大气SO2、氟化物对植物生理生态指标的影响

运用多元回归分析方法研究不同污染区生长的植物叶片的生理生态指标的变化与大气硫酸盐化速率及氟化物浓度的关系.结果表明,植物的叶面积(LA)、叶绿素总量(Chl)、细胞液pH值(pH)和细胞质膜透性(CML电导率)等生理生态指标的变化幅度与大气污染物含量呈显著相关.与大气硫酸盐化速率关系式为Ys=0.034XLA-0.011XChl+0.017XpH+40.0003XCML+0.034(r=0.99,p＜0.001);与大气氟化物含量的关系式为YF=0.362XLA+0.329XChl+0.814XpH+0.024XCML-4.596(r=0.947,p＜0.03).利用这些生理生态指标的变化幅度作为生物监测的指标来评价不同污染区的大气硫氧化物、氟化物的污染状况,与大气监测结果有很高的一致性,并且与实际环境污染状况相符.     

Oxidative DNA damage and influence of genetic polymorphisms among urban and rural schoolchildren exposed to benzene

Traffic related urban air pollution is a major environmental health problem in many large cities. Children living in urban areas are exposed to benzene and other toxic pollutants simultaneously on a regular basis. Assessment of benzene exposure and oxidative DNA damage in schoolchildren in Bangkok compared with the rural schoolchildren was studied through the use of biomarkers.Benzene levels in ambient air at the roadside adjacent to Bangkok schools was 3.95-fold greater than that of rural school areas. Personal exposure to benzene in Bangkok schoolchildren was 3.04-fold higher than that in the rural schoolchildren. Blood benzene, urinary benzene and urinary muconic acid (MA) levels were significantly higher in the Bangkok schoolchildren. A significantly higher level of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in leukocytes and in urine was found in Bangkok children than in the rural children. There was a significant correlation between individual benzene exposure level and blood benzene (r_s = 0.193, P < 0.05), urinary benzene (r_s = 0.298, P < 0.05), urinary MA (r_s = 0.348, P < 0.01), and 8-OHdG in leukocyte (r_s = 0.130, P < 0.05). In addition, a significant correlation between urinary MA and 8-OHdG in leukocytes (r_s = 0.241, P < 0.05) was also found. Polymorphisms of various xenobiotic metabolizing genes responsible for susceptibility to benzene toxicity have been studied; however only the GSTM1 genotypes had a significant effect on urinary MA excretion.Our data indicates that children living in the areas of high traffic density are exposed to a higher level of benzene than those living in rural areas. Exposure to higher level of benzene in urban children may contribute to oxidative DNA damage, suggesting an increased health risk from traffic benzene emission.     

Stable isotopes of Lithosiini and lichens in Hong Kong show the biodindicator potential of lichenivorous moths

Urban landscapes provide unique environments for a wide variety of plants and animals, but their suitability may be limited by anthropogenic impacts such as pollution. We examined the potential utility of lichen and lichen-feeding moths as biodindicators of air pollution in Hong Kong by comparing carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stable isotope values in lichens, lichenivorous and non-lichenivorous moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) and a moth outgroup (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Our results show that stable isotope values for C and N were similar for lichens and lichen feeding moths, while non-lichen feeding moths formed a distinct group. In addition, we found consistent δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values across moth body parts, indicating that any portion of the specimen is suitable for isotopic fingerprinting. Our results highlight that lichen feeding moths may be useful for integrating signals of atmospheric nitrogen pollution and could therefore have utility in monitoring and quantifying air quality over time and space.     

宜昌城区绿地景观格局与大气污染的关系

在湖北省宜昌市中心城区4种景观绿地分布格局分析的基础上,对比观测了各景观中的环境噪声和大气SO2、NOx、TSP含量。结果表明,以无绿化道路廊道和建筑铺装斑块为主要景观构成的对照景观绿地破碎化指数最高(18．1253ind·hm^-2),绿化覆盖率仅为1．00％,其景观中环境噪声较大、大气TSP含量高(0．4918mg·m^-3);大面积绿地斑块占优势的景观绿化覆盖率高(达43．59％),绿地破碎度指数最小(0．4539 ind·hm^-2),与对照景观相比,大气噪声减弱28．12％,TSP含量降低86．42％;中小面积绿地斑块和绿化廊道呈均匀分布的景观绿化覆盖率(11．34％)和绿地破碎度指数(2．7511 ind·hm^-2)均较低,与对照景观相比平均滞尘率为46．62％;以绿化廊道占绝对优势的景观绿化覆盖率仅为6．13％,绿地破碎度指数均较高(6．8700 ind·hm^-2),绿化廊道密度指数最大(0．8443hm·hm^-2),其景观中环境噪声、TSP和NOx含量分别比对照景观增加21．47％、5．08％和9．06％.可见,在城市景观中绿地斑块平均面积越大、破碎度指数越低,则其对大气污染净化的作用越大。     

On the equivalence of case-crossover and time series methods in environmental epidemiology

The case-crossover design was introduced in epidemiology 15 years ago as a method for studying the effects of a risk factor on a health event using only cases. The idea is to compare a case's exposure immediately prior to or during the case-defining event with that same person's exposure at otherwise similar "reference" times. An alternative approach to the analysis of daily exposure and case-only data is time series analysis. Here, log-linear regression models express the expected total number of events on each day as a function of the exposure level and potential confounding variables. In time series analyses of air pollution, smooth functions of time and weather are the main confounders. Time series and case-crossover methods are often viewed as competing methods. In this paper, we show that case-crossover using conditional logistic regression is a special case of time series analysis when there is a common exposure such as in air pollution studies. This equivalence provides computational convenience for case-crossover analyses and a better understanding of time series models. Time series log-linear regression accounts for overdispersion of the Poisson variance, while case-crossover analyses typically do not. This equivalence also permits model checking for case-crossover data using standard log-linear model diagnostics.     

快速发展的我国环境微生物学——“第十一次全国环境微生物学学术研讨会”专刊序言

2008年11月“第十一次全国环境微生物学学术研讨会”在江苏无锡顺利召开, 这次大会充分反映了我国环境微生物学界取得的最新进展。为了展现我国环境微生物学工作者取得的新成果,《微生物学通报》在08年“环境微生物专刊”的基础上, 针对“第十一次全国环境微生物学学术研讨会”组织出版了新一期专刊, 期望该专刊的出版能进一步推动我国环境微生物学相关领域的交流和发展。     

促进我国环境微生物学的发展—“第十次全国环境微生物学术研讨会”专刊序言

我国是世界上环境污染最为严重的国家之一, 环境治理工作日趋重要。随着分子生物学技术的发展, 在环境微生物学领域的科研工作者的不懈努力下, 我国在环境微生物学方面取得了许多重要成果, 使微生物在环境保护中发挥着越来越重要的作用。为了展现国内环境微生物科研工作者取得的最新进展,《微生物学通报》针对“第十次全国环境微生物学术研讨会” 组织出版了这期“环境微生物专刊”, 期望该专刊的出版有助于我国环境微生物学相关领域的交流和发展。     

Water quality dynamics in the Boro-Thamalakane-Boteti river system,northern Botswana

The quality of water in aquatic systems is subject to temporal and spatial variations due to varying effects of natural and anthropogenic factors. This study assessed the dynamics of water quality in the Boro-Thamalakane-Boteti river system along an upstream–downstream gradient above and below Maun during February, May, September and December 2012. Temperature, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, Escherichia coli and faecal streptococci were monitored in the settlements of Boro, Maun, Xobe, Samedupi, Chanoga and Motopi along the river system. Comparisons of water quality among settlements using ANOVA and Tukey's honest significant difference test highlighted a significant decline in water quality from upstream to downstream, indicated by increases in microbial numbers and turbidity. The quality of water improved as the water level rose during the peak flooding season in September and declined thereafter. This study highlights the possible influence of human settlements and associated developments on waterbodies, and lends strong support to management efforts to maintain river water quality to ensure the suitability of the water for various ecosystem uses.     

植物修复技术及其遗传工程改良

环境的污染在全球变得越来越严重。目前常用的环境污染治理措施不但费用大,效率底,往往还对生态环境本身带来其他的破坏。植物修复技术已在治理环境污染中越来越受到重视。本文综述了植物修复技术的五种应用方式：植物提取、植物降解、植物挥发、植物过滤和植物固定技术对环境污染的修复作用及其机理,并总结了通过遗传工程改良技术来提高植物修复环境污染的能力的研究进展。     

促进我国环境微生物学的发展—“第十次全国环境微生物学术研讨会”专刊序言

我国是世界上环境污染最为严重的国家之一,环境治理工作日趋重要.随着分子生物学技术的发展,在环境微生物学领域的科研工作者的不懈努力下,我国在环境微生物学方面取得了许多重要成果,使微生物在环境保护中发挥着越来越重要的作用.为了展现国内环境微生物科研工作者取得的最新进展,<微生物学通报>针对\"第十次全国环境微生物学术研讨会\"组织出版了这期\"环境微生物专刊\",期望该专刊的出版有助于我国环境微生物学相关领域的交流和发展.     

苔藓植物对环境变化的响应及适应性研究进展

苔藓植物由于其结构相对简单,对环境变化的反应较为敏感,是一类良好的生物指示植物.本文综述了水分、光照、温度等方面的环境因子变化对苔藓植物的影响以及苔藓植物对环境污染的响应及适应的最近研究进展,以期促进国内深入开展苔藓植物对环境污染和全球变化的响应、适应及其生态指示作用等研究.     

Aerial inputs of pollutants to the Severn Estuary

Pollutants deposited on the Severn Estuary from the atmosphere derive mainly from local industrial and urban centres. Atmospheric deposition accounts for 50% of the lead and zinc inputs, 10–20% of the cadmium, copper and nickel to the Estuary, but only a small proportion of the chromium, iron and manganese. Most of the cadmium, copper and lead comes from the lower atmosphere near Avonmouth and Cardiff Bay. Westerly winds have much higher sodium and chloride concentrations but generally carry lower pollution loads than the less frequent, offshore easterlies. Strong winds recycle pollutants into the atmosphere via sea spray. The hills on both sides of the Estuary encourage deep vertical mixing, and effluents may be carried well inland. Stable atmospheres, associated with southerly and easterly airflows, cause trapping and entrainment of stack emissions. Thus easterlies may deposit much higher levels of pollutants. This paper reviews present knowledge regarding the deposition of metals from the atmosphere into the waters of the Severn Estuary. Preliminary results (1989) indicate that, while distribution patterns remain broadly similar, the quantities deposited were considerably less than they were six years previously.     

大气污染对人体免疫功能及微生态的影响

目的 :探讨大气污染对免疫功能及呼吸道菌群的影响 ,为改善生存环境 ,提高生存质量 ,预防呼吸道疾患提供科学依据。方法 :选择重污染区和轻污染区 ,以没有职业接触 ,近 3个月未用抗生素类药物的6～ 8岁儿童作为研究对象 ,用酶联免疫法检测血清免疫球蛋白含量 ;对其口咽部菌群进行定性、定量分析 ,进行对比研究。结果 :免疫球蛋白水平和口咽部菌群受外环境的影响较大 ,重污染区儿童 Ig A、Ig M水平低于轻污染区 ,Ig G、Ig E水平高于轻污染区 ,差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 1或 P<0 .0 5 ) ,重污染区儿童口咽部菌群密度明显高于轻污染区 (P<0 .0 1) ,且需氧菌与厌氧菌之比也明显增高 (P<0 .0 1) ,甲型链球菌检出率较低(P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :大气污染对免疫球蛋白水平和呼吸道菌群的定植具有明显的影响 ,是使免疫功能受到损害 ,微生态失调 ,呼吸道疾病感染率增高的重要因素。