One decade of benthic macroinvertebrate biomonitoring in the River Meuse

The benthic macroinvertebrate community of the River Meuse was studied at four locations in Belgium and The Netherlands from 1983–1993. Macroinvertebrates were collected from artificial substrates, placed near the river bottom from June–August. The results were analyzed using autecological information. At an upstream sampling site in the Belgian Ardennes (Hastière) the most diverse fauna was found. One quarter of the taxa found at this site are known to be confined to running waters and none of the dominant or subdominant taxa could be characterized as a specialized riverine taxon. These findings indicate an impoverished riverine fauna. This was especially the case in years with low discharge, indicating a delicately balanced ecosystem, easily susceptible to disturbances in the environment. Further downstream, in the heavily industrialized region of Liège (Hermalle) and just across the Belgian-Dutch border (Borgharen) the macroinvertebrate fauna consisted of taxa tolerating severe organic pollution. The ecosystem at these sites is on the brink of collapse. Recent results indicate an improvement of this situation at Borgharen. The macroinvertebrate fauna in the lowland reach (Keizersveer) indicates ecological recovery. It is concluded that abatement of the severe pollution must be the first step for an ecological rehabilitation of the degraded ecosystem and for the safe drinking water supply for millions of people in Belgium and The Netherlands.This article is dedicated to my friend and colleague Nicole Frantzen, who died in 1992 at the age of 27.     

两类水质综合评价方法的特点及其在河流水环境管理中的作用

河流水质恶化已成为严峻的环境问题,针对河流开展水质综合评价对河流水环境管理具有重要意义。依据不同的评价目标,选择合理的综合评价的评估标准成为河流水质评价中重要的问题之一。通过基于期望值和阈值的水质健康综合评估法(ETI)和水质质量指数(WQI)两种水质综合评价方法对\"引滦入津\"工程重要水源地伊逊河水质进行评价,结果显示:1)伊逊河水质ETI评估结果为良好等级,WQI评估结果为一般等级;2)伊逊河采样点水质在ETI评价中分布于4个等级,WQI仅分布于2个等级;3)伊逊河自上游至下游水质显著降低,特别是ETI评估中由优秀等级转变为差等级;4)ETI和WQI评估结果显示极显著相关性(R=0.951,P0.01);5)通过逐步多元回归,ETI评估结果的主导因子是DO、EC、SS、BOD_5和TP(P0.05),WQI评估结果的主导因子是DO、SS、BOD_5、TP、TN和NH_3-N(P0.05)。进一步分析表明伊逊河水质恶化与其流域内土地利用情况密切相关。在河流水环境管理中,ETI作为一种水质相对值评估方法,能更好体现流域内水质差异的区分度,便于管理者迅速定位流域内亟需治理的河流或河段,同时能够根据河流自身特征制定管理目标,可作为河流管理绩效评估的有效手段;而WQI作为一种水质绝对值评估方法,更适用于河流水质时间变化评估,对河流经长期治理后的管理效果评价起到重要作用。     

Application of the functional habitat concept to the regulated Lower Ord River,Western Australia,Part I,macroinvertebrate assemblages

This paper tests the applicability of the Functional Habitat Concept (FHC) to a lowland tropical river in Australia. The underlying tenet of the FHC is that in-stream hydrological and physical processes form distinct habitats, and where these habitats support distinct macroinvertebrate assemblages they are considered ‘functional’ habitats. This concept has been employed in the northern hemisphere as a tool for river restoration and management, especially where habitats are easier to manage than species, but the FHC has yet to be tested in Australia. This study reports the application of the FHC to the regulated Lower Ord River (LOR) in the remote far north of Western Australia. Seven ‘potential’ in-stream habitat units were identified on the basis of their physical properties. Multivariate and species preference analysis of macroinvertebrate data indicated that these habitats supported six distinct macroinvertebrate assemblages, providing six ‘functional’ habitats (gravel runs and rock rapids, sand margins, mud/silt margins, flooded riparian vegetation, emergent vegetation, and submerged macrophyte beds). Macroinvertebrate preferences for particular habitats reflected the broad ecology and life-history characteristics of the species, which in turn reflected the physical attributes of the habitats. We argue that in a region where the fauna has been little studied, and for which there is little ecological information, the FHC is a valuable approach. For a river that is facing increased water abstraction, the FHC potentially aids in the preservation of macroinvertebrate diversity as it identifies critical functional habitats for managers to maintain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Handling editor: K. Martens     

四川杂谷脑河底栖动物初步调查

于2004年5月对四川杂谷脑河流域9个断面的底栖动物进行了调查。共采集到底栖动物11种,其中水生昆虫8种,软体动物2种和扁形动物1种。应用Beck生物指数对其水质状况进行评价,结果表明杂谷脑河流域除个别断面(红叶减水河段)清洁外,大部分河段有一定程度的污染。     

Application of multivariate statistics and toxicity indices to evaluate the water quality suitability for fish of three rivers in the Kruger National Park,South Africa

The water quality of the Olifants, Letaba and Luvuvhu rivers within the Kruger National Park was assessed for their suitability to sustain fish populations. Since water quality assessments result in huge datasets, principal component analysis and an aquatic toxicity index (ATI) were employed to reduce these to more manageable indices. Water quality changed over time, with metal concentrations decreasing, and high flows resulted in increased concentrations of suspended metals. The ATI indicated that metals had no major effect on lowering index values in any of the rivers, and that these values were affected by turbidity in both the Olifants and Letaba rivers, whilst nutrients such as ammonium and orthophosphates negatively affected index scores in the Luvuvhu River. Water quality has improved from the 1990s to 2011.     

Spatial and temporal response of multiple trait-based indices to natural- and anthropogenic seafloor disturbance (effluents)

To support ecosystem-based management and achieve the Good Environmental Status (GES) of marine waters it is important to better comprehend the relationships between biodiversity and environmental disturbance (anthropogenic and natural). Biotic indices are widely used in studies to help understanding these relationships and to assess the environmental status of waters. In recent years, trait-based indices rapidly emerged as an alternative ‘functional’ approach to serve this purpose. In this study, we analysed how two indices based upon the mean (community-weighted mean trait value–CWM) and the diversity of multiple traits (Rao’s quadratic entropy–Rao) in a macroinvertebrate community respond to natural- and anthropogenic seafloor disturbance (effluents) and we compared their performance with the widely used AMBI and M-AMBI. Our results demonstrate that CWM and Rao were not effective in indicating anthropogenic disturbance in the Basque coast, Bay of Biscay. The main reason was probably that many traits did not have a strong link with this type of disturbance. Besides, the mechanistic links between certain traits and their response to anthropogenic seafloor disturbance in marine environments is currently not well understood. From a management perspective: the CWM does not provide a single value indicating a quality status, which makes it a difficult tool to use and interpret. This index is probably more useful for scientists who want to explore and understand different aspects of community functioning. On the other hand, Rao and other indices expressing trait diversity do provide a single value of functioning; therefore they could potentially be effectively used for management purposes. However, to improve its performance, detailed and accurate trait data is required, which is currently lacking for many marine species.     

香溪河水质空间分布特性研究

运用聚类分析和主成分分析对香溪河19个样点水质的理化特性进行研究,聚类分析表明,根据各采样点之间水质组分的相似性可将香溪河大致分为3个河段,分别属于不同的亚流域,各亚流域问的特征差异显著,对各河段水质的主成分分析表明,上述3河段的主要水质信息差异很大,第1河段(在河流上游)水质的信息主要体现为总碱度和硬度,第2河段(河流中游)主要体现为可溶性磷酸盐、总磷和氯离子,第3河段(河流下游)则为pH、亚硝酸盐氮、总氮和COD,文中结合香溪河流域地理环境背景,探讨了香溪河水质空间分布格局的成因,为分析流域水质状况及成因提供了一条简单有效的途径。     

付疃河流域中下游大型底栖动物群落结构与水质生物学评价

2018年12月-2019年10月对山东省日照市付疃河流域中下游大型底栖动物及相应水环境因子进行分季节的监测,并对底栖动物群落组成、多样性特征及与水质因子的相关性进行分析。结果表明,调查共采集底栖动物42种（环节动物14种、节肢动物20种、软体动物8种）,广泛分布物种为霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）、水丝蚓属（Limnodrilus sp.）及摇蚊属（Chironomus sp.）;底栖动物总密度呈春季 > 冬季 > 秋季 > 夏季;CCA （Canonical Correspondence Analysis）分析表明环节动物与COD、TP有显著正相关性,各门类与NH₃-N相关性差异较大;底栖动物多样性分布特征与河流水源结构有关。采用生物多样性指标、指示物种水质生物学指标进行水质评价,Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数评级偏差,Pielou指数评级偏优,而指示物种水质生物学评价（Goodnight-Whitley指数、相对重要性指数及Wright指数）基本一致,整体平均处于中污染,评价过程仍须考虑河流及物种客观属性特征,得到更具适用性的评价管理方法。     

苏州河水质和底栖动物群落1996~2006年的时空变化

分析评价了1996～2006年苏州河水质和底栖动物群落结构的时空变化.结果表明:苏州河环境综合整治工程并没有明显改变下游河段溶解氧低下的状况,底栖生态系统没有改善;苏州河中上游水生生态系统的退化,可能会抵消下游水质改善的效果.苏州河污染整治和水生生态修复的重点应当转移到上游地区.长期数据统计和分析不仅能解释苏州河多年离散的生物学数据,揭示大型底栖动物的长期时空变化规律及其与水质变化的对偶关系,还能指示苏州河修复的关键河段,可以成为河流水质和生态系统评价的有效方法.     

水和氮质量平衡模型预测稻田氮的淋溶损失

水和氮质量平衡模型预测稻田氮的淋溶损失曲向荣（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,沈阳１１００１５）Ｋ．Ｋ．ＴａｎＪｉ（美国加州大学水土气资源系,Ｄａｖｉｓ９５６１６,Ｕ．Ｓ．Ａ．）ＡＷａｔｅｒａｎｄＮｉｔｒｏｇｅｎＭａｓｓＢａｌａｎｃｅＭｏｄｅｌｆｏｒＰ...     

Occurrence and variability of River Habitat Survey features across Europe and the consequences for data collection and evaluation

River Habitat Survey (RHS) data collected for the EU-funded STAR project was used to identify hydromorphological characteristic features of rivers in four European regions namely: lowlands; mountain; the Alps; and the Mediterranean. Using RHS attributes, Habitat Quality Assessment (HQA) – a measure of natural habitat diversity, and Habitat Modification Score (HMS) – a measure of anthropogenic modification, we identified considerable differences in frequency, diversity and evenness of features between the regions. A relatively small subset of features clearly distinguish the hydromorphological characters of lowland, Alpine and southern European rivers. It was more difficult to distinguish mountain rivers from Alpine rivers. The highest statistical differences are observed between Lowland and Mountain region. Within the four regions studied the RHS attributes that most strongly influence the HQA and HMS indices were identified. We conclude that specific effort should be made to ensure these are recorded properly as part of the quality control of RHS data. Electronic supplementary material Electronic supplementary material is available for this article at and accessible for authorised users.     

Small-scale patterns of forest plants and environmental heterogeneity

Small-scale pattern analysis of plant populations was done in nine forest communities of the Moscow region (USSR). In most cases the vegetatively immobile and low-mobile species were found to have less contagious distributions than vegetatively mobile species. In different communities one and the same species may display a different kind of pattern, though no relationship between the abundance of species and the kind of its spatial distribution could be identified. Ecological indicator values were used to obtain data on the variability of environmental parameters inside the communities. Environmental heterogeneity appears to be the major factor determining the kind of vascular plant pattern. The kind of distribution of bryophytes (as a rule, high-contagious) is insignificantly related to environmental heterogeneity.     

生态航道功能区划的理论框架与长江实践

长江“生态航道”建设在支持区域经济发展、河流生态与航运效益协同方面具有重要意义,同时也为全球河流治理的生态化转型提供了参考路径。文章系统回顾了“生态航道”理念的发展历程与长江流域的实践经验,基于河流功能视角重新阐释了“航道”的概念,提出其应被视为基于航运需求划定的功能区而非河流实体。结合长江航道整治的实践,文章分析了当前建设中存在的生态措施缺乏系统性规划和评估体系的复杂化两个核心问题,并从功能区划的科学性、技术体系的生态性和评估框架的高效性三个方面提出优化路径。文章提出,通过强化航运功能与生态功能的动态平衡、优化功能区划与技术协同设计,以及构建聚焦河流生态功能的精简评估体系,可实现航运效益与生态保护的协调发展。文章为长江“生态航道”的可持续建设提供系统化理论依据,并为国际河流航道生态化发展提供借鉴。     

REBECCA databases: experiences from compilation and analyses of monitoring data from 5,000 lakes in 20 European countries

Chemical and biological data from more than 5,000 lakes in 20 European countries have been compiled into databases within the EU project REBECCA. The project’s purpose was to provide scientific support for implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). The databases contain the biological elements phytoplankton, macrophytes, macroinvertebrates and fish, together with relevant chemistry data and station information. The common database strategy has enabled project partners to perform analyses of chemical–biological relationships and to describe reference conditions for large geographic regions in Europe. This strategy has obvious benefits compared with single-country analyses: results will be more representative for larger European regions, and the statistical power and precision will be larger. The high number of samples within some regions has also enabled analysis of type-specific relationships for several lake types. These results are essential for the intercalibration of ecological assessment systems for lakes, as required by the WFD. However, the common database approach has also involved costs and limitations. The data process has been resource-demanding, and the requirements for a flexible database structure have made it less user-friendly for project partners. Moreover, there are considerable heterogeneities among datasets from different countries regarding sampling methods and taxonomic precision; this may reduce comparability of the data and increase the uncertainty of the results. This article gives an overview of the contents and functions of the REBECCA Lakes databases, and of our experiences from constructing and using the databases. We conclude with recommendations for compilation of environmental data for future international projects.     

嘉陵江浮游生物群落结构研究

为揭示嘉陵江梯级水库浮游生物群落结构特征,按枯水期和丰水期对嘉陵江12个梯级水库24个样点进行浮游生物的野外采集,分析其群落结构的物种组成,并采用Shannon-wiener指数、Margalef指数和Pielou均匀度指数进行分析.结果表明:嘉陵江四川段浮游植物共8门42科95属171种,浮游动物的组成共有4纲9目21科30属62种;浮游动物优势种类有21种.浮游生物评价结果表明梯级库区水质处于中度污染状态.