Environmental Performance Index at the Provincial Level for China 2006–2011

In recent years, China has experienced rapid economic development and thousands of people escaped from poverty. However, this high-speed development has also led to increased pressure on the environment. Although the Chinese government has focused on solving environmental problems for the past few decades, it appears to have had little effect. Environmental performance evaluation (EPE) is a quantifiable environmental management tool that can evaluate environmental protection effects and provide guidance to improve government efficiency. We use EPE to evaluate China’s environmental performance at the provincial level between 2006 and 2011. In this study, the theme framework and driver force-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) framework models are used to build the composite index (CI) for environmental performance. This index includes 39 indicators in four categories that were selected based on data that can be acquired from China’s Statistical Bureau. The results indicate that the environmental performance index (EPI) of 30 provincial administrative regions (PARs) from 2006 to 2011 ranges from 44.12 (Shanxi, 2006) to 80.87 (Beijing, 2010), from poor to good, respectively. To help develop more effective policies to improve China’s regional environmental performance, cluster analysis (CLA) is applied to divide the 30 PARs into 3 sub-regions. Recommendations for improving the environmental performance of different sub-regions are made to help guide the Chinese government to adjust environmental governance approaches to local conditions.     

Have Chinese cities achieved the win–win between environmental protection and economic development? From the perspective of environmental efficiency

The development of a regional or national economy is always accompanied by a variety of environmental problems. Using meta-frontier and data envelopment analysis (DEA), this paper investigates the environmental protection mechanisms and economic development of 211 cities in China from the perspective of environmental efficiency. The major conclusions are: (1) the overall environmental efficiency of Chinese cities is low when the most advanced production technology is selected as the reference. Only 10% of cities have achieved a win–win, defined as an effective balance between environmental protection and economic growth. It is possible to increase economy and reduce pollutant emissions at the same time for most of cities. (2) The environmental efficiencies and production technologies of cities in five different groups (based on a widely accepted business index) present significant differences. First-tier cities possess more advanced technology, higher environmental efficiency and, therefore, a higher overall win–win balance between economic development and environmental protection; while the fourth-tier and fifth-tier cities have a relatively large gap between development and protection. (3) To achieve a win–win balance between environmental protection and economic development, the local government of different cities should develop appropriate policies that maximize the use of technology and management practices that enhance both growth and protection.     

中国农业环境效率时空演变及其驱动因素

农业环境效率是衡量经济与资源环境协调发展的重要指标,研究农业环境效率对实现农业资源的高效率利用具有重要意义。基于2004-2019年中国30个省（市、区）面板数据,运用SBM （Slacks-based model）模型、空间马尔科夫链、GIS技术和空间计量模型,分析了农业环境效率的时空演变特征,研究了农业环境效率变动的驱动因素。结果表明：（1）2004-2019年,考虑非期望产出的农业环境效率要低于不考虑非期望产出情况,呈持续上升趋势;区域差异整体呈倒"V "型变化趋势,东西方向上递减,南北方向上呈" U"型趋势特征。（2）中国不同等级的农业环境效率空间差异明显,地理空间格局在空间演变过程具有重要作用,空间关联性特征显著,不同类型的演变存在显著的时空惯性。（3）中国农业环境效率存在空间溢出效应,农业经济水平、环境规制、农业生产能力是提升农业环境效率的关键因素,财政支农水平、工业化水平、农作物种植结构、农业机械强度则是制约效率提升的约束要素。     

Evaluation of environmental efficiency in China using data envelopment analysis

As a main method for achieving environmental protection, improvement of environmental efficiency is vitally important for reducing environmental risk and level of ecological scarcity. Thus, quantitative analysis of environmental efficiency is not only an important premise for understanding the situation of regional environmental protection, but also a prerequisite for designing and adjusting relevant policies. In this paper, we treat the undesirable output in an economic activity by a linear monotonic decreasing transformation approach. We employ data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique to evaluate environmental efficiency in 30 provinces of China during the period 2001–2010, and conduct hypothesis tests on these environmental efficiencies. Furthermore, we investigate the horizontal differences of environmental efficiency in six regions of China and the vertical differences among different years. The results show that our empirical tests have a high statistical reliability that provides support for prompting environmental policies in different parts of China.     

Urgency,development stage and coordination degree analysis to support differentiation management of water pollution emission control and economic development in the eastern coastal area of China

The eastern coastal areas of China have high-density population, developed society and economy, and large water pollution emissions. How to reduce water pollution and realize the coordinated development of the economy and environment has become the national focus. Effective environmental policies should consider regional differences in development stage and sustainability performance. Here, we first analyzed the water pollution emissions intensity of the eastern coastal areas of China and the urgency of emissions reduction using 8-year environmental statistics from 2003 to 2010. We characterized development stages of the eastern coastal areas based on the relationships between water pollution emissions intensity and economic development. Further, we built a coordination degree index of economic development and water environment protection as a measure of sustainability. Results show that water pollution emissions intensity decreases as the economy grows from 2003 to 2010. The less-developed regions have a better coordination degree than some more-developed regions, especially those most-developed ones (e.g., Shanghai show more pressures on long-term sustainability than Hebei). The less-developed regions should take advantage of economic growth to invest more advanced environment protection technologies. The more-developed regions need to upgrade its economic structures and municipal infrastructures. Overall, the study provided a comprehensive approach to understand regional difference in development stage and sustainability performance in the eastern coastal region of China as well as the need of different environmental policies to reduce water pollution emissions.     

大尺度区域生态环境治理及国家生态安全格局构建的技术途径和战略布局

陆地生态系统是地球生物圈系统的核心组分,是人类生活、生产及社会经济活动的场所.然而,人类文明发展和科学技术进步在不断地扩大对资源的利用规模和强度,也导致了严重威胁社会可持续发展的全球气候变化、生物多样性丧失、环境污染、资源枯竭、生态系统退化等环境问题.社会公众期望生态学研究能够为区域、大陆及全球尺度的生态系统的利用和保...     

中国农业生态效率评价方法与实证——基于非期望产出的SBM模型分析

生态效率是衡量经济与资源环境协调发展的重要指标.基于将农业面源污染作为非期望产出的考量,在对传统DEA模型进行修正的基础上,采用非径向、非角度的SBM模型对中国30个省份的农业生态效率进行了测算,并给出了农业生态效率的改善途径.研究结果表明:1998-2009年中国农业生态效率虽然呈现缓慢上升态势,但整体仍处于较低水平,除北京、上海、海南、重庆外,其余省市都需要改变投入和产出来优化农业生态效率;资源的过度消耗和环境污染物的过量排放是农业生态效率损失的主要原因.提高资源利用效率、降低资源消耗量和环境污染物的排放量是农业生态效率改善的重要途径.     

Urban atmospheric environmental capacity and atmospheric environmental carrying capacity constrained by GDP–PM2.5

China faces a contradictory period of economic development and environmental protection, with it being essential to control total emissions within the limit of atmospheric environmental capacity (AEC) by promoting atmospheric environmental carrying capacity (AECC). This implies that well-calculated AEC and AECC values are the key macro-criteria for improving environmental quality and supporting the challenging coordinated development of economy and environment. When considering compound air pollution characterised as fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), conventional methods are not capable of calculating AEC and AECC, but the system dynamics (SD) method retains the advantage of simplicity in resolving complex problems. In the present study, we first describe the background and definitions of AEC and AECC, which are different from Western concepts, and their dialectical relationships. Then, with the statistical data from Wuhan city in 2014, we establish an ‘economy–energy–atmospheric environment’ dynamic model using the SD method, which does not need to simulate the complicated physicochemical processes of atmospheric transmission and diffusion. Instead, it uses the pollutants’ proportionality factors and conversion rates to establish quantitative connections among different types of variables. Finally, we simulate the dynamic trends of gross domestic production (GDP), PM_2.5, and six air pollutant emissions between 2015 and 2030 in four different scenarios and calculate the results of AEC and AECC constrained by GDP and PM_2.5.     

吉林省县域环境污染的时空演变特征与影响因素

基于2011年和2015年环境污染物排放和经济社会数据,选取4类污染物的工业源、农业源和城镇生活源排放总量指标,通过构建整体环境污染综合指数和分来源污染指数综合反映吉林省县域尺度单元污染状况,运用Moran I指数、时空跃迁分析和标准差椭圆分析定量研究吉林省环境污染的时空演变特征,并构建空间计量模型对环境污染的影响因素进行分析.结果表明:吉林省环境污染具有空间集聚特征,环境污染主要分布在长春、吉林等中部地区,分来源的环境污染空间分布存在明显的区域差异特征;吉林省县域单元整体环境污染和农业源污染均具有空间相关性,环境污染空间布局的关联结构稳定性高,环境污染具有路径锁定特征;环境污染的空间分布呈现西北-东南分布格局,且环境污染表现出由中心向四周扩散态势,环境污染的重心在43.65-43.66°N,125.83-125.84°E之间变动;地区经济发展水平、城市化水平和农业生产是吉林省县域环境污染和工业源污染的主要驱动因素,产业结构的调整优化改善了整体环境污染与工业源污染状况.化肥的过度使用增加了农业源污染,经济发展水平和城市化水平是城镇生活源污染排放的主要驱动因素.县域整体环境污染和农业源污染均具有空间扩散效应,各自污染状况分别与相邻地区整体环境污染和农业源污染状况密切相关.     

Evaluation of regional environmental efficiencies in China based on super-efficiency-DEA

This study measures the environmental efficiency of China based on environmental super-efficiency data envelopment analysis (SEDEA) model by using data of 30 provinces in China during the period of 2000–2010. We find that environmental efficiencies across 30 provinces show regional disparities. Cities such as Beijing and Shanghai have experienced improvement in efficiency while Qinghai showed worse performance. More generally, East areas are more efficient in production while the west rank the last with central areas ranking in between during the period studied. Policies should be established to further promote production efficiency.     

煤电一体化开发对锡林郭勒盟环境经济的影响

国家“十二五”规划确定将在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟建设国家重点大型煤电基地.煤电一体化开发将大大地推动锡盟的区域经济发展,但也可能会对这一典型草原地区和重要生态屏障地区的生态环境造成不利影响.采用物料平衡法和指数增长模型对2001-2009年锡林郭勒盟SO2排放量与人均GDP做了相关性分析,发现二者关系基本符合环境库兹涅茨曲线,呈较缓和倒U型曲线,拐点在人均GDP35000-40000元,目前已过曲线拐点,SO2排放量缓步下降.对锡盟煤电一体化开发情景下(2012-2020)的SO2排放及人均GDP进行预测,结果显示SO2排放量将随经济发展呈上升趋势,表明煤电一体化开发会使环境库兹涅茨曲线的拐点后延,虽然到2020年SO2排放量仍然没有超出区域大气环境容量,但将接近环境容量极限,会给当地环境带来明显压力;基于以上判断,进而从制度、技术、市场三方面出发,探讨了促进锡盟煤电一体化产业建设与环境保护协调发展的对策.     

辽宁省重化工业地区公众的环境意识调查与评价

公众环境意识对国家环境保护政策的制定与实施具有重要影响.辽宁省中部重化工业区公众环境意识水平的调查对象为5个城市的居民、决策者、教师、学生、企业职工与农民,主要调查内容包括公众对环境质量变化的评价、对所居住社区环境的满意程度、公众关注的环境问题、环境污染类型、环境污染和生态破坏的原因、造成地区环境质量差异的原因、对环境保护的认知程度及国家未来的发展目标等.调查表明,78.7%的公众认为环境质量同5年前相比明显好转;但65.3%的公众认为居住社区环境一般,公众对于环保经费的使用排序为垃圾处理＞植树造林＞建污水处理厂＞改善空气质量.总体来看,多数公众缺乏必要的环境保护知识,对水体、食品污染的严重性普遍认识不足;居民环保意识差对环境质量改善具有明显制约作用;公众对环境意识宣传具有很强要求.本调查结果可为研究辽宁地区的环境保护、生态建设、经济可持续发展和政府部门制定各种环保政策法规提供依据.     

The effect estimation and channel testing of the technological progress on China’s regional environmental performance

To study the effects of and approaches to technological progress on China’s regional environmental performance, this study first estimates China’s regional environmental performance and its variation indexes by applying a slack-based model (SBM) and an entropy-based model (EBM). The results indicate that the environmental performance in different regions of China has improved, but the rate of improvement differs greatly. This may be attributed to heterogeneous characteristics and changes in the green technology innovation level in different regions. Considering the overflow effect of environmental pollution among different regions, we study the impact of various technological progress patterns on China’s regional environmental performance using spatial econometrics, and we find that there are significant spatial effects of technology innovation, technology transfer, and imitative innovation on China’s regional environmental performance. Also, different technological progress patterns have different effects. Specifically, independent innovation has failed to effectively improve regional environmental performance, whereas the introduction of technology and imitative innovation have significantly improved this performance. Moreover, after the cross-items of independent innovation and human capital are introduced, the effects of technology introduction and imitative innovation on China’s regional environmental performance through the absorptive capacity of human capital remain significant, whereas the effect of independent innovation on regional environmental performance via the absorptive capacity of human capital becomes more obvious. Based on this and from the perspective of environmental enhancement, we believe that China should strengthen human capital accumulation and give consideration to imitative innovation and technology introduction while emphasizing independent innovation.     

基于生态-经济比较优势视角的建设用地空间优化配置研究——以扬州市为例

随着生态空间日益萎缩,生态环境不断恶化,经济发展与生态保护矛盾日趋加剧。为了协调经济发展空间与生态保护空间的矛盾问题,促进生态、经济协调持续发展,综合运用景观生态学方法与经济学原理,从"生态-经济"比较优势视角对建设用地指标进行空间优化配置。运用景观安全格局方法构建区域综合生态安全格局,据此计算空间单元的生态重要性指数,采用最小累积阻力模型对区域建设用地开发经济适宜性进行评价,计算空间单元的建设用地开发经济适宜性指数;其次运用生态重要性指数与经济适宜性指数计算建设用地开发比较优势度,以比较优势约束性满足程度为目标函数构建建设用地空间优化配置模型,并用蒙特卡洛(Monte Carol)法对之求解。以江苏省扬州市为例作了实证研究。结果显示,未来扬州市建设用地向南部经济发达地区集中,北部地区主要承担生态保护功能;建设用地配置结果呈现出经济发展与生态保护的错位格局,有助于扬州市生态保护与经济发展。从"生态-经济"比较优势视角提出了建设用地空间优化配置方法,为土地利用规划及生态保护规划编制提供了科学依据。     

基于MFA和DEA的区域经济环境效率评价-以辽宁省为例

对经济与环境效率的科学评价是实现区域可持续发展的前提。运用物质流分析将辽宁省经济系统中数据进行物质化处理,再利用改进的数据包络分析模型对环境和经济效率进行综合评价。结果表明:辽宁省物资消费不主要依赖于进口,向其它地区物质输出量大;环境效率评价的综合效率主要受规模因素影响而显著低于纯技术效率,而整体经济的综合效率却主要受纯技术效率影响而下降。第二产业比重依然偏大的产业结构特征是导致上述结果的主因。进一步改造提升传统产业,发展战略性新兴产业,提高第三产业发展水平,扩大环保规模,促进居民生活质量水平全面提升,将是辽宁省以及与之相似的资源依赖型区域可持续发展的方向。     

产业集聚对雾霾污染与生态效率的非线性影响及溢出效应

新常态背景下,“降霾增效”是促进城市协调可持续发展的重要保障。基于2008—2017年我国269个地级市面板数据,利用ArcGIS空间分析、EBM-DEA、空间杜宾等模型,探究雾霾污染与生态效率的时空演化格局及产业集聚对其非线性影响及空间溢出效应。结果显示：(1)我国城市雾霾污染具有“块状”与“集群分布”特征,并呈现以京津冀城市群为中心的“核心-边缘”扩散模式;城市生态效率呈东部>中部>西部依次递减态势,其H-H型城市主要分布在东部沿海地区;(2)产业集聚是“双刃剑”,其对雾霾污染与生态效率的影响存在显著的“U”型关系,即产业集聚每提升1%,雾霾污染和生态效率相应降低0.1388%和0.1409%,产业集聚平方项每提升1%则相应提升0.0188%和0.0113%;(3)产业集聚进一步提升对本地与邻近城市的雾霾污染具有较强的正向空间溢出效应,地方政府应采取联防联控的污染治理策略,构建长效环境治理合作机制;(4)产业集聚规模对雾霾污染和生态效率的影响表现出一定的区域异质性,应设计差异化的产业发展策略,为城市“降霾增效”提供支撑;通过重构权重矩阵、替换核心解释变量与设置滞后变量,...     

基于生态效率的江西省循环经济发展模式

循环经济发展模式的研究是当今可持续发展研究及政府相关决策的核心内容,生态效率则是循环经济的合适测度,它是资源能源效率和环境效率的综合表征指标。基于生态效率度量模型和循环经济发展模式的判别模型,以江西省为例,分析其在2000-2010年间循环经济发展模式的变化轨迹。结果表明:(1) 能源消耗与经济发展表现出同步增长的趋势;(2) 各种资源和环境效率均有所上升,其环境效率总体上大于资源效率,按效率增加快慢的排序为:固体废弃物排放效率 > 建设用地效率 > COD排放效率 > 水资源效率 > SO₂排放效率 > 能源效率;(3) 江西省循环经济发展走的是一条由传统线性经济模式到末端治理模式再到循环经济模式的发展道路,符合环境库兹尼茨曲线发展规律,即无害化→减量化→资源化。对研究方法的创新性进行了谨慎的探讨,对区域循环经济发展所应注意的问题提出的建议。     

国家级经济技术开发区绿色发展指数研究

国家级经济技术开发区是改革开放以来中国经济发展的缩影,已成为中国推动开放型经济发展,促进工业化、城镇化进程,实现区域发展战略的重要支撑。处理好经济发展与节约资源、保护环境的关系,实现绿色、低碳、循环发展,提高发展的质量和效益,是国家级经开区在新形势下面临的新挑战。为推进国家级经开区的创新驱动和绿色发展,加强对国家级经开区绿色低碳循环发展的引导,通过建立绿色发展指数方法,对国家级经开区的绿色发展水平进行评价,以期为管理决策提供参考。绿色发展水平定量评价研究运用多准则排序方法构建了绿色发展指数。首先从经济发展、资源能源消耗、生态环境和基础设施4个方面构建了国家级经开区绿色发展评价指标体系,其次对各项指标进行归一化处理,加权后得到绿色发展指数。以2007年52家国家级经开区各项指标(基于不变价格的平均值)为参照,分析了2007—2012年52家国家级经开区绿色发展指数的动态变化,采用动态气泡图直观地表征年际间经开区绩效的横向和纵向变化。比较了东中西部国家级经开区绿色发展水平的差异,及建设国家生态工业示范园区对其绿色发展指数的影响,进而对国家级经开区的绿色发展进行了展望。     

中国不同规模城市可持续发展综合评价

城市是一类社会-经济-自然复合生态系统,城市的可持续发展指标体系和评价方法是衡量城市经济、社会、环境状况及可持续发展能力的重要手段。采用全排列多边形综合图示法,以中国277个地级及地级以上城市为研究对象,建立了不同规模城市的可持续发展指标体系,包括经济发展、社会进步、生态环境3类24项指标,对其2000—2010年的可持续发展能力进行了综合评价。研究结果表明:从不同城市规模类型间横向对比分析来看,随着城市规模的增大,经济发展、社会进步和可持续发展综合指数相应提高,生态环境指数却随之下降。从不同规模城市类型内的时间序列分析对比来看,2000—2010年不同规模城市的经济发展、社会进步、生态环境指数各个方面均有显著提高,可持续发展综合指数也伴随着提升。并且,巨大特大型城市在生态环境保护方面提高幅度最大;大型城市在社会进步方面提高幅度最大;中小型城市在经济发展和可持续发展综合能力方面提高幅度最大。但截止到2010年,不同规模城市的可持续发展综合指数均为Ⅲ级,可持续发展能力仅处于一般水平。探究了中国不同规模的城市可持续发展过程中面临的诸多问题,然后提出相应的对策建议,为今后的新型城市化建设提供参考。     

基于环境库兹涅茨曲线的我国大气污染防治重点区域环境空气质量与经济增长关系研究

改革开放以来,中国经济迅猛发展,但大气污染等环境问题日益突出。进入21世纪,我国通过颁布实施多项大气污染防治政策,将京津冀及周边地区、长三角地区、珠三角地区等大气污染较严重的区域划定为重点区域,针对性制定治污措施和实施减排工程,努力推动区域环境空气质量改善。基于2000-2019年我国31个省（自治区、直辖市）（以下简称31个省份）GDP,以及SO₂、PM₁₀、NO₂三项大气污染物浓度数据,利用环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC,Environmental Kuznets Curve）模型,对31个省份和京津冀及周边地区、长三角地区、珠三角地区的经济增长情况、大气污染物浓度演变以及二者之间的关系进行了系统全面的分析评估。研究结果显示：（1）近年来实施的各项大气污染防治政策,特别是2013年以来颁布实施的《大气污染防治行动计划》《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》,推动环境空气质量改善的同时,促进了经济发展与环境保护长期关系协调性逐步增强,除NO₂浓度呈U型外,31个省份SO₂浓度、PM₁₀浓度与人均GDP的EKC曲线呈倒U型和倒N型,并处于快速下降阶段。（2）京津冀及周边地区SO₂浓度与人均GDP呈倒U型,且处于快速下降阶段;PM₁₀和NO₂浓度均呈现U型关系,且均处于上升期。（3）长三角地区SO₂、PM₁₀浓度与人均GDP呈现倒U型和U型,但均处于下降阶段;NO₂浓度与人均GDP无相关关系。（4）珠三角地区SO₂、PM₁₀和NO₂浓度与人均GDP均呈现倒U型关系,且均处于下降阶段。为此,建议"十四五"期间我国政府要继续实施新一轮的大气污染防治行动计划,聚焦机动车NO_x污染管控,大力推动NO₂浓度稳步下降,以实现我国环境空气质量持续改善,为统筹经济高质量发展和生态环境高水平保护奠定坚实基础。