Fundamentals of estimating the net benefits of ecosystem preservation: the case of the Salton Sea

This article, both theoretical and methodological in nature, argues the potential merits of using a net benefits’ framework as a tool to aid policy makers in their efforts to compare Salton Sea restoration alternatives and inform the public as to the potential magnitude and distribution of trade-offs associated with each alternative. A net benefits’ approach can provide a more accurate comparison and evaluation of the potential net returns from public spending on Salton Sea restoration than what would be provided under the suggested criteria of current legislative mandates. Furthermore, a net benefits’ framework provides a more lucid and systematic accounting framework by which to enumerate the full array of benefits and costs of each alternative for policy analysis. Finally, net benefits’ analysis serves to add transparency to the decision-making process so that the public gains an understanding of how its scarce resources, including both financial and natural capital, are being appropriated. Additionally, we illustrate and emphasize the importance of estimating the non-market values associated with many of the ecosystem services provided by the Salton Sea and describe the major techniques that do so. Guest editor: S. H. Hurlbert The Salton Sea Centennial Symposium. Proceedings of a Symposium Celebrating a Century of Symbiosis Among Agriculture, Wildlife and People, 1905–2005, held in San Diego, California, USA, March 2005     

基于文献计量的草地生态补偿效益与影响因素研究进展

草地生态补偿致力于保护草地生态系统服务数量和质量,同时提高畜牧业的经济可行性,是实现草地生态系统可持续管理的重要政策之一。梳理世界范围内草地生态补偿研究,综述生态补偿是否解决草地生态系统已有问题以及归纳其影响因素,对探寻未来草地生态补偿的发展方向具有重要意义。以草地生态补偿为主题,利用Web of Science数据库收集了2007年至2022年共69个案例,已有研究以公共产品、生态系统服务价值和社会生态系统3个理论为基础,重点关注草地补偿的生态效益、社会经济效益和影响因素,发文量占比分别为34.78%、17.39%、43.48%。主要结果如下:草地生态补偿的生态效益以恢复草地面积与质量、保护物种多样性和提升草地多种生态系统服务为主;社会经济效益重点包括增加牧户经济收入和改善以传统畜牧业为主的生计结构;影响因素以牧民主观认知、牧户客观条件、牧区生态环境、社会政策背景及补偿支付方式为主。建议未来草地生态补偿研究可从不同类型生态系统服务效益间的权衡、牧民为重要利益相关者行为的影响、生态目标和牧民需求导向的支付方式多样性3个方面重点探索。     

Landscape context and management effects on an important insect pest and its natural enemies in almond

Pest control mediated by organisms such as parasitoids is a valuable ecosystem service, particularly with regard to high costs, low effectiveness, and detrimental effects of some agrochemicals. This study examined infestation rates and abundance of pests and their natural enemies in organic and conventional almond orchards in California, differing in landscape context, understory plant cover, and plant species richness. Parasitoids of the commercially most important insect pest of almond, the Navel Orangeworm (NOW) were studied by rearing NOW in collected overwintering nuts. The indirect impact of vertebrate natural enemies of NOW were estimated by counting empty nut shells with feeding marks by wild birds and various mammals, found at the orchard floor. Mean nut infestation by NOW ranged from 0.8% to 37% per orchard and was reduced by parasitism rates, ranging from 0% to 22%, and vertebrate nut damage, ranging from 2% to 96% per orchard. The parasitoids were facilitated by a high proportion of natural habitat surrounding the orchards and high proportion of understory ground cover with vegetation. The vertebrate natural enemies were facilitated by a high proportion of natural habitat surrounding the orchards and plant species richness in the orchard understory. In conclusion, this study shows that pest control mediated by vertebrates and invertebrates promoted by near natural habitats can lower pest pressure by NOW larvae in overwintering almond. In case of the vertebrate nut damage this service might only be temporal and turn into a dis-service during and after harvest because the vertebrates continue to feed on the nuts and may also cause injuries to the trees.     

Pan-European Ecological Networks

Pan-European Ecological Networks make a major contribution to the overall effort to protect, maintain and enhance biodiversity; the concept has gained significant political support over the last decade and a half. A platform now exists for: increased integration of ecological networks into the cross-sectoral policy agenda; research into their contribution to ecosystem services and mitigation and adaption for climate change; and an increase in the availability of information about practical delivery. This paper provides an overview of recent policy and research developments in Europe.     

面向生态效益评估的生态系统生产总值GEP核算研究——以青海省为例

开展生态效益评估,对于推动生态效益纳入经济社会评价体系、推进生态文明建设具有重要意义。生态效益是指自然界的生态系统对人类的生产、生活条件和环境条件产生的有益影响和有利效果。GEP(Gross Ecosystem Product)是生态系统生产总值,指一定区域在一定时间内,生态系统为人类提供最终产品与服务的经济价值总和,是一定区域生态系统为人类福祉贡献的总货币价值,可以反映一个地区的生态效益。本研究提出面向生态效益评估的GEP核算框架,建立核算指标体系和技术方法,基于遥感数据和统计数据以青海省为例开展面向生态效益评估的GEP核算研究,并对相关利益者进行分析。研究结果表明,2015年青海省生态系统生产总值GEP为464.16亿元,对生态资产产生的生态效益进行相关利益者分析,80%以上生态效益的受益者是青海省以外的区域。以可比价计算,自2000年以来青海省GEP增加32.6%。根据现有的数据体系和方法核算的GEP是有现实意义的,可以作为生态效益评估的指标,可以作为GDP的重要补充对政策效益和生态保护成效开展评估,还可以作为市场化、多元化生态补偿机制建立和\"绿水青山\"向\"金山银山\"转化的依据和...     

吉林省生态系统服务价值评估

吉林省生态系统效益总价值为1.74×1010USD·a-1,占全国总价值的3.6%。其中,森林生态系统效益的总价值占全省的15%,草原生态系统、沼泽湿地生态系统、河流湖泊生态系统以及耕地生态系统分别占1.6%、51.3%、29%和3.1%。其中,面积比重占到90%以上的的森林、草地和耕地生态系统效益价值占全省的20%左右,面积比重仅占6.2%的河流湖泊及沼泽湿地则占全省的80%之多;沼泽湿地的生态系统效益价值所占比例最高,草地最低;十七种生态系统效益中,生态系统的生态效益价值为1.55×1010USD·a-1,占总价值的88.9%,远高于其经济效益和社会效益的价值;在地区分布上,吉林省各地区生态系统效益价值排序为白城﹥延边州﹥松源﹥长春﹥吉林﹥通化﹥四平﹥白山﹥辽源。     

禁牧政策对宁夏盐池县农业生态系统服务影响的能值分析

农牧交错区农业可持续发展问题一直是我国区域农业研究的重要课题,以典型北方农牧交错区宁夏盐池县为例,利用农业生态系统能值分析框架,评估盐池县1991—2016年农业生态系统正反服务,揭示禁牧政策对农业可持续发展的影响。研究结果表明:(1) 1991—2016年盐池县农业投入能值和农业生态系统正反服务能值一直处于增长的趋势,禁牧政策实施以后增长速度高于禁牧之前,其中农业投入能值的增加主要是由于经济反馈能值投入的增加。(2)根据Pearson相关性分析,盐池县农业生态系统服务和反服务在0.01水平(双侧)呈显著的强正相关,农业生态系统服务和反服务具有相同的变化趋势。(3)生态环境的改善、经济反馈能值和农业灌溉面积的增加,可以增强北方农牧交错区农业抵御气候波动的能力。(4)盐池县农业可持续性高于全国和典型农区的平均水平,禁牧政策实施之前盐池县农业可持续性表现出稳定的下降趋势,而禁牧政策实施以后其可持续性表现为上升的趋势,禁牧政策的实施已初步实现农业生产的生态经济效益。     

中国主要森林生态系统公益的评估

 为生态系统管理提供科学的量化指标,以我国森林为研究对象,根据全国第3次森林资源清查资料(1984～1988)及Costanza等(1997)的森林生态系统公益资料计算了我国38种主要森林类型生态系统公益的总价值约为117.401亿美元,其中以森林营养循环的贡献最大(约占40％),而原材料(包括木材、燃料、饲料)的贡献仅占15％,反映出森林生态系统公益的显著性。 研究发现,各森林类型的生态系统公益(Va)与其总生产力(Tp)具有良好的相关关系：Ln(Va)＝108.21(Tp)0.93,R2＝0.844。这对于简化生态系统公益的评估具有重要意义。本研究为合理保护和可持续利用森林资源提供了科学的量化依据。     

海南岛生态系统生态调节功能及其生态经济价值研究

生态系统服务功能是指生态系统与生态过程所形成及所维持的人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与效用．最新研究表明,生态系统服务功能包括生态系统产品、生态调节功能、生命支持功能与社会文化功能．对生态调节功能的认识与评价是区域生态环境保护与资源开发的基础,并已成为当前区域生态评价与生态规划的前沿课题．以海南岛为例,探讨了基于生态系统结构与过程的生态调节功能评价方法．在研究中。将海南生态系统类型划分为13类。分析、评价了海南岛各类生态系统在水源涵养、水土保持、营养物质循环、固碳、防风固沙等方面的生态调节功能及其生态经济价值,以及生态系统提供产品的价值．研究表明,2002年海南岛生态系统所提供的生态调节功能的价值为2035．88×10^8～2153.39×10^8元,而生态系统产品价值仅为254．06×10^8元,生态调节功能价值是其产品价值的8倍多。     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Comparative study on the environmental impact assessment of golf course development between Korea and China

There are currently a number of planned development projects that threaten environmental assets in the Northeast Asian region, especially between Korea and China. To solve those problems, both countries initiated environmental impact assessment (EIA) systems in the 1980s. However, the actual supporting policies and legislative actions were finally developed in recent years. Koreas EIA Act was enacted in 1993 and then replaced by the Integrated Impact Assessment Act in 1999, and China adopted its independent law of EIAs in 2002 and enacted it in 2003. This study deals with the EIA systems in the two countries, focusing on golf course development, by comparing the differences and similarities between them in the following aspects: preparation of environmental impact statements (EISs), review process, approval procedure, and EIS contents. The aim of the study is to obtain a better understanding of the EIA systems in Korea and China, and to promote cooperation between the two countries related to any future potential environmental problems. The results show that EIA procedures and EIS contents in the two countries are relatively different. Specifically, although there are some limitations on technical analysis and survey experience in China, its EIA system is somewhat more advanced in legislative terms, requiring more advanced measures, such as screening and scoping. On the other hand, Koreas legislation contains more specific and concrete requirements, a compulsory supplement system, and technical methods of surveying. However, Korea needs to reform its system to make the application of the law more flexible and reasonable. This paper not only proposes that the two EIA systems can be improved by adopting each others good points, but also provides some policy suggestions to improve each countrys EIA system.     

沈阳市皇姑区中小学生家庭生态足迹

采用生态足迹成分法,分析了沈阳市皇姑区5所中小学校学生家庭消费对自然环境的影响.结果表明:食物是中小学生家庭生态足迹的主要消费项,占生态足迹总量的71%;从生态占用的土地类型构成看,耕地项最大,占总足迹的40%,是中小学校学生家庭消费所占用的主要土地类型;家庭收入高低与生态足迹大小并不呈正比例关系,收入高或低都可能产生较高的生态足迹.本研究结果有助于中小学生及其父母了解自己的消费对周围环境的影响,有利于提高中小学生的环境保护保意识.