传统景观格局指数在城市热岛效应评价中的适用性

以北京部分城区为研究对象,以QuickBird影像制作景观类型图,基于同年4个季节的Landsat ETM+数据反演地表温度;将120 m×120 m作为固定窗口,计算其中的景观格局指数,探寻传统景观格局指数解释地表温度的适用性.结果表明：在景观水平计算的24个景观格局指数中,只有景观组成百分比(PLAND)、斑块密度（PD）、最大斑块指数(LPI)、欧氏距离变异系数（ENN_CV）和分离度(DIVISION)与3月、5月、11月的地表温度具有稳定的显著相关.在类型水平计算的24个景观格局指数中,PLAND、LPI、DIVISION、相似邻接百分比、分散与并列指数与4个时相(3月、5月、7月和12月)的温度显著相关,且与7月温度的相关性最强;斑块密度、边界密度、聚簇度、凝聚度、有效MESH大小、分裂度、聚合度、归一化景观形状指数依据不同景观类型而与地表温度呈现相关性.传统景观格局指数可能并不适合评估河流对地表温度的影响.一些景观格局指数可以用来表征城市地表温度,辅助分析城市地表热岛效应,但需要对其进行筛选和甄别.     

上海市城市土地利用景观的空间尺度效应

在RS与GIS技术支持下,基于2002年上海市5m分辨率的SPOT遥感影像和上海城市土地利用的景观类型,定量分析了几种常用景观格局指数随尺度的变化规律．结果表明：上海市土地利用景观格局指数对粒度和幅度变化都很敏感,景观格局具有明显的尺度依赖性,不同指数对尺度的响应特征不同;40m分辨率是上海城市土地利用景观的本征观测尺度,小于这个尺度范围往往表现出随机性特征;24km的幅度是一个特征操作尺度,与上海市建成区与非建成区边界的范围相吻合,说明对于上海城市景观而言,距离城市中心12km的幅度可能是一个本征的操作尺度;上海市城市结构的复杂性和城市空间扩展的不对称性,说明上海城市景观格局的本征操作尺度并不是一个规则的形状,24km的正方形范围仅是一个近似的操作尺度．     

流域景观格局与河流水质的多变量相关分析

流域内的景观格局改变是人类活动的宏观表现,会对河流水质产生显著影响,因此明确影响水质变化的关键景观因子,对于深入了解景观对水质的影响机制具有重要的研究价值。选择广东省淡水河流域为研究对象,以2007年ALOS卫星影像以及水质监测数据为基础,运用空间分析和多变量分析方法,分析淡水河流域景观格局与河流水质的相关关系。用包括流域和河岸带尺度的景观组成和空间结构信息的景观指数表征景观格局,用Spearman秩相关分析、多元线性逐步回归模型和典型相关分析(CCA)研究景观指数和水质指标的相关关系。研究结果表明:林地、城镇用地和农业用地占淡水河流域总面积超过90%,其中城镇用地超过20%。多元线性逐步回归分析和CCA结果说明水质指标受到多个景观指数的综合影响,反映了景观格局对水质的复杂影响机制。流域景观格局对河流水质有显著影响,流域尺度的景观指数比河岸带尺度的景观指数对水质影响更大。城镇用地比例是影响耗氧污染物和营养盐等污染物浓度最重要的景观指数,林地和农业用地对水质的影响较小。另外,景观破碎化对pH值、溶解氧和重金属等水质指标有显著影响。CCA的第一排序轴解释了景观指数与水质指标相关性的54.0%,前两排序轴累积能解释景观指数与水质指标相关性的87.6%,前两轴分别主要表达了城市化水平和景观破碎化水平的变化梯度。淡水河流域的景观格局特征从上游到下游呈现出城市—城乡交错—农村的景观梯度,水质变化也对应了这个梯度的变化,说明人类活动引起的流域土地覆盖及土地管理措施变化会对水质变化产生显著影响。     

Evaluating the effectiveness of landscape configuration metrics from landscape composition metrics

Although landscape configuration and landscape composition metrics are correlated theoretically and empirically, the effectiveness of configuration metrics from composition metrics has not been explicitly investigated. This study explored to what extent substantial information of configuration metrics increases from certain easily calculated and extensively used composition metrics and how strongly the effectiveness is influenced by different factors. The effectiveness of 12 landscape configuration metrics from the percentage of landscape (PLAND) of each land-use class and patch density (PD) was evaluated through the coefficient of determination (R ²) of multivariate stepwise linear regression analysis of 150 town-based landscape samples from three regions. The different landscape configuration metrics from PLAND and PD presented significantly different performances in terms of effectiveness [the contagion index and aggregation index possess minimal information, and the effective mesh size (MESH) and area-weighted mean patch fractal dimension possess abundant information]. Furthermore, the effectiveness of configuration metrics showed different responses to changing cell sizes and different land-use categorization in different regions (interspersion and juxtaposition index, patch cohesion index, and MESH exhibited large variations in R ² among the different regions). No single, uniform, consistent characteristic of effectiveness was determined across different factors. This new approach to understanding the effectiveness of configuration metrics helps clarify landscape metrics and is fundamental to landscape metric assessment.     

城市化景观格局对本土植物多样性的多尺度影响——以北京市顺义区为例

景观格局对植物多样性的影响已经在很多研究中得到了验证,但有关城市景观的影响仍然知之甚少。为了探究城市化景观格局对植物多样性的影响及其尺度效应,本研究在北京市顺义区调查了105个样地,计算每个样地的α和β多样性指数;并以100 m为步长,分析了100～1000 m范围内的10个尺度43个城市的景观格局指数。结果表明: 在所有尺度上,城市景观面积指数、核心类指数和边缘指数与本土植物多样性均呈负相关;形状复杂性指数在小尺度内有利于植物多样性,而面积加权复杂性指数则在较大尺度上影响明显。其他指数如城市斑块的连接性、邻近性、内聚性、破碎性和散布并列指数与本土植物多样性之间的关系轻微且不稳定。城市化强度与尺度呈负相关,与各个尺度的植物多样性呈负相关。合理将城市区域分为许多边缘简单的小斑块,能够更好地保护本土植物多样性。该研究提出了保护城市植物多样性的景观格局建议,为生态城市建设提供参考。     

Impacts of land use patterns on river water quality: the case of Dongjiang Lake Basin,China

Landscape pattern can regulate water quality, but determining the thresholds at which landscape metrics impact water quality remains a key issue. Thus, in this study, we investigated landscape metrics that affect the water quality of the rivers flowing into Dongjiang Lake, China, and their spatial and seasonal differences, were investigated using redundancy and partial redundancy analyses. Further, a raw water quality parameter-landscape metric data set was constructed. Threshold values of landscape metrics that induced sudden changes in water quality were analyzed using the bootstrap method applied to 1000 random samples extracted from data set. Finally, mechanisms of landscape patterns that affected river water quality were quantitively explored. The following results were obtained: (1) The key area of landscape that impacted water quality in the Dongjiang Lake Basin was the 400 m buffer zone; (2) Seasonal differences were observed in water quality changes, which better explained by landscape metrics in the dry season than in the wet season. Moreover, water quality was most influenced by landscape configuration metrics. The influence of landscape topographic metrics was greater than that of composition metrics in the dry season, whereas the opposite was true in the wet season; and (3) In this watershed, the largest patch index of grassland and landscape shape index of built-up land were the key metrics at the sub-basin and 400 m buffer zone, respectively. If the largest patch index of grassland was below 8.5% or the landscape shape index of built-up land exceeded 1.5, the water quality of the rivers flowing into the lake was prone to a risk of significant decline, which has an important guiding significance to the optimization of land use pattern.     

长江上游坡地景观特征对河流水质的影响

景观组成及景观格局特征决定了污染物的来源和地表景观的拦截消纳潜力,地表坡降会加剧土壤侵蚀,坡地景观特征是影响河流水质的重要因素。研究基于长江上游重庆段2015年水质监测数据和30 m空间分辨率土地利用数据,提取河岸带100 m、200 m、300 m、500 m、1000 m和子流域6种空间尺度上景观格局和景观组成,并进一步将景观组成分为总地类、缓坡地类和陡坡地类三种不同坡度尺度,再采用相关分析和冗余分析（RDA）等方法定量探讨了坡地景观特征（坡地景观组成、景观格局）对河流水质的多时空尺度影响。结果表明：坡地景观特征对2015年长江上游重庆段河流水质的影响具有空间尺度效应;坡地景观特征对河流水质的影响在河岸带尺度强于子流域尺度,其中关键尺度为河岸带100 m至300 m,最有效尺度为河岸带200 m。坡地景观特征影响水质的季节差异随空间尺度不同而变化,在河岸带100 m至300 m尺度为汛期强于非汛期,在河岸带1000 m尺度相反,在子流域尺度无季节差异。建设用地面积比与溶解氧（DO）和高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）正相关,耕地面积百分比与氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）参数正相关,两者为水质污染"源景观",且缓坡耕地对水质的解释率高于总地类耕地;林地与水质参数呈负相关,对缓解水质恶化具有积极作用;集聚度（COHESION）、聚合度（AI）指标与NH₄⁺-N参数及斑块密度（PD）、边缘密度（ED）与DO、COD_Mn参数均呈正相关。在集水区尤其是河岸带300 m范围内,严格把控建设用地污水收集与处理,种植河岸带防护林,采取横坡耕种方式,并通过优化景观结构（如种植植物篱）以增强景观拦截力以减少污染物的集中输出,从而改善河流水质。     

红松存在/不存在数据的多尺度空间分布格局

红松属小兴安岭地区地带性植被优势种,该地区也是其分布的北缘。在景观尺度上开展红松的分布格局研究有利于进一步了解红松分布机理、未来迁移过程等问题,对其经营和保护有重要意义。将景观指数法与点格局分析法结合,设定8个空间尺度,利用红松存在/不存在数据,通过计算各空间尺度上红松聚集程度和景观指数,分析小兴安岭地区红松种群在多尺度上的分布格局。研究结果表明,小尺度上红松聚集分布明显,随机分布区多处于其聚集分布区的边缘,均匀分布区则散布在其聚集分布区内。景观指数研究表明,通过景观指数可判断红松聚集分布格局趋势,而不能判断均匀分布、随机分布格局趋势,因为它们在多尺度下景观指数波动大,不能用景观指数来描述分布格局。研究得出如下结论:1)红松主要分布在其分布区的核心区域内,在分布区边缘和过渡带上呈随机分布,2)存在/不存在数据能够用来分析种群的多尺度空间分布格局,3)空间尺度的变化会引起树种分布格局的变化,随机分布随尺度增加,边缘化程度加强,4)单一尺度上,景观格局指数不能完全描述种群分布格局;而在多尺度上,变化趋势稳定的景观指数表明聚集分布存在,而波动剧烈的景观指数常与随机分布和均匀分布联系在一起,5)地形因子中,红松对坡度和海拔两个因子变化敏感。     

The Influence of Landscape Position and Catchment Characteristics on Aquatic Biogeochemistry in High-Elevation Lake-Chains

To examine the influence of landscape characteristics and landscape position on aquatic biogeochemistry, we sampled a total of 76 lakes within 14 different lake-chains spanning the latitudinal extent of the high-elevation Sierra Nevada (California). We measured water chemistry, dissolved organic matter (DOM), nutrients, and biotic variables in study catchments that encompassed representative ranges of area (3–22 km²), elevation (2,200–3,700 m.a.s.l), elevation change (50–700 m), and average slope (13°–26°). Hierarchical models were used to account for variability in biogeochemistry because they explicitly maintain the framework of lakes within individual lake-chains while accounting for variation among lake-chains. Unconditional means models, where lake-chain was a random effect, revealed significant differences among lake-chains for nearly all biogeochemical variables. Models explained 42–95% of this variability, with the majority of the variation (70%) explained by the among lake-chain component. To explore the amount of additional variation explained by lake landscape position, we added lake network number (LNN) to models. LNN explained a significant amount of additional variation (7% average) in 8 of 23 biogeochemical parameters. However, it explained more variability within individual lake-chains (75%), where among lake-chain differences did not obscure patterns. Patterns of increase with LNN were found for dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen, fluorescence of DOM, alkalinity, and bacterioplankton abundance, whereas nitrate and nitrogen to phosphorus nutrient ratios decreased. LNN explained variation because it served as a proxy for underlying catchment characteristics that changed consistently along downstream flow paths. To characterize the amount of variation explained by catchment characteristics alone, we fit a third model that included lake-chain as a random effect and landscape or lake morphometry attributes as fixed effects. Catchment characteristics explained about as much additional variation (6%) as LNN, but for substantially more biogeochemical parameters (18 out of 23). The catchment characteristics most predictive of biogeochemistry were land-cover factors delineating alpine and subalpine zones (elevation, slope, or proportions of rock or shrub cover). In general, catchment characteristics were stronger predictors of biogeochemistry than characteristics of lake morphometry, emphasizing the relative importance of landscape processes in snowmelt-dominated lake ecosystems.     

Evaluating the effectiveness of landscape metrics in quantifying spatial patterns

The effectiveness of landscape metrics in quantifying spatial patterns is fundamental to metrics assessment. Setting 36 simulated landscapes as sample space and focusing on 23 widely used landscape metrics, their effectiveness in quantifying the complexity of such spatial pattern components as number of patch types, area ratio of patch types and patch aggregation level, were analyzed with the application of the multivariate linear regression analysis method. The results showed that all the metrics were effective in quantifying a certain component of spatial patterns, and proved that what the metrics quantified were not a single component but the complexity of several components of spatial patterns. The study also showed a distinct inconsistency between the performances of landscape metrics in simulated landscapes and the real urban landscape of Shenzhen, China. It was suggested that the inconsistency resulted from the difference of the correlation among spatial pattern components between simulated and real landscapes. After considering the very difference, the changes of all 23 landscape metrics against changing of number of patch types in simulated landscapes were consistent with those in the real landscape. The phenomenon was deduced as the sign effect of spatial pattern components on landscape metrics, which was of great significance to the proper use of landscape metrics.     

Spatial heterogeneity and habitat configuration overcome habitat composition influences on alpha and beta mammal diversity

The effects of habitat fragmentation on different taxa and ecosystems are subject to intense debate, and disentangling them is of utmost importance to support conservation and management strategies. We evaluated the importance of landscape composition and configuration, and spatial heterogeneity to explain α- and β-diversity of mammals across a gradient of percent woody cover and land use diversity. We expected species richness to be positively related to all predictive variables, with the strongest relationship with landscape composition and configuration, and spatial heterogeneity respectively. We also expected landscape to influence β-diversity in the same order of importance expected for species richness, with a stronger influence on nestedness due to deterministic loss of species more sensitive to habitat disturbance. We analyzed landscape structure using: (a) landscape metrics based on thematic maps and (b) image texture of a vegetation index. We compared a set of univariate explanatory models of species richness using AIC, and evaluated how dissimilarities in landscape composition and configuration and spatial heterogeneity affect β-diversity components using a Multiple Regression on distance Matrix. Contrary with our expectations, landscape configuration was the main driver of species richness, followed by spatial heterogeneity and last by landscape composition. Nestedness was explained, in order of importance, by spatial heterogeneity, landscape configuration, and landscape composition. Although conservation policies tend to focus mainly on habitat amount, we advocate that landscape management must include strategies to preserve and improve habitat quality and complexity in natural patches and the surrounding matrix, enabling landscapes to harbor high species diversity.     

徐州城市景观格局对绿地植物多样性的多尺度影响

城市地表景观的变化导致城市生物栖息地的损坏、破碎和丧失,致使城市生物多样性下降.为探讨城市景观格局变化对植物多样性的影响,本研究以徐州市绕城高速公路内的城区为对象,采用布朗布伦奎特(Braun-Blanquet)盖度等级法对36块城市绿地植物群落进行调查,并对不同绿地植物群落的物种多样性进行了分析.同时,以研究区2005和2015年的Landsat ETM遥感影像作为基础数据源,在Erdas、GIS、Fragstats软件的支持下,以每块调查样地为中心,分别建立9个不同半径的缓冲区,计算各缓冲区内表征斑块形状、破碎度和连通性共3类39个景观指数,在此基础上,运用冗余分析(RDA)筛选出不同幅度下对城市绿地植物多样性有显著影响的景观格局指数.结果表明: 植物多样性对景观整体格局和景观要素的响应具有明显的时间和空间尺度效应.2005年,未利用地和农田的破碎度、形状指数在800 m半径的缓冲区内能更好地解释植物多样性,建筑用地的破碎度和连通性指数在800～2000 m范围内对植物多样性有重要影响;2015年,草地和林地景观在800 m缓冲区内可更好地解释植物多样性,而建筑用地和未利用地在1000～2000 m范围内对植物多样性有显著影响;研究区当前植物多样性受2005年类型水平景观指数的影响更显著,说明研究区植物多样性对周边景观格局变化的响应存在一定的时间滞后;景观水平的格局指数与类型水平指数特征较为一致,说明物种与空间尺度的相互作用更多依赖于景观类型.     

基于景观格局的城市热岛研究进展

首先对城市热岛效应的研究历史、大气城市热岛(AUHI)和地表城市热岛(SUHI)等概念、以及数据获取方式等方面进行简要地概述;随之着重综述从景观格局角度对城市热岛效应进行的研究。统计描述、传统景观格局指数分析和模型模拟法是目前该方向研究的主要方法,统计和景观格局指数分析的研究方法相似,主要统计地表参数或地表景观格局指数与地表温度的相关关系,在SUHI的研究中用得较多;AUHI和SUHI的数据源和机理不尽相同,其研究方法也不同;AUHI一般使用固定气象站点的数据和精细的局部移动气象站数据,较难和景观格局指数结合;模型模拟法则既可以使用地表温度也可以使用大气温度,其结果具体可靠,但目前模型模拟中涉及的景观格局参数,尤其是二维或多维的格局参数并不多;最后从数据源和景观格局参数的参与两个角度讨论了该方向研究存在的问题并提出今后研究的重点,包括(1)针对研究目标,选取或生产最合适的高质量数据;(2)深入从景观格局角度模拟城市热岛效应的研究,尤其是二维和三维景观格局的模拟,并发展多维度的景观格局指数;(3)中尺度上充分利用多光谱遥和热红外遥感数据,结合小尺度的测量和模拟,建立基于机理的景观模型或格局指数以评价中尺度的城市热岛效应;(4)多领域数据的融合和多学科方法的交叉研究和应用。     

Plant ecological traits highlight the effects of landscape on riparian plant communities along an urban–rural gradient

Urban landscapes are characterized by an urban matrix often unfavorable for biodiversity, interspersed with remnant corridors such as riparian areas. Those are increasingly threatened by urban expansion and land use change worldwide. We investigated the effect of the two components, matrix versus corridor, by comparing the riparian plant diversity and the community-level ecological traits along an urbanization gradient. Species distribution was surveyed at a local-scale along an urban riparian corridor in Strasbourg, eastern France. Ninety plots were sampled along an urbanization gradient. Several plant metrics were measured using both plant richness (R) and mean ecological trait values of species weighted by their abundance (CWM). The surroundings of each plot were first described by selecting representative variables of matrix and corridor. Secondly, the distribution of plant species according to a given i ecological trait was analyzed in relation with different levels of urbanization. Using mixed effects models, we verified whether matrix or corridor variables best explain the distribution of traits. Three levels of urbanization were detected, termed urban, suburban and peri-urban, based on landscape composition. Neither the peri-urban nor the suburban level affected plant metrics. At the urban level, and whatever indicator value was considered, the CWMi metrics clearly decreased, whereas species richness Ri increased. The upstream distance to the nearest natural area and tree cover were the most influential variables on CWMi metrics, whereas Ri metrics were mainly driven by built component and landscape heterogeneity. Matrix variables were more important in explaining Ri metrics while corridor features affected CWMi metrics. These results highlight the preponderance of the corridor effect on plant ecological types and the importance of the matrix on the selection and/or the implantation of novel species. Thus, the urbanization gradient may operate simultaneously on the abundance of local species and impose the recruitment of new co-existing species. This study suggests that ecological type responds to the urbanization gradient and may be an alternative tool to understand plant distribution rather than plant diversity.     

郑州市公园绿地景观特征对公园冷岛效应的影响

城市公园有助于缓解城市热岛效应,减少城市降温能耗。选取郑州市中心城区内44个主要公园,利用Landsat8遥感数据和土地利用数据,结合ENVI、ArcGIS、Fragstats、SPSS等软件分析公园冷岛效应的影响因素。冷岛强度的研究从景观特征、景观构成、景观配置3个层面来进行,结果表明:场地条件有限的情况下公园面积控制在20 hm2左右能产生较高冷岛强度;公园边界越简单冷岛效应越强,而植物和不透水表面斑块的边界越复杂公园冷岛效应越强;同等面积下有水体的公园与无水体的公园相比降温效果相差1℃左右;水体占比控制在14%左右公园冷岛强度较为显著;在进行公园景观配置时,公园内植物和水体的组合相比于不透水表面与植物的组合及不透水表面与水体的组合能产生更好的降温效应。利用标准差椭圆工具进一步分析公园冷岛强度的方向性,发现公园的冷岛方向主要与园内水体长轴以及园外高层建筑的分布有关。     

An ArcMap plug-in for calculating landscape metrics of vector data

Landscape metrics are quantitative indices that describe the abundant information about landscape patterns and specific characteristics of the landscape composition and configuration. Landscape metrics have extensive applications such as land evaluation, ecosystem services, forest monitoring, urban sprawl control, and regional biodiversity conservation. Although numerous software packages, such as FragStats, Patch Analyst, etc., are available for calculating the landscape metrics, most of them process only raster data, while those applicable to vector data provide inadequate landscape metrics for calculations, making them insufficient for landscape analysis. The proposed plug-in can solve this task for ArcMap10.2 software called Arc_LIND, which computes the landscape metrics of vector data. This paper presents an overview of Arc_LIND, which can calculate three levels, six groups, and the total of 195 landscape metrics, including 13 ones at the patch level, 87 ones at the class level, and 95 ones at the landscape level. These features make it lucrative for the teaching and scientific research in the landscape ecology and other relevant fields. The comparative study on the scale effect of landscape metrics was performed using data in different formats and different landscapes, which confirms the feasibility and efficiency of Arc_LIND.     

西安市景观格局与城市热岛效应的耦合关系

基于西安市2000、2006和2015年3期遥感数据,进行景观分类和温度反演,建立两者的回归模型,探讨景观格局对城市热岛效应的影响及预测作用.结果表明:不同尺度上的景观格局指数与温度具有不同的相关性,在景观尺度上,景观形状指数(LSI)、景观分割指数(DIVISION)和Shannon多样性指数(SHDI)与温度显著相关;在类型尺度上,CA₁、PD₁、LSI₁、AI₁、LPI₂、AI₂、CA₃、DIVISION₃、LPI₃、AI₄ (其中,1代表建设用地、2代表耕地、3代表林地、4代表草地;CA指斑块类型面积,PD指斑块密度,LSI指景观形状指数,AI指聚集指数,DIVISION指景观分割指数,LPI指最大斑块指数)与温度显著相关.景观格局是影响热岛效应的主要因子,对城市热岛效应响应明显.部分景观指数可以表征地表温度,合理的景观配置对缓解城市热岛效应具有长远意义.通过不同尺度上建立的多元线性回归模型预测,2030年的热岛效应同比2015年有所回落,但减幅不明显,依旧强于2006年的热岛状况.热岛效应先由主城区蔓延,以点向面扩展,随后主城区呈现减弱趋势,而周围区(县)热岛出现明显增幅.     

Sensitivity of correlation structure of class- and landscape-level metrics in three diverse regions

Sensitivity of landscape metrics to selection of spatial scale (i.e., resolution or areal extent), land-use categories, and different landscapes has led to unreliable conclusions for practitioners of landscape analysis and modeling. Unlike previous studies that mostly considered such metrics and assessed the effect of each factor separately, our study focuses on the sensitivity of the correlation structure of different sets of landscape metrics as a whole under different situations via principal component analysis (PCA). We used the congruence coefficient (r_c) to calculate the changes in factor structures under different situations. We used 16 class-level and 15 landscape-level metrics of 900 village-based and 150 town-based samples that were collected from three regions. Five cell sizes, two land-use classes, and two sets of land-use metrics were also considered. We did not control the cell sizes, sample extent, and different landscapes in the sensitivity analysis to study the interactive relationships between different factors. All factors strongly influence the correlation structure of the landscape metrics, with each factor demonstrating a unique influence. Changing cell size significantly affects the correlation structures in the plain region, especially in croplands and built-up lands. Town-based results show a relatively more stable correlation structure than village-based results (except in land-use categories). Different land-use classes show different responses to changing cell size, sample extent, and sets of landscape metrics in different regions. These results show the great interactive influences of these factors, which have often been overlooked in previous studies. The conclusions drawn from fixed factors may be conditional and inapplicable to other situations. The sensitivity of the correlation structure in diverse regions may improve our understanding of landscape metrics as a whole and can provide further insights into the correlation structure of landscape metrics for land-use management and monitoring.     

Season‐modulated responses of Neotropical bats to forest fragmentation

Seasonality causes fluctuations in resource availability, affecting the presence and abundance of animal species. The impacts of these oscillations on wildlife populations can be exacerbated by habitat fragmentation. We assessed differences in bat species abundance between the wet and dry season in a fragmented landscape in the Central Amazon characterized by primary forest fragments embedded in a secondary forest matrix. We also evaluated whether the relative importance of local vegetation structure versus landscape characteristics (composition and configuration) in shaping bat abundance patterns varied between seasons. Our working hypotheses were that abundance responses are species as well as season specific, and that in the wet season, local vegetation structure is a stronger determinant of bat abundance than landscape‐scale attributes. Generalized linear mixed‐effects models in combination with hierarchical partitioning revealed that relationships between species abundances and local vegetation structure and landscape characteristics were both season specific and scale dependent. Overall, landscape characteristics were more important than local vegetation characteristics, suggesting that landscape structure is likely to play an even more important role in landscapes with higher fragment‐matrix contrast. Responses varied between frugivores and animalivores. In the dry season, frugivores responded more to compositional metrics, whereas during the wet season, local and configurational metrics were more important. Animalivores showed similar patterns in both seasons, responding to the same group of metrics in both seasons. Differences in responses likely reflect seasonal differences in the phenology of flowering and fruiting between primary and secondary forests, which affected the foraging behavior and habitat use of bats. Management actions should encompass multiscale approaches to account for the idiosyncratic responses of species to seasonal variation in resource abundance and consequently to local and landscape scale attributes.     

基于多源遥感数据的景观格局及预测研究

以TM、中巴资源卫星和环境与灾害监测预报小卫星等遥感影像为数据源,利用ENVI 4.7、ARCGIS 9.2、IDRISI 15等软件,研究了西安市辖区的景观特征与空间格局,预测了未来的景观变化,提出了景观格局预测的数据转化和多距离空间分析的精简步骤.结果表明:研究区的景观本底是一个由林地和耕地构成的复合景观基质,建设用地在研究时段内呈现持续增加趋势,且2004-2011年间的增加量高于2000-2004年间的增加量;林地面积略有降低,林地和草地总面积略呈增长趋势,水域和未利用地面积变化较小.研究时段内的景观破碎化程度在降低,林地景观的连通性增强了,耕地的降低了.各景观类型在所设定的最大预期研究尺度下均呈现显著的聚集空间格局;各年和各景观类型之间的聚集、随机和离散的临界阈值差别相对比较大;水域和未利用地的空间聚集强度明显高于耕地、林地、草地和城乡建设用地;耕地和草地空间分布存在一个异质性最大的特征尺度,且均出现了聚集分布、随机分布和离散分布3种分布格局,以2011年最为明显.利用景观指数法和多距离空间聚类分析方法研究景观格局特征的效果要比单一的景观指数法较理想.CA-Markov模型模拟的结果基本能够反映未来的景观格局状况.