Text mining analysis of institutional fit of Lake Basin water governance

The purpose of this work was to quantitatively determine the institutional fit of the existing and applicable water governance laws in the Songkhla Lake Basin (SLB) Thailand, using text mining analysis. The study found out that the current governance system is not fit for the purpose of the sustainability of the SLB. Data derived from text mining were able to show the weakness in the applicable/relevant water governance laws and such challenges in enforcement and compliance. Institutional priorities were identified and compared to management response to issues concerning SLB; this imbalance showed another challenge to fit. The results of this study further buttressed the need for institutional reforms towards an Adaptive Integrated Lake Basin Management (AILBM). The general assessment of degree of recognition and involvement of institutions, overlaps, gaps, institutional priorities and response to resource management show a clear picture of misfit of the water laws used to govern the SLB. To achieve institutional fit, future institutional reforms should be based on the principles of AILBM and the development of institutions that are capable of creating a singular coordinating and policy harmonization committee to clearly identify roles and responsibilities and delineate functions with appropriate management response to the socio-ecological system of the SLB.     

东江湖流域水供给服务时空格局分析

与水相关的生态系统服务是生态学研究的热点问题。水供给服务对区域水循环和水量平衡具有至关重要的作用。东江湖流域是国家重点流域和水资源生态补偿试点,水供给服务是该流域生态系统服务保护的重中之重。基于In VEST模型,从流域、子流域两个尺度分析1995—2010年东江湖流域的水供给服务时空格局,并比较了不同土地覆被类型的水供给服务能力。结果表明:(1)1995—2010年,东江湖流域水供给量整体呈现先增加后减少的趋势,年均水供给量在1100—1600 mm之间,2000年的平均水供给量最多。(2)各年水供给量的空间分布格局相似,由湖区向四周递增。(3)平均水供给量较高的土地覆被类型为城镇建设用地、典型草地、灌丛、灌丛草地,在1600 mm左右。平均水供给量较低的土地覆被类型为河湖滩地、内陆水体、水田,在800 mm以下。(4)各个子流域平均水供给量大致在750—1700 mm之间。东北部子流域为水供给服务的高值地区。从水量平衡的角度而言,降水和实际蒸散发是决定生态系统水供给量的两个关键环节。东江湖流域水供给量的时空格局差异是气候和土地覆被共同作用的结果。研究能够为东江湖流域的水资源管理提供科学的参考依据,对东江湖流域生态系统服务功能的提升、生态环境质量的改善、社会经济的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。     

高原湖泊流域国土空间生态修复优先区诊断及修复研究

高原湖泊流域是高原地区人类活动的重要载体,兼具高生态价值和高脆弱性的特点。随着高原湖泊流域城市化和工业化发展加速,湖泊面积萎缩,污染加剧,流域生态环境受损严重,引发了一系列生态环境问题,如水土流失、水污染、湿地退化、生境质量下降等。亟需开展生态修复以平衡经济发展与生态环境保护之间关系,而基于整体保护与系统治理思维诊断并修复生态修复优先区,是科学有序推进国土空间生态保护与修复的重要抓手。基于此,研究以高原湖泊流域典型代表滇池流域为例,利用人类足迹和景观生态风险模型定量评估生态系统所受负向干扰,以最小累积阻力模型和电路理论构建流域生态网络;提取生态网络受负向干扰较高的关键区域为生态修复优先区并提出针对性修复措施。研究表明：(1)滇池流域人类干扰和生态风险整体较高,人类干扰整体呈核心—边缘递减的圈层式分布,中高生态风险占据了绝大部分区域。人类交通网络大幅扩展了人类干扰和生态风险的强度和深度;(2)区域生态网络呈典型湖泊生态网络特点,38条生态廊道呈放射状或环状分布,连通湖区、山区两大生态空间内共23块生态源地,保障区域生态安全;(3)研究共提取生态源地修复优先区73.83km²     

河湖生态系统生态用水优化研究——以滇池流域为例

生态需水是河流与湖泊生态系统健康的重要基础。湖泊流域的河流与湖泊生态系统之间存在密切的水量联系,目前对流域内生态用水的研究多为单一生态系统生态需水简单相加,忽略了河流和湖泊之间复杂的水量联系。基于河湖复合生态系统之间的水量联系构建了河湖生态系统生态用水优化模型,并以滇池为例分析了河湖生态系统生态用水规律。结果表明：湖泊流域中单一河流或湖泊生态需水计算结果不能满足复合生态系统的生态用水要求,需要综合考虑河流和湖泊之间的水量联系;在当前水质状况下,牛栏江每年的调水量不能满足滇池流域的生态用水要求;滇池流域水体污染对流域内生态用水影响较大,随着水体污染程度的下降,流域生态用水量和调水量呈指数下降,河流生态用水呈线性下降。     

滇中湖泊流域生态环境质量监测与评价

九大高原湖泊流域在云南省经济发展中占有举足轻重的地位,其中,滇中五大湖泊流域(滇池、抚仙湖、星云湖、杞麓湖、阳宗海,下文称五湖流域)是云南工农业、旅游业等经济和社会发展最活跃的地区,与流域生态环境质量密切相关。本研究基于遥感生态指数(RSEI)对滇中五湖流域1988—2018年的生态环境质量进行监测和评价。结果表明: 尽管1988—2018年间研究区生态环境质量呈转好趋势,RSEI平均值由0.368增加到0.481,但流域整体生态环境质量欠佳;生态环境质量提高的面积占比57.6%,主要分布在湖泊之间的山地,下降区域主要为湖周的平地区;研究期间,滇池、抚仙湖、阳宗海的生态环境质量持续变好,但近10年,杞麓湖和星云湖的生态环境质量明显变差,各湖泊生态环境质量变化与湖泊水质变化存在一致性。未来生态环境质量的改善还需更多的社会关注和政府投入。     

面向湖泊生态系统健康维护的生态管控分区研究——以红枫湖流域为例

以湖泊生态系统健康维护为目标的生态管控分区成为水环境保护与治理的重要手段,有助于全面掌握流域生态状况,对流域生态经济可持续发展具有重要参考价值。以红枫湖流域为例,从水文水资源、物理结构、水质、生物、社会服务功能5个方面对湖泊生态系统健康进行评价。运用ArcGIS空间分析工具,以200 m×200 m格网为评价单元辨析流域生态敏感性和生态服务功能空间分异特征,进而运用SOFM聚类方法优选聚类方案,划定生态管控分区。结果表明：1）红枫湖湖泊生态系统健康评分为68.4分,属健康状态,物理结构是当前威胁红枫湖湖泊生态系统健康的主要因子;2）红枫湖流域生态敏感性及生态服务功能空间差异明显,生态环境脆弱,生态服务功能较低;3）红枫湖流域生态管控分区划为优先控制区、重点控制区、缓冲控制区及一般控制区,应实施差异化管理,重点任务是调结构、转方式,逐步修复生态系统。     

基于GIS的鄱阳湖流域生态系统服务价值结构变化研究

鄱阳湖作为中国最大的淡水湖,国际重要湿地,其生态环境保护与可持续发展意义重大。基于生态系统服务价值分析方法,以鄱阳湖全流域为研究区,利用1990年、2000年、2008年3个时期数据,分别从全流域与子区域两个层次,计算了生态系统服务价值。并且基于威弗(Weaver)组合指数,求出了鄱阳湖各子流域的生态系统服务价值结构与坡度结构类型。分析表明,鄱阳湖流域在3个时期生态系统服务价值量持续增大,全流域的可持续性向有利的方向发展。在各子区域中,大部分区域生态系统服务价值较高,可持续发展水平较好,且呈现良性发展趋势,但是在鄱阳湖流域的中部地区生态系统服务价值较低,可持续发展水平较差,且呈现不良发展趋势。鄱阳湖流域的生态系统服务价值组合结构以林地、农用地、水体3类为主,且单重结构类型所占比例最大,双重结构类型与三重结构类型次之;坡度类型以小于15°的组合类型为主,结构类型除三重结构类型外,其它类型分布均较多。促进流域可持续发展向更高水平发展,在全流域角度,应该继续执行退耕还林、还湖工程,严格控制建设用地的增加;从子区域的角度,对鄱阳湖流域的中部地区应该控制建设用地与农用地对林地、草地的占用,严格执行退耕还林、还草工程。从生态系统服务价值结构角度,对于山地丘陵区,应该加大对生态环境的维护,并且合理的发展林业经济以促进经济发展;对于环鄱阳湖平原区,应该推进资源消耗少,污染排放小,高科技产业,促进湖区生态环境保护与社会经济的协调发展。     

An indicator framework for assessing the technology aspect of Integrated Lake Basin Management for Lake Malawi Basin

Lake Malawi is one of the African Great Lakes and is well known for its fish biodiversity which is the greatest in the world for freshwaters. The lake basin is a valuable resource to the riparian countries. Activities associated with the derivation of the values offered by the lake basin, however, result in the generation of wastes and pollutants that also impact on the lake basin. Such anthropogenic activities within the lake basin place considerable strain on the lake system and may lead to the degradation of the lake basin. Proper application of technology can effectively supplement command-and-control measures and economic instruments for better lake basin management. Currently, no comprehensive framework exists to assess the management of the lake basin. Such a framework is necessary to guide managers and policy-makers in the formulation of management plans and strategies for the sustainable management and utilization of the lake basin. We propose an indicator framework for assessing the technology aspect of Integrated Lake Basin Management (ILBM) in the context of the Lake Malawi Basin. We further demonstrate applicability of the proposed framework through a study conducted in the Malawian side of the basin. We applied a five point Likert-type scale in our indicator assessment. Overall, our results show that the technology aspect of the management of the lake basin is weak to moderate. This threatens the sustainability of the lake especially in the areas of solid waste management, sanitation services, pollution control and protection of wetlands and lagoons which performed from very low to moderate. The major challenges are weak institutional capacity, weak regulation enforcement, and insufficient resources.     

基于生态系统服务的青海湖流域生态风险评估及其空间异质性影响因素分析

青海湖流域是我国西北部的"气候调节器"和"空气加湿器",其生态风险管控对青藏高原乃至我国西部的生态保护和可持续发展都有着重要意义。基于InVEST模型对青海湖流域2005年、2010年、2015年、2020年产水量、土壤保持、生境质量和碳储存4项生态系统服务进行定量评估,借助熵权-TOPSIS法,以生态系统服务的相对损失量来构建区域生态风险指数,并运用地理探测器和地理加权回归模型分析自然-社会要素对青海湖流域生态风险空间异质性的影响。结果表明:(1)2005-2020年青海湖流域产水量、土壤保持、生境质量和碳储存均呈现波动增加的趋势,增幅分别为10.17%、18.36%、9.84%、3.47%,各项生态系统服务的高值区分布于河流上游的河源区和植被覆盖率高的林地区域;(2)2005-2020年青海湖流域生态风险较高,但呈现波动降低的趋势。高风险区主要位于湖区、环湖区、布哈河河谷以及流域西北部;(3)青海湖流域生态风险的空间格局受地形及高程因子主导,但人为干扰度的影响力呈逐年上升趋势。驱动因子交互作用的解释力显著高于单因子;(4)主要驱动因子对研究区生态风险的作用方向及强度存在明显的空间分异特征,坡度呈正相关,年平均气温呈负相关,归一化植被指数(NDVI)和人为干扰度呈现出正负两种效应,但以正向效应为主。研究结果对青海湖流域生态风险管控和高原生态环境保护有一定借鉴意义。     

青海湖主湖区与湖水淹没区的细菌群落结构差异分析

为对比青海湖与湖滨淹没区的微生物群落结构及多样性的差异, 利用16S rRNA高通量测序技术, 研究不同环境条件下水体的微生物群落组成的异同。结果表明: 青海湖主湖区及淹没区的细菌在分类门级水平上相对丰度最高的为变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 44.8%), 其次分别隶属于拟杆菌门[Bacteroidetes, (25.9%±7.8)%]、蓝细菌门[Cyanobacteria, (13.6%±5.4)%]、放线菌门[Actinobacteria, (7.54%±9)%]和柔壁菌门[Tenericutes, (3.32%±2)%]。淹没区整体微生物多样性显著高于主湖区水体。部分微生物分类属在两个湖区呈现显著的分布差异暗示这些细菌对于环境特征的适应性。节线藻在青海湖主湖的分布广泛显示其可能在高原咸水湖泊的碳氮循环过程中扮演着重要角色。研究对于深入了解栖居地如何塑造咸水水体微生物群落结构具有重要意义。     

Water temperature and some water quality in Lake Toba,a tropical volcanic lake

Limnology - In 2014, 2018 and 2021, we measured the vertical distributions of several water quality indicators in Lake Toba, a representative large tropical lake. This lake has a north basin (NB)...     

Ecosystem evolution of Lake Gusinoe (Transbaikal region, Russia)

Lake Gusinoe is situated on a basin originating from Paleozoic and Mesozoic deposits. The recorded history of the lake's ecosystem evolution is no more than 300 years. The present lake drainage basin was formed mainly in the Cenozoic era, but during the past century, major anthropogenic impacts on the lake have occurred. The human-influenced evolution of the ecosystem began in the 1940s with the development of opencut coal mining nearby the lake. Population increase and the building of the Gusinoozersk State Regional Power Plant, the Trans-Mongolian Railroad and an associated station, and military installations were the major sources of anthropogenic impacts. Since the early 1950s about five species of fish have been introduced into Lake Gusinoe or have invaded the lake, and at least six of the native species have disappeared or are in danger of extinction. From our recent investigations, the present environment of the Lake Gusinoe Basin (Gusinoozersk Basin) is divided into four zones hydrogeochemically: (1) ultrafreshwater, (2) freshwater, (3) mineralized water, and (4) hyposaline and saltwater. Some additional data on changes of the chemical components of the drainage basin waters, as well as on the transition of zooplankton and zoobenthic fauna, are presented in consideration of the risk of industrial development, and the perspectives are discussed.     

基于全球气候模式集合的鄱阳湖流域未来潜在蒸散量及其干旱效应研究

鄱阳湖流域近年来旱涝灾害频发,原有的水量平衡被打破。因此,开展鄱阳湖地区潜在蒸散量及干旱效应研究具有重要意义。潜在蒸散量（Reference Evapotranspiration,ET₀）是评价区域水资源配置和计算干旱指数的重要指标。以我国的鄱阳湖流域为研究区,依托统计降尺度模型,基于站点观测数据、气候模式数据以及美国环境中心再分析数据,运用遗传算法构建多模式集合,模拟未来情景下流域潜在蒸散量和干旱指数（Drought Index,DI）时空演变特征。结果表明：基于遗传算法构建的模式集合较单一气候模式或等权模式集合,模拟性能佳;RCP4.5、8.5情景下流域ET₀均呈上升趋势,ET₀变化的第一主周期分别为20年和4年,流域ET₀未来空间变化特征表现为东高西低;RCP8.5情景下,鄱阳湖流域DI在年际上呈显著上升趋势,9-11月是干旱风险防范的关键时期;流域年DI变化的主周期为8年,流域的中东部地区将是未来干旱风险防范的重点区域。本研究为认识区域尺度下气候变化对潜在蒸散量的影响提供借鉴,同时为政府部门科学应对鄱阳湖流域未来时期可能出现的旱情提供的决策支持。     

北方寒冷干旱地区内陆湖泊生态安全评价指标体系研究——以呼伦湖为例

呼伦湖作为我国北方寒冷干旱地区内陆湖泊的典型代表,在涵养水源、调节气候、防风固沙及维系呼伦贝尔草原生态系统平衡乃至我国北方生态安全屏障等方面发挥着不可替代的作用。准确识别呼伦湖流域主要生态安全问题、完善其生态安全评价指标体系对于科学研判呼伦湖生态环境状况、维持区域可持续发展及精准实施底线管控政策具有重要意义。在遥感影像、地面调查、实验模拟等多尺度数据分析基础上,结合历史资料收集、专家咨询、部门访谈等方式分析识别了呼伦湖区域生态安全问题及成因：（1）气候暖干化及超载放牧等因素使得草地退化显著,土地沙化、盐碱化面积扩大;（2）草原退化增加了干草入湖、大气干湿沉降及水土流失等水环境污染负荷;（3）气候暖干化造成湿地萎缩,加之长期的过度捕捞等人类活动使得渔业资源枯竭、鱼类小型化特征显著,水生生态系统稳定性下降,蓝藻水华频发。在全面诊断分析区域生态安全问题的基础上,以山水林田湖草系统方法论为理论指导,以改善呼伦湖流域生态环境质量为核心目标,依据评价指标的针对性、科学性、可操作性及系统性原则,采用压力-状态-响应（Pressure-State-Response,PSR）模型,以气象条件、人口、水资源、水环境压力及人类活动等5个一级指标构成的压力子系统,以水环境状况、水生态状况、陆域生态状况、生态系统服务功能和敏感性、景观格局及生态风险等6个指标构成的状态子系统,以生态治理措施及生态治理投入等2个指标构成的响应子系统,共同组成了一套包含13个一级指标38个二级指标的天空地一体、陆湖统筹的生态安全评价指标体系,以期为呼伦湖及北方寒冷干旱区类似湖泊的生态安全评价研究提供借鉴。     

Water quality of rivers in the drainage basin of Lake Peipsi

Water quality and general regularities that have taken place in the water quality of rivers in the drainage basin of Lake Peipsi have been studied. The lake is located in the basin of the Narva River. Several changes of the water quality of the lake in 1970–1990, caused by increasing human impact, have been observed. The water quality of Lake Peipsi depends on its pollution load whereby the main part of the pollution reaches the lake via rivers. In 1985–1989 an extensive research programme of the lake and its drainage basin was carried out. In this paper a part of these results as well as recent changes in the water quality of the rivers of the Estonian side are studied. In the last years an improvement of the general state of rivers in the drainage basin of Lake Peipsi has taken place; the content of organic substances and nutrients in the inflows of Lake Peipsi and in the Narva River (lake outflow) is decreasing.     

Eastern spread of the invasive <Emphasis Type="Italic">Artemia franciscana</Emphasis> in the Mediterranean Basin,with the first record from the Balkan Peninsula

Long-term (1987–2015) monitoring data from Lake Lugano (Switzerland/Italy) were used to examine the effects of winter weather, solar radiation and mixing regime on the recovery of the trophic state of a lake undergoing nutrient management. Main hypotheses were that (H1) trends in trophic state were influenced not only by nutrient management, but also by winter weather and solar radiation, and (H2) the effects of management were more pronounced in the holomictic South basin than in the meromictic North basin of the lake. External loadings of phosphorus were strongly reduced during the study period, but key indicators of trophic state, including phosphorous concentration, primary production, chlorophyll a and deep-water oxygenation, showed inconsistent responses. Supporting H1, winter weather (parameterized using an index of the East Atlantic pattern) influenced temporal variation in phosphorus concentration and primary production in the North basin. Supporting H2, the effects of management on trophic state were clearer in the South basin, where most trophic-state indicators declined. Meromixis affected the restoration of the North basin lake by transmitting effects of climatic variation on trophic state. The added variability obscured the effects of restoration and caused sudden deteriorations in water quality, indicating that the restoration of meromictic lakes presents unique challenges.     

滇池流域水文生态系统服务权衡与协同时空异质性及其归因分析

城市化扩张影响流域水文生态系统服务供给,导致水文生态环境压力增加。明晰滇池流域水文生态系统服务权衡与协同关系及归因,对于滇池流域社会经济发展与生态可持续管理的双赢具有重要意义。基于InVEST模型估算了滇池流域2000、2010、2018年碳存储、氮输出、土壤保持和产水量4种水文生态系统服务,分析了水文生态系统服务时空格局变化,利用双变量Moran′s I指数分析了滇池流域水文生态系统服务间时空异质性,通过冗余分析和条件效应分析等方法识别水文生态系统服务归因。结果表明：(1)水文生态系统服务的高值分布与土地利用覆盖有密切关系。(2)水文生态系统服务空间变化主要体现在滇池周边人类活动干扰强烈的区域,表现为氮输出、土壤保持和产水量增加,碳存储减小。(3)水文生态系统服务权衡与协同关系变化明显。碳存储和土壤保持为协同;氮输出和产水量先呈协同后呈权衡;产水量、氮输出均与碳存储和土壤保持为权衡,前者空间变化不明显,后者协同范围扩大,权衡范围缩小。(4)水文生态系统服务主要受多个因素共同影响,主要包括：高程、耕地比例、林地比例、建设用地比例。研究结果可为研究区水文生态系统环境治理和土地利用优化配置...     

基于风险-质量的高原湖泊流域生态分区构建——以滇池流域为例

随着人类足迹不断延伸,高原湖泊流域人地系统三生空间冲突显著。以滇池流域为例,顾及流域三生空间冲突风险,基于三生空间景观格局和生态环境质量的变化,尝试引入四象限模型,结合热点分析,划分风险-质量综合生态环境分区。结果表明:(1)滇池流域三生空间冲突风险类型以较强为主,冲突曲线指数呈现倒"U"型,较强冲突比重不断下降。三生空间类型转换明显,生活空间共增长了312.23km²,主要是由于高原湖泊流域的快速城镇化使得生活空间大量挤占了生产和生态空间。(2)滇池流域生态环境质量总体呈现下降趋势,空间上以滇池为中心呈现高-低-高的分布特征。较高质量和高质量区面积减少了136.66km²;低质量区和较低质量区由699.65km²上升到930.51km²,约占流域总面积的1/3。(3)基于三生空间冲突风险和生态环境质量两个维度将生态分区分为综合生态环境优质、良好、一般、劣质四类,四类区的空间分布连续性相对较好,尤以劣质区面积连续扩展的态势最为典型。针对不同生态分区提出差异化管理措施,为流域人地协调发展提供实践指导。     

Les Diatomées des Sédiments Holocènes du Bassin du Lac Afrera (Giulietti) (Afar Septentrional,Ethiopie). Essai de Reconstitution de l'Évolution du Milieu

The calcareous holocene sediments found in the outlying areas around Lake Afrera (Ethiopia) contain diatoms in abundance, some of which seem to be new species. Qualitative and quantitative studies, with informatory treatment of the data, allow us to reconstruct the main characteristics of the sedimentation conditions and their variations in the course of time. During periods of warm and humid climatic conditions, the basin was progressively filled up with alkaline, lightly saline and quickly eutrophic water. At this time, the lake covered an area of 250 km². This period occurred from 9800 years B. P. to around 7800 years B. P. It was followed by a short interruption, showed by important modifications in the diatom flora and a marked increase in the depth and salinity of the water. It has been hypothesized that this phenomenon had a tectonic origin. Soon thereafter, the previous ecological conditions reappeared. In the following period the lake began to dry up and the diatoms began to disappear. The present-day highly saline Lake Afrera is all that remains of this large holocene water area. Diatoms of the Holocene Sediments in the Afrera Lake Basin. (Northern Afar, Ethiopia). Reconstruction of the Environmental Evolution     

山水林田湖草生态保护修复的系统性认知

系统治理是山水林田湖草生态保护修复的核心,然而在工程实施和评估中如何有效落实和考核山水林田湖草生态保护修复的系统性仍是目前一大难题。通过厘清系统性与整体性的逻辑关系,从山水林田湖草生态保护修复的对象、主体及其耦合联系入手,明晰系统治理是山水林田湖草生态保护修复的必然选择,进而提出关键要素控制与全要素耦合相结合的治理思路,并以云南抚仙湖项目区为例阐明系统治理在山水林田湖草生态保护修复中的实践路径。最后,依据结构-功能复杂度、要素关联紧密度及其认知,将山水林田湖草治理系统分为形态系统、级联系统、过程-响应系统、控制系统等四级递进系统,从流域内和流域外的空间视角出发,提出基于“目标-约束-成本”的山水林田湖草生态保护修复系统性评估方法,为山水林田湖草系统治理的实施与考核提供核心科学支撑。