效率视角下的省域生态文明建设评价研究

在界定生态文明概念的基础上,从省域层面入手,选取25个具有可操作性的评价指标,构建以国土空间优化、资源节约集约利用和生态环境保护为一级指标的生态文明建设评价指标体系,综合运用网络层次分析和集对分析等研究方法,定量研究我国省域生态文明建设绩效;在此基础上,将国土空间优化绩效、资源节约集约利用绩效和生态环境保护绩效作为产出指标,将就业人数、科学技术财政支出、节能环保财政支出作为投入指标,运用数据包络分析法测度各省(市)生态文明建设效率,分析指标投入冗余和产出不足情况,并修正评价绩效。研究表明:(1)规模效率低于0.6的省份共24个,占80%,规模效率不高是制约生态文明建设水平提升的重要障碍;(2)在生态文明建设投入冗余和产出不足方面,数值较高的省(市)在地理分布上具有明显的区域聚集性;(3)领先地区资源节约集约利用绩效平均分高达3.92,落后地区平均分仅为0.84,生态文明建设绩效的差异性在资源节约集约利用方面表现的尤为明显;(4)人口规模偏大、绿色生态空间建设滞后于经济发展、水资源利用效率不高是多数生态强省(市)的薄弱环节。     

旅游地生态效率测度的SBM-DEA模型及实证分析

旅游地是典型的人地关系相互作用的特殊区域,旅游地的生态效率研究是其制定与实施包容性、持续性发展政策与措施的基础。采用基于时间序列、包含非期望产出的SBM-DEA模型方法,构建旅游地生态效率测度模型及评价指标体系,以黄山风景区为例,利用1981—2014年的投入产出数据,测度旅游地复合系统的生态效率,分析其演化特征和阶段,并利用Tobit回归模型对其影响因素进行实证检验。结果表明:(1)34年来,黄山风景区旅游生态效率(综合效率)不断提升,且具较大发展潜力,在分解效率中,技术效率较高,规模效率次之,规模效率是决定综合效率的关键因素;(2)旅游生态效率的演化经历了初期低效、快速成长、成熟高效、下行风险四个阶段,不同阶段效率的特征不同,影响因素也存在差异;(3)旅游生态效率完成了由规模报酬递增向递减的过渡,资源要素的投入冗余已成为现阶段阻碍生态效率的进一步提高的关键因素;(4)旅游发展水平、产业结构和技术水平对生态效率产生显著的正向影响,投资水平产生显著的负向影响,以废弃物末端治理为表征的环保规制对生态效率的提升作用并不显著。文章最后提出,在山岳型风景区发展初期,应尽可能扩大资源要素投入规模,进入成熟阶段后,则转向逐渐控制投入规模,改善技术能力和资源配置能力,摒弃过度依靠资源消耗和环境污染的粗放式发展模式,走精细化、可持续的发展道路。     

中国人均灰水生态足迹变化驱动效应测度及时空分异

将传统灰水足迹和水生态足迹方法相结合,运用扩展的Kaya恒等式和LMDI指数分解方法对中国各省市的人均灰水生态足迹变化的驱动因素进行测度分析,充分考虑了资本和劳动力因素,选取经济活度效应,资本深化效应,资本效率效应,足迹强度效应,环境效率效应5个效应对人均灰水生态足迹变化的影响,结合ISODATA聚类模型对各效应进行空间聚类,从而分析各效应的空间特征。结果显示:中国人均灰水生态足迹产出变化是这5种因素共同作用的结果,资本深化效应和经济活度效应具有增量效应特点,而环境效率效应、足迹强度效应、资本效率效应呈减量效应特点;在各驱动效应的的强弱对比中,资本深化效应和足迹强度效应的特征较为明显。经济发展带动了科技进步也使得用水效率不断提高是足迹强度效应呈减量效应的主要原因;而工业化阶段经济向资本密集型转变是资本效率下降的主要原因。研究对中国灰水生态变化与资本要素之间的关系进行了探讨,对环保政策的调整及水资源可持续利用研究具有一定的参考价值。     

Material flow analysis (MFA) of an eco-economic system: a case study of Wujin District, Changzhou, China

The economic and ecological aspects of a social system are coherently linked and can be examined by its material and energy flows. In this study, we used the material flow analysis (MFA) to model the material input and output of the Wujin District of Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province in China. It was revealed that: (1) total material input and material input per capita increased with economic development, while the total material output and material output per capita decreased consistently; (2) except for water, the total material input continued to increase. Input of solid materials grew faster than that of gaseous materials, while the total material output declined. The gas output accounted for the largest proportion of the output resulting in primary environmental pollution as burned fossil fuel; (3) water use in agriculture continued with an increasing trend while that in industrial and residential sectors decreased per capita. The total wastewater discharge and wastewater discharge per capita decreased with a faster decreasing rate of residential wastewater discharge followed by industrial wastewater discharge; (4) material input per unit GDP fluctuated and material output per unit GDP decreased. A decreasing trend in both water use and wastewater discharge per unit GDP was disclosed. These results suggest that the efficiency of resource use in the Wujin District has improved. This weakened the direct link between economic development and environmental deterioration. Additionally, we discussed the harmonic development between environment and economy. Potential limitations of MFA’s application were also discussed. It is suggested that effective measures should be taken for the enforcement of circular economic strategies and the construction of a resource-saving economy __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, (8): 2578–2586 [译自:生态学报]     

区域生态经济系统的物质输入与输出分析——以常州市武进区为例

运用物质流分析（MFA）方法,对江苏省常州市武进区生态经济系统中物质输入与输出进行了系统的分析,结果表明：（1）随着社会经济发展和人口增长,武进区物质输入总量及人均物质输入量也在增加,但递增速率均远小于GDP增长速率,而物质输出总量及人均物质输出量则呈现递减趋势;（2）在不考虑水的因素情况下,武进区物质输入量保持较快的上升速度,其中固体物质的增长速率远远大于气体物质的增长速率;物质输出量则呈总体下降趋势,其中以气体物质输出量的贡献最大,对环境造成污染的物质以气体特别是以化石燃料燃烧排放的废气和工业废气为主;（3）排除占大部分比例农业用水的上升,工业用水、城镇生活用水和地下水总量及人均利用强度都在减少;同时,总的废水排放量及人均排放量在减少,其中又以生活废水排放量的减少最快,其次是工业废水;（4）单位GDP物质输入量的变化处于波动状态,同期的单位GDP物质输出量则呈递减趋势,单位GDP用水量和单位GDP废水排放量则有相同的递减趋势,表征了武进区资源利用效率的稳步提高,区域经济增长和环境压力也在逐步脱钩。上述结果体现了武进区近年来循环经济发展模式的优势,但还存在较多问题,说明武进区在调整物质利用强度和提高资源利用效率方面还需下更大的功夫,并采取相关措施,以期提高实施循环经济战略与建设节约型社会的地位和意义。文章最后结合研究区实际情况就区域环境一经济的协调发展进行了展望,指出了物质流分析方法在应用中的一些缺陷,为今后该领域的进一步研究提供了借鉴。     

Material flow analysis (MFA) of an eco-economic system:a case study of Wujin District,Changzhou,China

The economic and ecological aspects of a social system are coherently linked and can be examined by its material and energy flows.In this study,we used the material flow analysis (MFA) to model the material input and output of the Wujin District of Changzhou City,Jiangsu Province in China.It was revealed that:(1) total material input and material input per capita increased with economic development,while the total material out-put and material output per capita decreased consistently;(2) except for water,the total material input continued to increase.Input of solid materials grew faster than that of gaseous materials,while the total material output declined.The gas output accounted for the largest pro-portion of the output resulting in primary environmental pollution as burned fossil fuel; (3) water use in agriculture continued with an increasing trend while that in industrial and residential sectors decreased per capita.The total wastewater discharge and wastewater discharge per capita decreased with a faster decreasing rate of residential was-tewater discharge followed by industrial wastewater dis-charge; (4) material input per unit GDP fluctuated and material output per unit GDP decreased.A decreasing trend in both water use and wastewater discharge per unit GDP was disclosed.These results suggest that the effi-ciency of resource use in the Wujin District has improved.This weakened the direct link between economic develop-ment and environmental deterioration.Additionally,we discussed the harmonic development between environ-ment and economy.Potential limitations of MFA's application were also discussed.It is suggested that effec-tive measures should be taken for the enforcement of cir-cular economic strategies and the construction of a resource-saving economy     

中国农业生态效率评价方法与实证——基于非期望产出的SBM模型分析

生态效率是衡量经济与资源环境协调发展的重要指标.基于将农业面源污染作为非期望产出的考量,在对传统DEA模型进行修正的基础上,采用非径向、非角度的SBM模型对中国30个省份的农业生态效率进行了测算,并给出了农业生态效率的改善途径.研究结果表明:1998-2009年中国农业生态效率虽然呈现缓慢上升态势,但整体仍处于较低水平,除北京、上海、海南、重庆外,其余省市都需要改变投入和产出来优化农业生态效率;资源的过度消耗和环境污染物的过量排放是农业生态效率损失的主要原因.提高资源利用效率、降低资源消耗量和环境污染物的排放量是农业生态效率改善的重要途径.     

中国人均灰水足迹区域差异及因素分解

促进我国整体水资源利用率和水环境质量的提升,已成为当前亟待解决的问题。为探究生产要素和其他传统因素对人均水资源环境差异的影响,基于对中国31省区(港、澳、台尚未统计) 2000—2014年人均灰水足迹的测算,应用Theil指数和扩展的Kaya恒等式对其区域差异及驱动因子进行探究。结果表明:1)近年全国人均灰水足迹差异缓幅波动,组间差异指数逐渐提升,组内差异为总体差异的主要来源,西部地区组内差异最大。2)在单一要素方面,资本深化和技术效率为全国差异的主导因素,也分别为中、东部组内差异的主导因素;经济活度对各类差异的驱动效应最小,且西部除该效应外,都为驱动差异的重要因素。3)相互作用成分中,除西部资本产出效应与单位GDP灰水足迹相互作用的贡献值最高外,其他地区资本深化效应与单位资本存量灰水足迹相互作用的贡献较大。在技术效率效应与环境效率效应相互作用方面,技术效率的提升可以带动东、西部灰水足迹所占比重下降和中部灰水足迹比重提高。经济活度效应与就业人口人均灰水足迹相互作用的贡献最小。     

Applying the Water Footprint and dynamic Structural Decomposition Analysis on the growing water use in China during 1997–2007

China has experienced rapid economic development during the recent years. In the meantime, the total water use in China has greatly increased, causing considerably severe water shortage. To quantify how the social-economic development drives the change of water use is of great importance for Chinese government. This study aims to quantitatively investigate the determinants of the growing water use in China during 1997–2007. China's water usages in 1997–2007 are indicated by the Internal Water Footprint (IWF), External Water Footprint (EWF), and Exported Virtual Water (ExVW) using an input–output based WF analysis. A dynamic Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA) model is employed to decompose the changes in the total WFs (TWF) into five social-economic determinants. The dynamic SDA model, which uses a nonlinear path function to simulate the real paths followed by determinants, is a further development of a path-based SDA algorithm. To validate the dynamic SDA, a comparison study is carried out against the commonly used mean decomposition model. The results from the WF analysis show that, during 1997–2007, the increase of China's water use is dominated by the ExVW, which increases significantly due to the expansion of exports. While the changes in the IWF and EWF tend to help mitigating the water pressure. The dynamic decomposition results indicate that the consumption level is the dominant factor of China's water use growth, and the changes in water-saving technology and final demand pattern contribute largely to offsetting the water use growth. The model comparison shows that the dynamic SDA model is more advanced in obtaining reliable results and addressing the static issue of traditional SDA models. This study provides a robust framework for understanding the water use situation from the social-economic perspectives, which benefits sustainable water management.     

武汉市造纸行业资源代谢分析

资源代谢问题是造成产业系统生态环境影响的主要原因.在分析武汉市造纸行业资源代谢的基础上从资源输入-资源使用-环境胁迫-系统循环共生4个方面构建武汉市造纸行业资源代谢分析指标体系.运用模糊综合评判法和问题树模型对2007年武汉市造纸业的原材料、水、能源等资源的代谢与全国造纸行业平均水平进行了比较分析.结果表明:(1)武汉市造纸业资源代谢水平总体上评价等级为优,但某些指标与全国平均水平比还略有差距;(2)从资源输入角度分析,原材料输入生态效率及水资源输入生态效率等级为优,能源输入生态效率等级为良;(3)从资源使用角度分析,单位产品的原材料消耗及单位产品的水资源消耗等级为优,单位产品的能源消耗等级为良;(4)从环境胁迫角度分析,单位污染物工业总产值及单位产品污染物排放等级均为优,污染物达标排放率等级为良;(5)从系统循环共生分析,企业清洁生产达标率等级为良,资源持续利用及污染物治理等级为优,而中水回用率等级为差.通过代谢分析可得,武汉市造纸行业能源输入生态效率、单位产品能源消耗与全国平均水平比还有一定距离,整个行业中企业清洁生产比例还具有提升的空间;中水回用方面较弱,需要特别加强.     

Provincial level-based emergy evaluation of crop production system and development modes in China

This paper presented a multi-objective indicator system for the performance evaluation of crop production system based on emergy method. Eight emergy indicators were selected to analyze the crop production system in the 31 provinces of mainland China to compare intensive use, scale management, investment density, environmental pressure, output benefit, output density, output per capita, and economic benefit. This paper conducted a comparison of each indicator in different provinces, and divided the 31 provinces into 10 groups by cluster analysis. The results show that: the crop production system among provinces has a significant difference and it is summarized into 10 development modes; with the development of modern agriculture, Chinese crop production system still complies with the input–output balance; the majority of provinces cannot achieve win-win between economic investment and environmental health; most of the underdeveloped provinces with high productivity may not be able to obtain good economic benefit; there is a significant positive correlation between the scale management degree and emergy output per capita in the crop production system; 10 development modes and policy suggestions are deduced. It is concluded that emergy-based multi-objective indicators can serve as an effective method in the evaluation of crop production system.     

中国大陆省际生态-经济效率的时空格局及其驱动因素

在参考和借鉴有关生态系统服务价值理论研究成果的基础上,提出生态-经济产出效率概念及其内涵、表征方法,结合有关统计数据计算了2001—2013年中国大陆31省区生态-经济产出效率并就其时空分布及重心移动方向、移动距离等进行分析,在此基础上应用探索性空间数据分析方法及偏最小二乘回归模型对其空间集聚特征和驱动因素进行实证分析。研究结果表明:考察时段内中国大陆省际生态-经济产出效率自西向东依次提高的三级梯度分布格局趋于形成;省区之间生态-经济产出效率具有全局空间依赖性和空间正相关特征,显著高-高集聚和显著低-高集聚表现相对稳定、高-低集聚区的生态效率溢出效应促使显著低-低集聚区逐步消失;人均国民生产总值、单位面积内的道路交通里程数、科研资金投入占GDP的比重等三因素显著驱动了中国大陆省际生态-经济产出效率溢出,但东、中、西部地区的制约因素不尽相同。     

厦门市生态经济系统物质流分析

运用物质流分析(MFA)方法和STIRPAT模型,对1996～2007年厦门生态经济系统物质输入与输出进行分析,结果表明:(1)在不考虑水的情况下,物质输入与输出不断增加(年均增长率分别为11.48%、11.41%),但均小于GDP增长速度(15.94%),二者成正比;物质流增长集中表现在对金属、非金属矿物的需求及化石燃料燃烧废气、工业废气的排放.(2)用水量和废水排放量均不断增加,尤以生活污水排放量增长速度较快,加重了区域环境的压力.(3)物质输入与GDP、物质输出与GDP呈良好线性关系.厦门经济发展很大程度上依赖资源消耗.(4)单位GDP物质输入与输出均不断减小,表明资源利用率、处置率明显提高,区域逐步走向生态环境与社会经济的协调发展.(5)构建了厦门物质输入驱动机制的STIRPAT模型,得出人口数量、富裕程度、技术水平或经济结构每分别发生1%的变化,将引起输入量相应发生0.99%、0.98%、0.17%、0.31%的变化.提升技术水平和优化经济结构具有较大调控空间,将是厦门物质减量化战略的实施重点.     

Scaling Relationships in Life Cycle Assessment

Life cycle assessment (LCA) studies include a vast amount of different products. Often, extrapolations are necessary to obtain the life cycle inventory of a specific product. This article provides quantitative scaling factors with power (heat output) for product properties and life cycle impact assessment results of heat pump and biomass furnace technologies. Included in the study are 508 heat pumps and furnaces with differences in power over three orders of magnitude per product group. The key properties of the heat pump system were defined as mass, refrigerant use, and coefficient of performance. For the biomass furnaces, the key properties analyzed were mass, electrical input, and efficiency. The results indicated that both the mass and the refrigerant use increased subproportionally to power. For coefficient of performance and furnace efficiency, no scaling effect was found. Subproportional growth was found between two environmental impacts (global warming and ozone depletion) and power for the production phase. This scaling behavior was similar to conventional cost scaling. The results of our study imply that in LCA, scaling factors can be applied to estimate key properties and corresponding life cycle impact assessment results. This is particularly useful for prospective technology assessments with limited data available.     

基于数据包络分析的江苏省水资源利用效率

采用水足迹理论分析江苏省2000-2010年水资源的真实利用情况,同时从投入产出的角度出发,选取农业用水量、工业用水量、生活用水量、COD排放总量、固定资产投资总额和从业人员数作为投入指标,GDP和粮食产量作为产出指标,运用数据包络分析中的C2R和BC2模型对这11a间江苏省的水资源利用效率进行评价.研究表明:2010年江苏省的水足迹为778.28m3,总体呈缓慢上升趋势.农业用水、工业用水和虚拟水贸易是江苏省水资源利用中的主要组成部分.11a间DEA有效年份占64％,投入冗余和产出不足均为0,即投入和产出达到最优状态.在DEA无效年份中存在冗余,存在资源浪费和污染高排放的情况.可以通过DEA投影结果对其进行改进,实现资源的最优配置.     

基于物质流分析方法的生态海岛建设研究——以长海县为例

建设生态海岛是海岛生态经济系统实现可持续发展的重要途径。运用物质流分析方法对长海县的物质输入与输出状况进行计算,并用物质消耗强度、废物排放强度和环境负荷强度3个指标衡量了该海岛县生态效率的变化,分析了技术进步对海岛生态经济系统生态压力变化的贡献状况。结果表明,2003—2009年间,长海县物质输入总量、物质输出总量和环境负荷总量呈增长态势;生态效率明显提高;技术进步对减轻海岛生态经济系统生态压力的贡献没有抵消经济增长所产生的生态压力的增加量。为了减少物质输入和废物输出,减轻经济活动对海岛生态系统产生的压力,建立创新型管理机制有效促进技术进步,不断提高生态效率具有特别重要的作用。     

农田合理投能区域与最优投能配比的研究

研究表明,农田代辅助能投入有一个合理的投区域,在该区域内增加水肥投能可增加产出能和产投比,总产出能的合理投能区域大于产投比的合理投能区域;低产农田的合理投区域大小高产农田,通过人工辅助能的增加,可能低产农田与高产农田一样达到作物的最高产量水。在合理投能区域内存在水分投 效线和肥料投入高效线,在两条线上相应的水分和肥料投入效益最高;也存在最优投能配比线和最优经济投入配比线,在两条线上的水肥投入,其能     

A hybrid life cycle assessment of water treatment chemicals: an Australian experience

Purpose

Life cycle assessment (LCA) of chemicals is usually developed using a process-based approach. In this paper, we develop a tiered hybrid LCA of water treatment chemicals combining the specificity of process data with the holistic nature of input–output analysis (IOA). We compare these results with process and input–output models for the most commonly used chemicals in the Australian water industry to identify the direct and indirect environmental impacts associated with the manufacturing of these materials.

Methods

We have improved a previous Australian hybrid LCA model by updating the environmental indicators and expanding the number of included industry sectors of the economy. We also present an alternative way to estimate the expenditure vectors to the service sectors of the economy when financial data are not available. Process-based, input–output and hybrid results were calculated for caustic soda, sodium hypochlorite, ferric chloride, aluminium sulphate, fluorosilicic acid, calcium oxide and chlorine gas. The functional unit is the same for each chemical: the production of 1 tonne in the year 2008.

Results and discussion

We have provided results for seven impact categories: global warming potential; primary energy; water use; marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecotoxicity potentials and human toxicity potential. Results are compared with previous IOA and hybrid studies. A sensitivity analysis of the results to assumed wholesale prices is included. We also present insights regarding how hybrid modelling helps to overcome the limitations of using IO- or process-based modelling individually.

Conclusions and recommendations

The advantages of using hybrid modelling have been demonstrated for water treatment chemicals by expanding the boundaries of process-based modelling and also by reducing the sensitivity of IOA to fluctuations in prices of raw materials used for the production of these industrial commodities. The development of robust hybrid life cycle inventory databases is paramount if hybrid modelling is to become a standard practice in attributional LCA.     

碳排放影响下的中国省域土地利用效率差异动态变化与影响因素

土地利用效率是衡量区域经济社会系统运行质量的重要参数。在构建了考虑非期望产出的土地利用效率评价指标体系基础之上,综合运用Super SBM-undesirable DEA和多元统计等研究方法,分析了2003—2016年碳排放影响下的中国省域土地利用效率的时空特征及其影响因素。研究结果表明:中国区域土地利用效率处于中低水平,碳排放非期望产出降低了15%的土地利用效率水平;与全国发展水平空间格局一致,土地利用效率省际差异在空间上呈现出自东向西逐渐递减的分异特征;2003—2016年,土地利用效率演化呈现出"U"型演进特征,区域差异呈现收敛态势;不考虑非期望产出的土地利用效率水平呈现下降态势;非期望产出和能源消费投入过大成为土地利用效率提升的主要限制因素。经济发展水平、对外开放程度以及固定资产投资对土地利用效率的提升起到了显著的正向作用;现阶段城镇化水平的增加对土地利用效率的提升具有微弱促进作用,且仅在东部地区具有显著性。基于松弛变量冗余度和影响因素分析,针对不同区域土地利用效率低效的差异性因素,提出了相应的对策措施。