尝试综合运用生态敏感性与适宜性分析和景观格局整体优化的方法,通过对生态系统的格局分析与问题诊断,构建合理、稳定的生态系统结构,保障生态系统服务功能的正常发挥。案例研究将深圳市域的整体生态结构分为自然生态空间、城镇发展空间和生态廊道3部分。城镇发展空间具有文化支持的生态功能,自然生态空间具有环境服务和生物生产的生态功能;生态廊道主要起到加强生态联系,提高生态系统稳定性,并防止城市发展空间无序蔓延的功能。城镇景观斑块镶嵌于自然生态景观基质中,并通过多种类型的生态廊道相连,形成区域生态系统的良性循环。案例研究表明,景观生态规划方法的综合应用,可以将景观生态学原理和规律比较合理的运用于实践。     

Evolution of a multidimensional architectural landscape under urban regeneration: A case study of Jinan,China

Urban regeneration is a key to achieving the main goals of China's urbanisation plan. How to analyse the urban landscape of the rapid development in order to meet the challenges of urban planning and build liveable cities is a concern for both government and society. This analysis is based on a case study on downtown Jinan, China, covering the period 2001–2011. It explores urban architectural changes in the horizontal and vertical landscapes after a decade of urban regeneration, focusing on two aspects: construction purpose and number of floors. The study uses the land use transfer matrix method, along with landscape indexes and spatial autocorrelation analysis, based on cadastral data. Results show that the horizontal architectural landscape changed at the city's edges, with no apparent change in the city centre. With changes in urban functions, horizontal landscapes became broken, but patch shapes did not manifest obvious changes. Residential, commercial, and industrial landscapes were the dominant types. Most converted areas became residential landscapes. Vertical landscapes tended to feature upward development. Patch shapes became more complex and broken, landscape richness increased, and building types became less densely aggregated. The dominant landscape type changed from bungalows to multi-layer and low-layer buildings. Vertical space utilisation became increasingly intensive. Urban regeneration was carried out locally. Respective areas marked by horizontal or vertical architectural renewal showed significant positive spatial correlation, implying increasing spatial centralisation. Vertical landscape patches largely changed in line with the horizontal types, but not the other way round. Ramshackle areas and shantytowns were transformed. Urban land use developed intensively, forming vertically dense landscapes. These results will serve as reference source for urban planning, regeneration, land resources management, urban architectural design and layout, optimisation of the ecological environment, and construction of liveable cities.     

IKONOS影像景观格局特征尺度的小波与半方差分析

建立不同方向和尺度下景观格局的小波分析方法,并以IKONOS PAN 1m 影像为例,对城市景观和农田景观格局进行了实例研究,并与半方差函数的分析结果进行比较分析。试验结果发现试验区的城市景观图像表现出不同层次和方向的结构特征,主要是阴影－单个楼房－楼房与道路的组合3个尺度的特征,分别出现在2m,16m和128m以及256m分析尺度上,农田景观主要是树木行－农田2个层次和方向尺度特征组合,分别为2m,128m和256m。半方差分析结果对试验区景观结构的多层次和方向不敏感,但可发现景观结构的总体平均特征。城市景观总体结构在空间上的变程为135m,反映的是楼房与道路组合的总体平均特征;农田景观总体结构在空间上的变程为152m。通过改变半方差函数的分析范围和计算间距可以克服半方差对多尺度分析的不足,如该试验通过缩小城市景观和农田分析范围,也发现城市景观有一个在空间结构上15m的变程,与小波分析的特征尺度16m非常接近,而农田景观出现空穴效应的周期一半长度大约为2m,正好是小波分析出种植树木的行距结构特征尺度的大小。这要分析者对研究有一定的先验知识才能够做到选择合适的分析范围,而这恰是景观格局特征尺度分析服务的目的。通过试验区研究证明小波分析是一非常有应用前景的景观格局研究方法,与半方差分析相比,对在解释多尺度结构和不同方向的结构具有明显的优势,且不受分析数据统计平稳假设的约束,但由于对图像分解是基于2进制,导致分析尺度以2的幂函数变化,不像半方差分析可通过理论模型拟合,对特征尺度的估计可以是连续的。     

Diffusion-driven instabilities and emerging spatial patterns in patchy landscapes

Spatial variation in population densities across a landscape is a feature of many ecological systems, from self-organised patterns on mussel beds to spatially restricted insect outbreaks. It occurs as a result of environmental variation in abiotic factors and/or biotic factors structuring the spatial distribution of populations. However the ways in which abiotic and biotic factors interact to determine the existence and nature of spatial patterns in population density remain poorly understood. Here we present a new approach to studying this question by analysing a predator–prey patch-model in a heterogenous landscape. We use analytical and numerical methods originally developed for studying nearest-neighbour (juxtacrine) signalling in epithelia to explore whether and under which conditions patterns emerge. We find that abiotic and biotic factors interact to promote pattern formation. In fact, we find a rich and highly complex array of coexisting stable patterns, located within an enormous number of unstable patterns. Our simulation results indicate that many of the stable patterns have appreciable basins of attraction, making them significant in applications. We are able to identify mechanisms for these patterns based on the classical ideas of long-range inhibition and short-range activation, whereby landscape heterogeneity can modulate the spatial scales at which these processes operate to structure the populations.