太湖一级保护区非点源磷污染的定量化研究

采用田间实验与实地调查相结合的方法,研究了太湖一级保护区武进市雪堰镇水稻季节各种类型非点源磷污染的负荷分配情况。结果表明,雪堰镇各种类型农业非点源污染中,农田磷排放总量为1313kg,占排放总量的56．2％;农村居民磷排放总量为442kg,占排放总量的18．9％;城镇居民磷排放总量为518kg．占排放总量的22．2％;养殖业磷排放总量为62kg,占排放总量的2．7％．在当前的非点源磷污染治理中,除采取有力措施控制农田养分外,对于城镇和农村居民生活污水和人粪尿的排放也应引起重视。     

鄱阳湖流域泥沙流失及吸附态氮磷输出负荷评估

水土流失是吸附态氮磷输出负荷的主要方式,也是非点源污染评估的重要环节。鄱阳湖流域水土流失及其所带来的泥沙和吸附态氮磷等营养盐将直接影响到鄱阳湖的生态功能,进而影响着长江中下游水环境安全。科学估算鄱阳湖赣江、抚河、信江、饶河、修河等五大流域的土壤侵蚀量和吸附态氮、磷的输出负荷,将为鄱阳湖流域农业非点源污染控制及鄱阳湖生态建设和环境保护提供理论依据。以2007年全国第一次农业污染源普查数据和2007年江西省土壤质量调查数据为基础,利用RUSLE方程和GIS的空间统计功能,对江西省境内鄱阳湖流域的土壤侵蚀量和吸附态氮、吸附态磷的输出负荷进行估算。结果表明：基于RUSLE得到的2007年鄱阳湖五大流域输沙模数比较可信,鄱阳湖流域内泥沙、吸附态氮、吸附态磷的年输出负荷分别为1245183t、3383t和73t,其中赣江流域吸附态氮磷的年输出负荷最大,占鄱阳湖全流域的58.1%,抚河、饶河、信江、修河等分别占11.2%、7.2%、11.3%和12.2%。与流域内农业污染源总氮、总磷排放量相比较,尽管流域尺度内泥沙的输出负荷相对较大,但吸附态氮、磷的输出负荷较小,应该不是鄱阳湖水污染中总氮和总磷等营养盐的主要来源。     

苕溪流域非点源污染特征及其影响因子

应用土壤水体评价模型（SWAT）对苕溪流域径流量、泥沙、营养盐负荷进行模拟计算,分析了2008年苕溪流域非点源污染的时空分布特性.结果表明：苕溪流域非点源污染单位面积产生量表现为北部高于南部、东部高于西部、中部地区最少;耕地是泥沙和污染物产生的主要来源,其单位面积负荷远大于其他土地利用类型;产流量、产沙量与降水量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,雨季(6-9月)的营养盐输出大于旱季(12月至次年3月);平均坡度与泥沙负荷、有机氮负荷及硝态氮负荷呈显著相关关系（P<0.05）.     

Development and application of watershed-scale indicator to quantify non-point source P losses in semi-humid and semi-arid watershed,China

Quantifying non-point source (NPS) phosphorus (P) pollution loads is essential for watershed nutrients management. This study intended to develop a NPS P indicator which (1) was suitable in semi-humid and semi-arid watersheds of Northern China; (2) integrated the key NPS P loss factors and constructed them in a simple and physically understandable way and (3) kept P loss forms distinctively separate. An inverse distance-based delivery ratio was proposed to count for the P delivery efficiency from source to watercourses. We applied this P indicator in Luan River Watershed (LRW) of northern China under typical hydrological years and seasons. Results demonstrated that this NPS P indicator predicted reasonable NPS TP loads using simple methods and readily obtainable inputs. The sub-watersheds located in the south of LRW were recognized as the high risk areas of NPS P loss to Panjiakou reservoir. The upland and paddy fields near the river channels were particularly posing high risk and thus should be treated with prioritized management practices such as soil conservation and recommended fertilization. Rainfall-runoff related variables rather than P source variables explained more of the spatial variation in NPS P load and percentages. Using this tool could give policy makers insight into the component and location of NPS P pollution that needs to be the focus of policy at watershed scales before sophisticated studies were conducted in smaller scales.     

Total inputs of phosphorus and nitrogen by wet deposition into Lake Taihu, China

Lake Taihu suffers from eutrophication caused by riverine nutrient inputs and air deposition. To characterize wet deposition of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) to the lake, precipitation collection and measurements of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) and other components at five cities around Lake Taihu were made from July 2002 to June 2003. TP and TN concentrations and deposition rates exhibited strong spatial variation in the whole catchment. An inverse correlation between station-averaged TP and TN concentrations and precipitation amount was found. Maximal TP concentration in rainfall was found in Suzhou, and maximal TN in Wuxi. However, highest wet deposition rates of TP and TN were found in Suzhou, which suggests that atmospheric nutrients are mostly from the east and northwest area of Lake Taihu. Mean TP and TN deposition rates were 0.03 and 2.0 t km⁻² year⁻¹ respectively in Lake Taihu, which are greater than reported values in other areas by comparision. Total N and P contributed to the lake by wet deposition were 75 and 4720 t per year, respectively, which represent about 7.3% and 16.5% of total annual N and P inputs via inflow rivers. Wet deposition, especially N, could have significant effects on eutrophication in the lake, which shows that air deposition should be taken into account while reducing the external nutrients in the lake.     

农业政策环境扩展模型在我国农业面源污染研究中的应用

我国的面源污染问题逐渐受到政府和科学界的重视,然而面源污染是一个复杂的系统过程,涉及多种因素和多个过程。面源(NPS)污染模型作为解决面源污染相关问题的研究和管理工具,在进行面源污染总量估算和严重程度评价、污染物流失路径和影响因素分析、治理策略制定等方面都有重要的作用。在我国,虽然针对面源污染模型进行了大量相关研究,既包含对基于国外模型的应用与验证,也包含基于观测数据自主研发的模型,但仍然存在模型应用和验证案例不足、已有的模型应用同中国面源污染特征结合不足、模型发展同面源污染机理研究结合不足等问题,而农业政策环境扩展(APEX)模型在应对这些问题上具有一定的优势。结合我国面源污染模型相关研究存在的问题、APEX模型模块和研究进展进行了介绍,对APEX模型在我国面源污染相关问题的研究中涉及的畜禽养殖、复杂耕作系统、特定BMP和水稻田的模拟等相关问题的应用前景进行了探讨,以期能够促进我国农业面源污染模型的发展。     

菜园土壤微生物生态特征与土壤理化性质的关系

对广州白云区64个菜园土壤样本的研究表明,微生物碳与土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效钾、阳离子交换量和有机质,微生物氮与土壤全氮、全磷、阳离子交换量及有机质,土壤基础呼吸与土壤全氮、碱解氮、全钾、阳离子交换量及有机质,AWCD值与全氮及有机质含量,以及Shannon多样性指数与全氮和阳离子交换量均呈显著正相关关系.较低的碱解氮含量使土壤微生物碳、土壤基础呼吸和呼吸商的值升高,过高的碱解氮则使呼吸商下降;过高的土壤有效磷降低微生物碳、微生物氮和微生物呼吸商.有效磷/碱解氮比值过高降低了土壤微生物碳、微生物氮、微生物碳氮比及土壤基础呼吸.土壤微生物生态特征与土壤理化性质关系密切,有效养分过高及养分比例不适当对土壤微生物均存在不利影响.     

Differentiation of soil properties related to the spatial association of wheat roots and soil macropores

Under certain soil conditions, e.g. hardsetting clay B-horizons of South-Eastern Australia, wheat plants do not perform as well as would be expected given measurements of bulk soil attributes. In such soils, measurement indicates that a large proportion (80%) of roots are preferentially located in the soil within 1 mm of macropores. This paper addresses the question of whether there are biological and soil chemical effects concomitant with this observed spatial relationship. The properties of soil manually dissected from the 1–3 mm wide region surrounding macropores, the macropore sheath, were compared to those that are measured in a conventional manner on the bulk soil. Field specimens of two different soil materials were dissected to examine biological differentiation. To ascertain whether the macropore sheath soil differs from rhizosphere soil, wheat was grown in structured and repacked cores under laboratory conditions. The macropore sheath soil contained more microbial biomass per unit mass than both the bulk soil and the rhizosphere. The bacterial population in the macropore sheath was able to utilise a wider range of carbon substrates and to a greater extent than the bacterial population in the corresponding bulk soil. These differences between the macropore sheath and bulk soil were almost non-existent in the repacked cores. Evidence for larger numbers of propagules of the broad host range fungus Pythium in the macropore sheath soil were also obtained. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

非点源污染输出对土地利用和社会经济变化响应的案例研究

为研究三峡库区(重庆段)自2006年10月蓄水(156m)以来,非点源污染输出对土地利用及社会经济背景变化响应的时空分异特征,综合考虑库区典型土地利用变化模式及社会经济背景,选取三峡库区腹地奉节县、忠县、库尾江津区及主城沙坪坝区为研究对象,使用动态输出系数模型法,以2007年、2010年和2013年3期遥感影像为数据源,分析了研究区2007年到2013年非点源污染TN、TP负荷量随土地利用类型改变及社会经济的发展而产生的时空变化特征。研究表明,6年间,研究区污染物TN从2007年的12126.9t上升到2013年的12692.3t,TP从2007年的394.6t上升到2013年的407.2t。就各典型区县而言,城市发展新区江津区非点源污染负荷呈上升趋势,TN、TP负荷量涨幅分别达到了28.6%和24.1%;而库尾城市快速扩展的沙坪坝区则呈现下降趋势,非点源污染TN、TP负荷量分别下降了48.8%和68.9%;仍保持传统农业的奉节县和忠县变化不大。     

土壤化学性质对Cu的植物吸收效应和土壤有效Cu测定的影响

在华北平原石灰性土壤中,盆栽小麦的生物相关性检验证明,常用的SB/D联合浸提剂或AB/D联合浸提剂,与植物的吸Cu量均无显著相关关系,不适合直接用来测定土壤有效Cu.校正土壤pH和有机质含量之后,SB/D侵提剂与吸Cu总量的相关性则达到P＜0.01的极显著水平,可用于土壤有效Cu的评价.土壤pH越高则小麦吸收的Cu越少;土壤pH升高1个单位,则土壤有效Cu吸收量平均减少19μg·盆^-1.土壤pH升高和有机质含量增加,土壤有效Cu的测定结果分别减小和增大.     

Stocks and dynamics of SOC in relation to soil redistribution by water and tillage erosion

Soil organic carbon (SOC) displaced by soil erosion is the subject of much current research and the fundamental question, whether accelerated soil erosion is a source or sink of atmospheric CO₂, remains unresolved. A toposequence of terraced fields as well as a long slope was selected from hilly areas of the Sichuan Basin, China to determine effects of soil redistribution rates and processes on SOC stocks and dynamics. Soil samples for the determination of caesium‐137 (¹³⁷Cs), SOC, total N and soil particle size fractions were collected at 5 m intervals along a transect down the two toposequences. ¹³⁷Cs data showed that along the long slope transect soil erosion occurred in upper and middle slope positions and soil deposition appeared in the lower part of the slope. Along the terraced transect, soil was lost over the upper parts of the slopes and deposition occurred towards the downslope boundary on each terrace, resulting in very abrupt changes in soil redistribution over short distances either side of terrace boundaries that run parallel with the contour on the steep slopes. These data reflect a difference in erosion process; along the long slope transect, water erosion is the dominant process, while in the terraced landscape soil distribution is mainly the result of tillage erosion. SOC inventories (mass per unit area) show a similar pattern to the ¹³⁷Cs inventory, with relatively low SOC content in the erosional sites and high SOC content in depositional areas. However, in the terraced field landscape C/N ratios were highest in the depositional areas, while along the long slope transect, C/N ratios were highest in the erosional areas. When the samples are subdivided based on ¹³⁷Cs‐derived erosion and deposition data, it is found that the erosional areas have similar C/N ratios for both toposequences, while the C/N ratios in depositional areas are significantly different from each other. These differences are attributed to the difference in soil erosion processes; tillage erosion is mainly responsible for high‐SOC inventories at depositional positions on terraced fields, whereas water erosion plays a primary role in SOC storage at depositional positions on the long slope. These data support the theory that water erosion may cause a loss of SOC due to selective removal of the most labile fraction of SOC, while on the other hand tillage erosion only transports the soil over short distances with less effect on the total SOC stock.     

转Bt基因作物毒素土壤存活特性及与土壤性质的关系研究进展

随着转Bt基因作物的推广和应用,其对生态环境及其它方面可能产生的影响越来越受到重视。加之Bt毒素蛋白检测技术的发展,国外学者们围绕纯化毒素蛋白与土壤的相互关系等方面开展了大量研究,并取得了一些结果。本文介绍了转Bt基因作物产生的毒素蛋白的杀虫特性,杀虫蛋白的测定方法,转Bt基因作物向大田释放存在的潜在风险及土壤矿物质,有机质,有机矿质复合体对纯化Bt毒素存活的影响,毒素在根际土壤中的行为等方面的研究现状,最后,提出了今后有关研究应注意的几个问题。     

Growth,development and yield of pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) ‘Homestead selection’ in response to soil moisture stress

Summary The effects of four soil water potential regimes under greenhouse conditions on growth, development, and yield of ‘Homestead selection’ pawpaw were investigated. The objectives were to determine the critical soil water potential regime and the moisture sensitive stages of growth of pawpaw. Repeated cycles of stress to −6.0 bar soil water potential imposed as from vegetative phase prevented fruit formation by constantly causing flower abscission. The stressed plants were stunted in size. The −2.0 bar soil water potential value was considered the critical level for normal growth and reproductive development of pawpaw. The mid-vegetative, flowering and fruit enlargement phases were moisture sensitive.     

半干旱草地土壤团聚体氮磷转化相关酶活性对氮添加的响应

日益加剧的大气氮沉降对土壤养分循环过程产生了深刻影响,土壤养分转化相关酶是其关键调控途径,而土壤不同粒级团聚体结构和环境差异导致其中酶活性介导的养分转换过程可能不同。但目前对半干旱区土壤团聚体水平养分转化相关酶活性对氮沉降的响应还不清楚。基于黄土高原自然草地持续3年的野外氮添加控制试验,分析不同氮添加水平下土壤不同粒级团聚体中的基础理化性质、氮（亮氨酸氨基肽酶LAP和β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶NAG）和磷转化相关的酶（磷酸单酯酶PME、磷酸二酯酶PDE和植酸酶phyA）活性及酶计量比,探索氮添加对团聚体酶活性的影响。结果表明：（1）氮添加导致了不同粒级团聚体中pH显著降低;高氮添加引起土壤团聚体有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、C ： P和N ： P升高;（2）随氮添加浓度增加,不同粒级团聚体中PME、PDE和phyA活性先降低后升高,而LAP、NAG和酶活性氮磷比均逐渐升高;团聚体酶活性总体表现为小团聚体（<0.25 mm）>中团聚体（0.25-2 mm）>大团聚体（>2 mm）;（3）在中和大团聚体中氮添加通过影响土壤N相关养分调控P转化相关酶活性。总之,氮添加通过改变团聚体养分及其计量比、pH等影响氮、磷转化相关酶活性。     

The volatilization of ammonia from cattle urine applied to soils as influenced by soil properties

The amounts of ammonia volatilized, following the application of cattle urine to 22 soils, were measured in the laboratory during an incubation period of 10 days. The urine contained 12.0 g N dm^-3 and was applied to small columns of soil at a rate equivalent to 26.5 g N m^-2. The soils were from fields of both grassland and arable cultivation and varied widely in properties. Ammonia volatilization ranged from 6.8 to 41.3% of the total urinary N, with a mean value of 26.4%. The soil property most closely related to the extent of volatilization was cation exchange capacity (CEC), and this was so whether all 22 soils were considered together or whether the 14 grassland and 8 arable soils were considered separately. In general, the higher the CEC the less the amount of ammonia volatilized. However, for a given value of CEC, volatilization tended to be greater from a grassland than from an arable soil. The pH of a soil/urine mixture measured after 24 hours was also quite closely correlated with the amount of ammonia volatilized, but the initial pH and titratable acidity of the soil were poorly correlated with ammonia volatilization. ei]H Marschner ei]H Lambers     

Nutrient variation in forest soil samples due to time of sampling and method of storage

Summary This study was carried out in order to assess the importance of storage procedures and time of sampling for the results of routine chemical analyses of forest soils. Humus and mineral soil samples were collected at five-week intervals during two growing seasons from a sample plot in a coniferous forest in northern Sweden. The samples were either air-dried (+35°C) or frozen (−20°C). After a few months they were analysed for ‘easily available’ and ‘relatively available’ phosphorus (P-AL and P-HCl) and potassium (K-AL and K-HCl), ammonium, nitrate and pH. In some cases there was a significant difference between the two sample treatments. In humus, the concentrations of P-AL and NH₄-N were 51% and 76% higher in samples which had been frozen than in those which had been air-dried while the concentrations of NO₃-N were 75% higher. in air-dried than in frozen samples. In mineral soil samples, 21–64% higher concentrations of K-AL were found in frozen samples compared to air-dried and 80–427% higher concentrations of NO₃-N in air-dried than in frozen samples. No distinct seasonal variations were found for any of the parameters.     

凤丹连作对土壤理化性质和酶活性影响的研究

研究了安徽南陵凤丹园1~5年连续种植地中凤丹根际土壤的理化性质和几种酶活性的变化规律。结果表明：所有种植年限的凤丹根际土壤pH值均小于非种植土壤（p〈0.05）。全N、全P、全K、有机质等理化性质及酶活性（脲酶,硝酸还原酶,多酚氧化酶和蛋白酶）均显著高于非种植土壤（p〈0.05）。各年限根际土壤的脲酶,硝酸还原酶,多酚氧化酶和蛋白酶的R/S值均大于1,显示凤丹对4种根际土壤酶酶活性影响为正效应。连作5年凤丹和1年生凤丹根际土壤相比多酚氧化酶,脲酶和蛋白酶的活性分别下降了64.84%、52.55%、51.59%（均p〈0.05）;连作5年和2年相比,硝酸还原酶下降了23.26%（p〈0.05）,同时土壤全N、全P、全K和有机质分别下降了57.84%,36.76%,47.89%和19.84%（p〈0.05）。说明随凤丹连作,土壤中积累的根系分泌物对4种土壤酶活性表现出抑制作用,可能影响了土壤的理化性质。为揭示凤丹连作障碍的机理提供了实验依据。     

Availability of iron,manganese, zinc and phosphorus in submerged sodic soil as affected by amendments during the growth period of rice crop

Summary Effect of amendments, gypsum (12.5 tonnes/ha), farmyard manure (30 tonnes/ha), rice husk (30 tonnes/ha) and also no amendment (control) on the availability of native Fe, Mn and P and applied Zn in a highly sodic soil during the growth period of rice crop under submerged conditions was studied in a field experiment. Soil samples were collected at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of crop growth. Results showed that extractable Fe (1N NH₄OAC pH 3) and Mn (1N NH₄OAC pH 7) increased with submergence upto 60 days of crop growth but thereafter remained either constant or declined slightly. Application of farmyard manure and rice husk resulted in marked improvement of these elements over gypsum and control. Increases in extractable Mn (water soluble plus exchangeable) as a result of submergence and crop growth under different amendments were accompanied by corresponding decreases in easily reducible Mn content of the soil. Application of 40 kg zinc sulphate per hectare to rice crop could substantially raise the available Zn status (DTPA extractable) of the soil in gypsum and farmyard manure treated plots while the increase was only marginal in rice husk and control plots indicating greater fixation of applied Zn. Available P (0.5M NaHCO₃ pH 8.5) behaved quite differently and decreased in the following order with crop growth: gypsum>rice husk>farmyard manure>control.     

三江源地区不同建植期人工草地植被特征及其与土壤特征的关系

研究了三江源地区不同建植期人工草地群落生物量、物种组成、多样性指数和土壤理化特征,并用多元逐步回归分析法探讨了土壤理化特征对群落生物量、多样性变化的响应.结果表明:研究区不同建植期人工草地植物群落的种类组成、植物功能群组成和群落数量特征存在显著差异;土壤含水量随着物种多样性指数的增加而增加,土壤容重随着物种多样性的增加而减小;土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤含水量、土壤有机质呈极显著正相关,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关;土壤有机碳含量明显呈"V"字型变化,且与土壤含水量的变化趋势相一致,随土壤容重的增加而减少;群落生物量与土壤养分和土壤含水量之间呈显著正相关,群落地上、地下生物量的增加有利于提高土壤养分含量.     

Estimation of autotrophic and heterotrophic components of soil respiration by trenching is sensitive to corrections for root decomposition and changes in soil water content

This study aims to assess the effects of corrections for disturbances such as an increased amount of dead roots and an increase in volumetric soil water content on the calculation of soil CO₂ efflux partitioning. Soil CO₂ efflux, soil temperature and superficial soil water content were monitored in two young beech sites (H1 and H2) during a trenching experiment. Trenching induced a significant input of dead root mass that participated in soil CO₂ efflux and reduced the soil dissolved organic carbon content, while it increased superficial soil water content within the trenched plot. Annual soil CO₂ efflux in control plots was 528 g C m⁻² year⁻¹ at H1 and 527 g C m⁻² year⁻¹ at H2. The annual soil CO₂ efflux in trenched plots was 353 g C m⁻² year⁻¹ at H1 and 425 g C m⁻² year⁻¹ at H2. By taking into account annual CO₂ efflux from decaying trenched roots, the autotrophic contribution to total soil CO₂ efflux reached 69% at H1 and 54% at H2. The partitioning calculation was highly sensitive to the initial root mass estimated within the trenched plots. Uncertainties in the remaining root mass, the fraction of root C that is incorporated into soil organic matter during root decomposition, and the root decomposition rate constant had a limited impact on the partitioning calculation. Corrections for differences in superficial soil water content had a significant impact on annual respired CO₂ despite a limited effect on partitioning.