查尔酮异构酶基因的分子特征及其在基因工程中的应用

介绍了查尔酮异构酶（CHI）的结构与作用机制、CHI基因的结构特征、系统进化、时空表达特性以及在基因工程中的应用研究进展。     

植物查尔酮异构酶研究进展

黄酮类化合物属于多酚类次生代谢物,具有广泛的药用价值。查尔酮异构酶（CHI）是黄酮类代谢途径中的一个关键酶,催化分子内环化反应,使双环的查尔酮转化为有生物学活性的三环（2S）-黄烷酮。植物体内的CHI活性与类黄酮物质的合成有着密切联系,CHI转基因研究对于提高植物类黄酮含量有重要意义。简要概述了查尔酮异构酶的结构特点、催化反应机理以及CHI转基因的研究进展。     

鸳鸯茉莉查尔酮异构酶基因(CHI)cDNA的克隆与生物信息学分析

采用RT-PCR与RACE技术克隆了鸳鸯茉莉(Brunfelsia acuminata)花瓣中查尔酮异构酶基因(CHI)的全长cDNA,GenBank登录号为JN887637。该基因全长1051 bp,含有1个792 bp的开放阅读框,编码263个氨基酸,为不稳定蛋白。对保守区功能区的分析,推导CHI蛋白具有查尔酮超级家族的保守结构域,二级结构预测显示其主要以α螺旋和β折叠为主。氨基酸同源性分析表明,鸳鸯茉莉CHI蛋白与矮牵牛(Petunia hybrida)、金花茶(Camellia nitidissima)、甜樱桃(Prunus avium)、芍药(Paeonia lactiflora)、牡丹(P.suffruticosa)、菊花(Chrysanthemum morifolium)等植物的同源性分别达到90%、89%、84%、85%、84%、80%。因此,CHI基因可能与鸳鸯茉莉的花色形成有关。     

用SON-PCR快速获得长鞭红景天CHS基因全长及其序列分析

采用单侧寡聚核苷酸嵌套PCR（SON—PCR）方法,从长鞭红景天中扩增得到查尔酮合成酶基因（chalcone synthase,CHS）,命名为Rhchs,其序列全长为2443bp,包括682bp的启动子区、957bp的开放阅读框和3’UTR区。预测序列编码381个氨基酸,其氨基酸组成与其他已知的高等植物的查尔酮合成酶具有很高的同源性,与葡萄、山茶花、杜鹃和牵牛的同源性分别为87％、87％、86％和85％。且大部分氨基酸序列保守。序列分析表明,在启动子区域也找到了TATA—box、W—box、G—box like等顺式作用元件。     

查尔酮异构酶基因的克隆序列分析及在大肠杆菌中的表达

从矮牵牛(Petunia hybrida Vilm.)花瓣的cDNA中克隆了查尔酮异构酶(chalcone isomerase,CHI)的基因chi-a,进行了序列分析。结果表明,chi-a基因全长726 bp,编码241个氨基酸。并在大肠杆菌中表达了chi-a基因,对来源于不同植物种的CHI进行了同源性比较分析。     

分蘖洋葱查尔酮异构酶基因的克隆及表达载体的构建

旨在得到分蘖洋葱查尔酮异构酶基因,探明该基因的功能。克隆查尔酮异构酶基因并构建了其超表达和干扰载体,以期得到用于研究查尔酮异构酶基因功能的表达载体。从分蘖洋葱叶片中克隆得到查尔酮异构酶基因cDNA全长743 bp,GenBank登录号为KJ489062。结果显示,该基因633 bp的开放读码框编码210个氨基酸的多肽序列。将PCR扩增克隆得到的分蘖洋葱查尔酮异构酶基因片段连接到干扰载体pCAMBIA1 301和超表达载体SOL2095中,成功构建了35S启动子控制的植物表达双元载体pCAMBIA1301-CHI和SOL2095-CHI。     

红花查尔酮异构酶基因的克隆及表达分析

实验通过下载已报道查尔酮异构酶基因序列,设计简并引物,利用RACE克隆红花查尔酮异构酶基因全长,克隆了两个红花查尔酮异构酶基因,分别命名为CtCHI1和CtCHI2,NCBI登录号分别为MF996507和MF996508。用在线软件对序列进行分析,并用MEGA进行进化树分析,CtCHI1全长967 bp,CtCHI2全长997bp,属查尔酮异构酶家族基因。定量PCR分析红花查尔酮异构酶基因表达得出,CtCHI1在花中且在时期2表达量较高,而在叶、茎及根中不表达,CtCHI2仅在茎中有少量表达。实验还发现,MeJA显著促进CtCHI1基因的表达,而对CtCHI2无调控作用,推测CtCHI1参与红花花中类黄酮的生物合成。实验成功克隆了两个查尔酮异构酶基因并对其进行表达分析,为红花类黄酮的生物合成及调控机理研究奠定基础。     

津田芜菁和赤丸芜菁查尔酮异构酶基因的克隆及表达特性

目的：克隆津田芜菁和赤丸芜菁查尔酮异构酶（CHI）基因并研究其表达特性。方法：利用UV-A处理2种芜菁未见光块根24h,提取总RNA后通过RT-PCR方法克隆津田芜菁和赤丸芜菁的BrCH11和BrCH12基因,通过Northern杂交检测BrCH11和BrCH12基因的UV-A诱导表达特性。结果：BrCH11和BrCH12的开放读码框为756bp,编码251个氨基酸残基;氨基酸序列分析显示,BrCH11和BrCH12与萝卜CHI的同源性达91％,第11-222的肽段具有CHI结构域;BrCH11和BrCH12,2的核苷酸序列和推导的氨基酸序列分别在3个位点存在差异;BrCH11和BrCH12基因具有高度同源性;BrCH11和BrCH12基因的表达量与UV-A处理时间相关。结论：克隆了津田芜菁和赤丸芜菁的BrCH11和BrCH12基因,这2个基因的表达受UV-A诱导。     

一个新的甘薯查尔酮异构酶基因的克隆和表达分析

查尔酮异构酶(chalcone isomerase,CHI)是花青素生物合成途径中的一个关键酶。本研究根据转录组数据,利用RT-PCR技术在甘薯中克隆了一个新的CHI基因,命名为Ib CHIL1。Ib CHIL1基因c DNA长857 bp,包含1个621 bp的开放阅读框,编码206个氨基酸。聚类分析表明,Ib CHIL1属于Ⅳ型CHI成员,和其他植物中的类似蛋白具有很高的同源性。表达分析显示,Ib CHIL1主要在紫肉甘薯中表达,与花青素积累正相关,推测该基因在甘薯花青素生物合成过程中具有重要的生物学功能。     

石榴果色合成相关基因CHS和CHI的表达特性分析

花色苷是类黄酮家族中重要的一类次生代谢产物,对果实呈色起重要作用。CHS (查尔酮合成酶)和CHI (查尔酮异构酶)为花色苷合成提供了前体物质,是花色苷合成所不可或缺的。利用RT-PCR和RACE方法,本研究从石榴果皮中克隆了与花色苷合成相关的CHS基因和CHI基因的cDNA全长,同时采用qRT-PCR研究了这两个基因在三个不同色泽石榴品种‘红宝石’、‘水晶甜’、‘墨石榴’发育期内的表达模式,并分析了果皮花色苷含量变化与基因转录水平的关系。结果表明,石榴中CHS和CHI基因cDNA全长分别为1 197 bp和693 bp,分别编码398和230个氨基酸,命名为PgCHS和PgCHI,在GenBank中的登录号分别为KF841615和KF841616。在氨基酸水平上,Pg CHS与荔枝、葡萄、山竹等果树的同源性达到90%以上。Pg CHI与果树中龙眼、梨、美洲葡萄、桑树等同源性达到70%以上。qRT-PCR结果显示,CHS和CHI基因的表达模式随色泽发育期和品种不同而有差异。在‘红宝石’石榴中,该两个基因都有前期和后期两个表达高峰期;而‘水晶甜’石榴中这两个基因的表达高峰期均出现在中后期;‘墨石榴’发育初期时CHS和CHI的表达量最高,以后的表达量都较低。同一品种内,CHS和CHI的表达具有协同性,两者的协同性表达有利于花色苷及其他类黄酮相关产物的合成。3个品种中CHS和CHI基因的表达与花色苷的积累并不一致。     

Cloning of a cDNA encoding the Saussurea medusa chalcone isomerase and its expression in transgenic tobacco.

Chalcone isomerase (CHI; EC 5.5.1.6) is a key enzyme in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. We isolated a CHI gene (SmCHI) from a cDNA library derived from Saussurea medusa (Asteraceae) cell cultures. The cDNA and genomic sequences of SmCHI are the same; in other words, this gene is intronless. The coding region of the gene is 699 bp long, and its deduced protein consists of 232 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 24 kDa and a pI of 4.7. The deduced amino acid sequence of SmCHI shares 79.3% identity with CHI from Callistephus chinensis, a familial relative to S. medusa; this homology is higher than those with CHI's from any other plant species. A functional bioassay for SmCHI was performed by transforming Nicotiana tabacum plants in the sense or antisense orientation under the regulation of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing sense SmCHI produced up to fivefold total flavonoids over wild-type tobacco plants, mainly due to an enhanced accumulation of rutin. Transgenic tobacco plants with antisense SmCHI accumulated smaller amounts of flavonoids; this is apparently brought about by suppressed expression of the endogenous CHI gene. CHI activities also positively correlated with the amounts of total flavonoids accumulated in the transgenic plants. It is concluded that overexpression of SmCHI can be used as a useful approach to increase flavonoid production in transgenic plants.     

Flavonoid components and flower color change in transgenic tobacco plants by suppression of chalcone isomerase gene

A cDNA encoding chalcone isomerase (CHI) was isolated from the petals of Nicotiana tabacum and the effect of its suppression on flavonoid biosynthesis was analyzed in transgenic tobacco plants. CHI-suppression by RNA interference (RNAi) showed reduced pigmentation and change of flavonoid components in flower petals. The plants also accumulated high levels of chalcone in pollen, showing a yellow coloration. Our results first demonstrated that suppression of CHI by genetic transformation is possible in higher plants. This suggests that CHI plays a major part in the cyclization reaction from chalcone to flavanone, and that spontaneous reactions are few, if any, in tobacco plants.     

Effect of cDNA fragments in different length derived from Potato Virus Y coat protein gene on the induction of RNA-mediated virus resistance

Potato virus Y (PVY) is a main viral pathogen infecting economic crops such as potato and tobacco plants. Genetic engineering has been so far the most effective method to produce viral resistant plants. Be-cause of the shortage of viral resistant genes in plants, cDNAs derived from viral genes were often used for induction of resistance in transgenic plants (the so- called pathogen-derived resistance)[1]. Among the genes used in the pathogen-derived resistance strategy, the coat protein gen…     

A cluster of genes encodes the two types of chalcone isomerase involved in the biosynthesis of general flavonoids and legume-specific 5-deoxy(iso)flavonoids in Lotus japonicus

Leguminous plants produce 5-deoxyflavonoids and 5-deoxyisoflavonoids that play essential roles in legume-microbe interactions. Together with chalcone polyketide reductase and cytochrome P450 2-hydroxyisoflavanone synthase, the chalcone isomerase (CHI) of leguminous plants is fundamental in the construction of these ecophysiologically active flavonoids. Although CHIs of nonleguminous plants isomerize only 6'-hydroxychalcone to 5-hydroxyflavanone (CHIs with this function are referred to as type I), leguminous CHIs convert both 6'-deoxychalcone and 6'-hydroxychalcone to 5-deoxyflavanone and 5-hydroxyflavanone, respectively (referred to as type II). In this study, we isolated multiple CHI cDNAs (cCHI1-cCHI3) from a model legume, Lotus japonicus. In contrast to previous observations, the amino acid sequence of CHI2 was highly homologous to nonleguminous CHIs, whereas CHI1 and CHI3 were the conventional leguminous type. Furthermore, genome sequence analysis revealed that four CHI genes (CHI1-3 and a putative gene, CHI4) form a tandem cluster within 15 kb. Biochemical analysis with recombinant CHIs expressed in Escherichia coli confirmed that CHI1 and CHI3 are type II CHIs and that CHI2 is a type I CHI. The occurrence of both types of CHIs is probably common in leguminous plants, and it was suggested that type II CHIs evolved from an ancestral CHI by gene duplication and began to produce 5-deoxy(iso)flavonoids along with the establishment of the Fabaceae.     

表达尾穗苋凝集素基因的转基因烟草对桃蚜(Myzus persicae)繁殖的影响(英文)

To investigate the possible function of the agglutinin from Amaranthus caudatus L. (ACA) in plant defending against insect pests, ACA cDNA was cloned by RT-PCR and the 5‘ and 3‘ sequences were confirmed by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The phloem-specific expression vector of ACA gene, pBCACAc, was constructed based on the plant binary vector pBC438 and transfered into tobacco plants via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. Results from PCR and Southern blotting analysis showed that AOA gene was integrated into the genomes of transformed plants and the transgene integration varied from one to four estimated copies per genome. Western blotting analysis indicated that ACA gene was transcribed and translated in the transgenic plants. The bioassay of Myzus persicae Sulzer on detached leaves demonstrated that the 78% transgenic tobacco plants displayed an average aphid-resistant rate of more than 75%. Some apterous progeny of M. persicae were found dead on the resistant plants. These results indicate that ACA gene should be an effective aphid-resistant gene and could be valuable for application in crop breeding for aphid resistance.     

表达尾穗苋凝集素基因的转基因烟草对桃蚜(Myzus persicae)繁殖的影响

为研究尾穗苋凝集素(ACA)在植物中可能的抗虫作用,通过RH-PCR克隆了ACA cDNA并通过RACE分析证实了cDNA序列的正确性.构建了ACA基因的韧皮部特异表达载体pBCACAc并通过根癌杜菌介导转化了烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.).PCR和Southern blot分析结果证明,ACA基因已经整合到转化再生植物的基因组中,其插入插贝数1~4个不等.对转基因烟草叶片蛋白时行行免疫反应的结果表明,ACA基因已被转录和翻译.用桃蚜(Myzuspersicae Sulzer)对转基因烟草离体叶片进行了的接虫试验结果表明,测试过的78%的烟草对桃蚜口密度增长的平均抑制率在75%以上,在抗性植株上观察到有桃蚜若虫死亡的现象.以上结果表明,ACA基因是一个有效的抗蚜基因,在作物抗蚜分子育种具有应具应用价值.     

灯盏花 chi 的克隆及其生物信息学分析

查尔酮异构酶（CHI）是调控黄酮生物合成的关键酶,分离和克隆这一酶的功能基因,对利用转基因技术进行灯盏花黄酮生物合成的调控具有重要意义。本研究采用RT-PCR和RACE技术,获得了chi cDNA全序列,GenBank登录号为GU208823.1,序列全长996 bp,开放阅读框为594 bp,编码197个氨基酸,3-Race有一个多聚腺苷酸加尾信号。应用软件预测该基因编码蛋白分子量约为21.6 kD,理论等电点为4.78。该基因编码的蛋白无跨膜结构域,其二级结构的主要构件为α-螺旋和随机卷曲。对其三级结构进行了建模,表明其结构与苜蓿chi的三级结构相似。同时根据灯盏花chi N端序列变化的特征,提出了灯盏乙素的合成可能与chi在细胞亚结构的定位及其与合成代谢相关酶形成复合酶的特异性有关。研究为利用基因工程定向改变灯盏花黄酮代谢产物奠定了基础。     

Cloning and functional comparison of a high-affinity K+ transporter gene PhaHKT1 of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive reed plants

To understand the mechanisms of ion homeostasis in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive plants, cDNAs for a high-affinity K(+) transporter PhaHKT1 were isolated from salt-sensitive (Utsunomiya) and salt-tolerant (Nanpi, Enchi) reed plants. A cDNA of Utsunomiya (PhaHKT1-u) contained two insertions in the region corresponding to the first and second introns of the PhaHKT1 gene, which resulted in a sequence 141 amino acid residues shorter than that of Nanpi. Expression of PhaHKT1 mRNA was detected in the roots of Nanpi and Enchi plants under K(+) starvation conditions and also under Na(+) treatment conditions, whereas it was only slightly detected in the roots of Utsunomiya plants under each of these conditions. In the upper parts, PhaHKT1 expression was detected in the Utsunomiya plants, and two signals were obtained in the Nanpi and Enchi plants under all and K(+) starvation conditions, respectively. Yeasts expressing the PhaHKT1 of Nanpi (PhaHKT1-n) or the PhaHKT1 of Enchi (PhaHKT1-e) grew better in the presence of NaCl than yeast expressing PhaHKT1-u. Furthermore, yeast expressing a chimeric cDNA containing the 5' region of the Utsunomiya gene and the 3' region of the Nanpi gene had partial salt tolerance, and yeast expressing a chimeric cDNA containing the 5' region of the Nanpi gene and the 3' region of the Utsunomiya gene had a reduced ability to take up ions. These results suggest that PhaHKT1 plays an important role in the acquisition of K(+) and maintenance of ion balance under saline conditions.     

灯盏花chi的克隆及其生物信息学分析

查尔酮异构酶(CHI)是调控黄酮生物合成的关键酶,分离和克隆这一酶的功能基因,对利用转基因技术进行灯盏花黄酮生物合成的调控具有重要意义。本研究采用RT-PCR和RACE技术,获得了chi cDNA全序列,GenBank登录号为GU208823.1,序列全长996 bp,开放阅读框为594 bp,编码197个氨基酸,3-Race有一个多聚腺苷酸加尾信号。应用软件预测该基因编码蛋白分子量约为21.6 kD,理论等电点为4.78。该基因编码的蛋白无跨膜结构域,其二级结构的主要构件为α-螺旋和随机卷曲。对其三级结构进行了建模,表明其结构与苜蓿chi的三级结构相似。同时根据灯盏花chi N端序列变化的特征,提出了灯盏乙素的合成可能与chi在细胞亚结构的定位及其与合成代谢相关酶形成复合酶的特异性有关。研究为利用基因工程定向改变灯盏花黄酮代谢产物奠定了基础。