镇痛多肽——内吗啡肽-1的人工合成及活性研究

 用液相合成方法合成了具有镇痛作用的μ阿片受体的内源性配体——内吗啡肽 - 1(endomorphin- 1 ) ,该四肽为 Tyr- Pro- Trp- Phe NH2 .液相合成法是在氨基酸的 N端用 Boc(叔丁氧羰酰基 )作保护基 ,C端用 HOSu(N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺 )活化 ,与未加保护基的氨基酸在碱性条件下接肽 .先分别合成 C端二肽和 N端二肽 ,再缩合为四肽 ,产物的保护基用盐酸脱帽去除 .中间产物用薄层层析和熔点鉴定其纯度 ,最终得到了高纯度的四肽 .小白鼠脑室注射 (i.c.v)测定表明 ,8.2 5nmol剂量给药 ,其镇痛活性为 87% ,明显高于吗啡 (morphine) .     

胰岛素B链中肽段的合成 Ⅰ.苄氧羰甘·苯丙·苯丙·酪·苏·脯·N~6-对甲苯磺酰赖·丙氨酸甲酯的合成

胰岛素B链中C端八肽的衍生物,即Cbz·gly·phe·phe.tyr·thr·pro·(ε-Tos)lys·ala·OCH_(30)曾依(5 3)方案用DCCI法和叠氮法分别合成。其中五肽片段的衍生物也采用不同途径,即DCCI法、活化酯法和叠氮法,C端三肽的衍生物也采用前二法均合成得到相应的均一的产品。N~∈-对甲苯磺酰-八肽及其中间体,Cbz·gly·phe·phe·tyr·thr·OH和H·pro·(∈-Tos)lys·ala·OH分别用羧肽酶、肾羧肽酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶和氨肽酶水解,证明了各个肽段内并无个别可测得的消旋氢基酸存在;而羧肽酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶作用于这些肽段时所水解的肽键的位置,和这些酶水解胰岛素B链本身的结果相符合。     

胃泌素类似物的人工合成和泌酸活性研究

本文采用液相合成法合成了九种胃泌素类似物,并用大白鼠胃灌流技术测定其泌酸活性。若以五肽胃泌素(Boc-β-Ala-Trp-Met-Asp-phe-NH_2,Boc-五肽)的泌酸活性为100％,则胃泌其它类似物的活性分别为:Boc-四肽(Boc-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH_2)30.32％,Boc-三肽(Boc-Met-Asp-phe-NH_2)0.13％;Fmoc-五肽(Fmoc-β-Ala-Trp-Met-ASP-Phe-NH_2)171％,Fmoc-四肽(Fmco-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH_2)32.88％,Fmoc-三肽·(Fmoc-Met-Asp-Phe-NH_2)0.17％,五肽·TFA(β-Ala-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH_2·TFA)17.45％,四肽·TFA(Trp-Met-Asp-phe-NH_2·TFA)5.58％。 实验结果显示四肽胃泌素类似物的活性这比三肽的高,表明胃泌素C-端片段中色氨酸残基对泌酸活性十分重要。在胃泌素类似物的N-端导入保护基同样提高它们的生物学活性,而Fmoc-保护基的作用还强于Boc-保护性。推测其主要原因是在N-式加上一个疏水性强的基团后有利于形成一个与受体相结合的活性构象。     

八肽胆囊收缩素的结构与活性关系

本文采用液相多肽合成法制备了八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK_8)的六种类似物,并测定了它们诱导离体的豚鼠胆囊收缩的生物学活性。发现CCK_8的N-端乙酰化不改变其生物活性,脱去N-端氨基的CCK_8类似物即Suc-CCK_7与母体CCK_8相比,其活性明显增加。在Boc-CCK_7中,Met被NIe取代活性可完全保留,Gly~(29)被D-Ala取代后仍保留相当的活性,但Gly~(29)被β-Ala取代后则失去胆囊收缩活性;在Met~(28)-Gly~(29)区域引入刚性的r-内酰胺环作为构象限制,也导致活性完全丧失。     

胰岛素B链N端和C端缩短对其与胰岛素抗体结合力的影响

本文研究了B链N端和C端缩短的若干胰岛素类似物与胰岛素抗体的结合能力。结果表明:去B链C端五肽胰岛素(DPI)分子中B_1-Phe去除后其与胰岛素抗体结合力明显下降,这与去B_1-Phe胰岛素与胰岛素抗体结合力下降的趋势相似;去B链C端六肽胰岛素(DHI)与胰岛素抗体结合力与DPI非常接近,都为胰岛素的70%左右。而去B链C端七肽胰岛素(DHPI)与胰岛素抗体结合力与去B链C端六肽胰岛素(DHI)相比,其结合力下降了一个数量级。说明胰岛素B_1-和B_(24)-Phe残基对组成和维持胰岛素分子的抗原决定簇起着重要作用。去B链九肽胰岛素(DNI)与胰岛素抗体的结合力与去B链C端八肽胰岛索(DOI)及DHPI相似。本文对上述结果进行了讨论。     

胰岛素B链中肽段的合成——Ⅳ.苄氧羰丙·白·酪·白·缬·S-苄基半胱甘氨酸乙酯的合成

胰島素B链中B_(14-20)七肽的衍生物,即cbz·ala·leu·tyr·leu·val·(S-Bz)cys·gly·OC_2H_5,曾用DCCI法和迭氮法依(3 4)途径分别合成。其中三肽片段(B_(14-16))由cbz·ala·OH与H·leu·tyr·OC_2H_5用DCCI法合成,四肽片段(B_(17-20))采用DCCI法依(2 2)途径,和活化酯法依(1 3)途径分別縮合而得。cbz-肽酯經皂化得相应的cbz-肽,再經HBr/HAc处理得自由三肽、S-苄基自由四肽及S-苄基自由七肽。前两者能为羧肽酶或氨肽酶完全消化,証明該两肽段中并无可測得的消旋氨基酸存在,后者能为胰凝乳蛋白酶水解,释放出三肽及四肽,符合該酶的专一性并証明七肽的光学純度。     

一种筛选单体速效胰岛素的简便方法

通过基因突变方法制备的单体速效胰岛素Lispro Insulin已上市用于治疗糖尿病,如何利用简便快速的方法研究获得新的单体速效胰岛素成为研究的热点。以Lispro Insulin为模型,利用猪胰岛素的胰蛋白酶酶切大片段(DOI,去B链C端八肽胰岛素)和化学合成的八肽,通过胰蛋白酶的酶促合成方法为筛选新的单体速效胰岛素提供了新的途径。结果显示,酶促合成得到的95％纯度的Lispro Insulin具备了单体速效胰岛素的不自身聚合的特点。     

反相高效液相层析在糖化白蛋白肽段分离纯化中的应用

采用一种简单的“甲醇-水-三氟醋酸”作为洗脱体系的反相高效液相层析（简称RP-HPLC）对通过固相合成方法合成的糖化白蛋白肽段进行了分析鉴定和分离纯化.使用酸敏性PEG载体,Fmoc保护化学法合成了白蛋白八肽NH₂-Lys-Gln-Thr-Ala-Leu-Tyr-Tyr-Cys-COOH.对其N端Lys进行糖化反应后,经Sephadex G-10柱色谱纯化后,通过RP-HPLC分析,证明得到了糖化八肽的单一峰.使用Merrifield树脂,Boc保护化学法合成了白蛋白七肽NH₂-Gln-Thr-Ala-Leu-Tyr-Tyr-Cys-COOH.通过RP-HPLC半制备分离提纯后,得到了所需的肽段.对N^α-Boc-Lys的ε氨基进行糖化反应后,经RP-HPLC分析,证明得到了比较纯的糖化赖氨酸,与纯化后的白蛋白七肽偶联后,通过RP-HPLC分析,得到了偶联产物——糖化八肽的单一峰.     

B27K—去B链C端三肽胰岛素的制备、生物活力与自聚合性质

液相合成五肽Gly Phe Phe Tyr Lys(Boc)Obut,与B链C端去八肽胰岛素酶促缩合得到B2 7K 去B链C端三肽胰岛素(B2 7K DTrI,B2 7K destripeptideinsulin)。用小鼠惊厥法和小鼠降血糖法测得B2 7K DTrI的整体生物活力为标准胰岛素的 80 % ,B2 7K DTrI与人胎盘细胞膜胰岛素受体结合能力为标准胰岛素的 ( 12 5± 13 ) %。用凝胶过滤法证明B2 7K DTrI自聚合性质降低 ,具有与去B链C端五肽胰岛素相同的单体性质。在B2 7K DtrI结构中 ,B2 7T被K取代 ,其优点是在酵母中表达其前体后 ,可以很方便地通过胰蛋白酶水解获得     

含门冬酰胺肽类的镇痛活性与结构的关系

Asn-Ala-Gly-Ala四肽是从人脑分离出来的具有镇痛活性的多肽。为了阐明此活性肽生物活性的基本结构特征,曾合成了一系列的类似物并进行其活力测定。结果表明:该活性四肽的N-端三肽即Asn-Ala-Gly和活性四肽向C-端引伸一个Asn残基的五肽即Asn-Ala-Gly-Ala-AsnNH_2均有相似的镇痛活性,而第二位Ala为D-Ala取代的四肽类似物Asn-DAla-Gly-Ala亦具有相近的镇痛活力,然维持的时间较活性四肽为长。如N-端从Asn再延伸一个氨基酸残基或将活性四肽的顺序加以任何改变均导致镇痛活力的全部丧失。因此此活性四肽的基本结构为专一的四肽即Asn-Ala-Gly-Ala。由于此四肽的氨基酸顺序和人的β-LPH的第14位至18位顺序相同,曾猜测是否有可能β-LPH是此活性肽的前体。从合成牛的β-LPH14位至18位五肽即Glu-Ala-Pro-Ala-Glu不表现镇痛活力这点说明可能此活性肽并不与β-LPH有任何前体的关系。     

The immunostimulating properties of cholecystokinin octapeptide and its fragments]

Immunostimulating properties of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) were evaluated in experiments on adult normal and thymectomized mice, in vitro. It was shown that CCK-8 stimulates IgM-PFC production to SRBC, but does not change the immune response to Vi-antigen. CCK-8 increases the number of Thy-I+ spleen T cells and restores thymus-dependent immune response in thymectomized mice. CCK-8 has no effect on neutrophil phagocytosis activity in vitro. The immunostimulating activity of CCK-8 is related mainly to C-terminal fragment (identical to pentagastrin tetrapeptide) since the N-terminal CCK-8 tetrapeptide displays negligible effect in all tests.     

Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide,proglumide and open-field behavior in rats

The effect of cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4) was studied in an open field situation. CCK-4 increased locomotion and rearing and the effect was enhanced by proglumide, a selective antagonist of CCK-8. This is in sharp contrast to our earlier findings that CCK-8 decreased the open-field behavior and that proglumide completely blocked the effect. Thus, the effects of CCK-4 and CCK-8 appear to be opposite to each other in that one is excitatory and the other inhibitory to open-field responses.     

Reversed behavioral effect of cholecystokinin after frontal decortication in rats

Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4) is likely to posses opposite central action against cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8). In the present study, the behavioral effects of CCK-4 and CCK-8 were compared in frontal decorticated rats. In sham-operated rats, CCK-4 produced marked excitatory responses, while CCK-8 had no stimulatory effects. In frontal decorticated rats, CCK-4 did not cause any excitatory behaviors, while CCK-8 produced markedly enhanced responses. We speculate that an appropriate balance of these CCK peptides might be involved in the maintenance of normal mental states.     

Degradation of cholecystokinin octapeptide,related fragments and analogs by human and rat plasma in vitro

The rate of degradation of cholecystokinin octapeptide, related fragments and analogs by human and rat plasma was investigated, using high pressure liquid chromatography for the separation and identification of the degradation products.CCK tetrapeptide showed a half-life of 13 min in human plasma while its cleavage in rat plasma occurred at a very high rate (half-life of less than 1 min).The kinetics of disappearance of both sulphated and unsulphated CCK-8 indicated more than a single rate of degradation; the faster degrading system showed a half-life of 18 min for unsulphated CCK-8 and of 50 min for the sulphated peptide in human plasma as compared respectively with 5 and 17 min in rat plasma. The cleavage of CCK-8 was inhibited by bestatin and puromycin, suggesting that aminopeptidases play a major role in the breakdown of this peptide.CCK-9 analogs were rapidly converted into their corresponding octapeptides (half-life of 2.7 min in human plasma). This conversion was inhibited by puromycin and bestatin, suggesting the participation of aminopeptidase(s) probably specific for basic amino acids.CCK decapeptide exhibited a greater stability than the nonapeptides (half-life of 30 and 45 min in human and rat plasma respectively) and also gave rise to CCK-8 as degradation product. This cleavage was not affected by aminopeptidase inhibitors but was decreased by aprotinin (Trasylol®), suggesting that trypsin-like and/or kallikrein-like enzyme(s) were involved in the plasma metabolism of this peptide.     

Chronotropic actions of cholecystokinin octapeptide on the rat heart

Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) administered i.v. to urethane-anaesthetized rats or added to the perfusion stream of isolated rat hearts produced an immediate bradycardia. The size of this response was dose-related. Studies in vivo and in vitro using atropine and propranolol indicated that the response to CCK-8 was largely due to a direct action of the peptide on the heart. N-carbobenzoxy-tryptophan (CBZ-Trp), a cholecystokinin receptor antagonist, abolished the response of the isolated heart to CCK-8. Gastrin I did not produce bradycardia. The receptors on rat heart were similar to the classes of cholecystokinin receptors found in brain and exocrine pancreas in that CCK-8 rather than cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4) was the preferred agonist.     

The inhibition of tail-pinch-induced food intake by cholecystokinin octapeptides and their fragments

The effects of intraperitoneally (ip.) and intracerebroventricularly (icv.) administered sulfated and nonsulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8-SE and CCK-8-NS) and their N- and C-terminal fragments on the tail-pinch-induced feeding behavior of rats were investigated. After ip. administration, only CCK-8-SE inhibited tail-pinch-induced food intake. After icv. administration, both CCK-8-SE and CCK-8-NS, in doses of 800 pmole/rat, reduced the amount of food eaten. Of the CCK fragments tested icv., the sulfated N-terminal fragments, the middle portion of the CCK-8-sequence (the CCK-3-6 fragment), and the C-terminal tetrapeptide depressed the food intake of rats during tail-pinch, whereas the C-terminal tripeptide significantly increased it. The results suggest that CCK peptides inhibit tail-pinch-induced feeding by separate mechanisms, depending on the route of administration.     

Effects of cholecystokinin-related peptides on retention of passive avoidance behaviour

Effects of intraperitoneal administration of cholecystokinin (CCK)-related peptides were studied on retention of single-trial learning passive avoidance behaviour. The COOH-terminal octapeptide of CCK (CCK-1-8-SE), the unsulfated octapeptide (CCK-1-8-NS), as well as the COOH-terminal tetrapeptide of CCK (CCK-5-8), administered immediately after the learning trial, facilitated passive avoidance behaviour. The data indicate that these peptides may influence memory consolidation processes.     

Unsulfated CCK-8 not blocked by proglumide or CR 1409 in the mouse abdominal irritant-induced stretching assay: possible central site of action

Previous studies have shown that unsulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8-U) shares with the sulfated octapeptide (CCK-8-S) and the carboxyl-terminal tetrapeptide (CCK-4) the ability to block abdominal irritant-induced stretching when administered intracerebroventricularly. The effects of CCK-8-U, however, are not naloxone-reversible and do not appear upon systemic administration. To assess the hypothesis that the antistretching effects of CCK-8-U are mediated by central-type (CCK-B), rather than peripheral-type (CCK-A) receptors, the present experiments examined the reversal of these effects by CR 1409, a CCK receptor antagonist with in vitro selectivity for CCK-A receptors, and by proglumide. Both antagonists, when administered ICV, blocked the antistretching effects of CCK-8-S and CCK-4 (ICV), but not those of CCK-8-U. CR 1409 was approximately 40 times more potent against CCK-8-S by the ICV route than subcutaneously, indicating a likely action on CCK-A receptors in the brain. The effects of morphine, bombesin and neurotensin (ICV) were not blocked by CR 1409, indicating specificity for CCK receptor-mediated effects. The antistretching effects of CCK-8-U do not appear to be mediated by CCK-A receptors, and the possibility of a CCK-B receptor site of action must be considered.     

Passive avoidance deficit following intracerebroventricular administration of cholecystokinin tetrapeptide amide in rats

The effect of cholecystokinin tetrapeptide amide (CCK-4) injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle on memory processes was examined by a one-trial passive avoidance test in the rat. CCK-4 injection 30 and 60 min before the first retention test caused a shortened latency to response, and its chronic infusion into the lateral ventricle at a rate of 2 micrograms/day shortened the latency of the response to the level of almost complete amnesia. CCK-4 also reduced arginine-vasopressin effect on memory processes when administered simultaneously 30 min before the first retention test, but its amnestic action is short-lasting and antagonized by relatively small amounts of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8). In addition, the shortened latency to response was admitted to be not always associated with the motility effect of CCK-4.     

Specificity of nucleus accumbens to activities related to cholecystokinins in rats

Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) or cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4) were bilaterally injected into the areas where dopamine (DA) terminals and receptors have been detected; nucleus accumbens (NA), nucleus caudatus (NC), medial profrontal cortex (MPC), or prefrontal cortex (PC). The amount injected to each animal varied from 0 (control), 1 to 500 ng of CCK-8 and 0 (saline control), 0.5 to 2.5 micrograms of CCK-4 in NA in a volume of 1 microliter. The other areas received 500 ng CCK-8, 2.5 micrograms CCK-4 and proper control injections. The effects were observed in an open-field apparatus by measuring locomotor and rearing responses, the latency to move out of a specified area where the animal was first placed, and the amount of excretory bolus during a 5 min period following injections. When injected into NA, CCK-8 decreased locomotion and rearing at doses of 2.5 ng or more in a dose-related manner whereas CCK-4 increased locomotion and rearing at 1 microgram or more. The effects on latency and defecation were not detected. When the peptides were injected into NC, MPC or PC no effects were detectable. It appears that the effects of CCK-8 and CCK-4 on the exploratory responses are site-specific at NA where CCK-8 and DA are found to coexist in same neurons. CCK-4, a metabolite of CCK-8, could exert a negative feedback to moderate the effect of CCK-8.