桓仁滑蜥实验室饲养初探

桓仁滑蜥分布区域狭窄,种群数量极为稀少。大量农田的开垦使得该物种栖息地遭到严重破坏,这是导致其种群数量下降的直接原因;其次,大量捕捉使得这一物种遭受了更为严重的生存压力。对野外捕获的12只桓仁滑蜥（Scincella huanrensis）进行实验室内饲养,现简要报道。     

桓仁滑蜥的现状及其保护

桓仁滑蜥仅分布于我国辽宁省桓仁县很狭窄的区域内,种群数量极其稀少,而且由于人类生产活动的影响和猎捕,已经导致该物种处于极度濒危状态。本文对桓仁滑蜥生物学特性及其生活环境进行了简要的描述,希望能够引起相关部门的重视,尽快采取有效的保护措施。     

桓仁滑蜥的现状及其保护（图版Ⅴ，上）

桓仁滑蜥仅分布于我国辽宁省桓仁县很狭窄的区域内,种群数量极其稀少,而且由于人类生产活动的影响和猎捕,已经导致该物种处于极度濒危状态。本文对桓仁滑蜥生物学特性及其生活环境进行了简要的描述,希望能够引起相关部门的重视,尽快采取有效的保护措施。     

珞珈山宁波滑蜥的初步观察

本文记述了宁波滑蜥的生态及对其解剖、测量结果的整理和初步分析。成体全长平均102毫米,尾长为头体长的1.4—1.78倍;上唇鳞多为7枚,腹中线一行鳞数平均65.4枚。气温23—25℃时为活动高峰,28℃以上时即有避暑现象;8℃以下全部入眠,15℃以上陆续出蛰,雄性晚于雌性入眠而早于雌性出蛰。多活动于有石头的草丛中或落叶上下,体色随环境湿度及光照强弱而有些变化。性腺发育具有较为明显的季节性,6月产卵,卵径与产卵数有关。     

桓仁滑蜥生殖行为及生殖策略的研究

桓仁滑蜥（Scincella huanrensis）系卵胎生,1年生殖1次,生殖季节为7月下旬到8月上旬。平均每只雌蜥产仔4．556（2～6）只。雌蜥的分娩在洞穴中进行,分娩时间可持续60-90min,仔蜥在产出时卵膜已破裂。雌性采取的是高投入的生殖策略,平均生殖投入率0．436（0．212～0．526）。相关性回归分析表明：窝仔数与雌蜥体重、体长和生殖投入呈正相关关系;生殖投入与雌蜥的体重和体长不相关;幼蜥的体长、体重与窝仔数呈负相关关系。     

秦岭滑蜥排泄系统组织形态学观察

运用大体解剖和组织切片技术对秦岭滑蜥Scincella tsinlingensis排泄系统进行了组织形态学观察.结果显示:秦岭滑蜥的排泄系统包括肾脏、输尿管、膀胱和泄殖腔.肾脏由被膜与实质构成,实质包括许多泌尿小管与少量结缔组织.泌尿小管包括肾单位与集合管,肾单位的数量较两栖类有了明显增加.结缔组织中分布有少量弹性纤维、网状纤维和大量胶原纤维.输尿管由许多分支的集尿管汇聚形成,包括黏膜与外膜,黏膜由单层柱状上皮过渡为多层鳞状细胞,固有层零散分布有浆细胞,结缔组织中分布有胶原纤维与少量弹性纤维.膀胱由黏膜层、肌层与外膜构成,黏膜上皮为变移上皮,固有层分布有少量的浆细胞.消化道、生殖道和输尿管末端汇聚于泄殖腔,泄殖腔壁由黏膜、肌层和外膜构成,黏膜上皮分布有黏液性细胞和少量浆细胞.秦岭滑蜥的排泄系统与其他卵胎生蜥蜴无明显差别.     

河南省发现宁波滑蜥

2011年7月、2012年7月和10月在河南伏牛山国家级自然保护区采集到5号宁波滑蜥(Scincella modesta)标本,系河南首次发现,标本保存于河南大学生命科学学院动物学标本室。     

石龙子科滑蜥属Scincella在贵州省的新分布——康定滑蜥Scincella potanini

宽阔水国家级自然保护区位于贵州省遵义市绥阳县境内,处于黔北山地大娄山脉东部斜坡地带,林区所处位置海拔多在1400～1700 m之间.2007年10月初在宽阔水保护区核心站附近林间带草丛中(北纬28°13.478′,东经107°09.650′,海拔1540 m)采集到蜥蜴标本1号,经鉴定为康定滑蜥Scincella potanini (Gunther,1896)(王跃招, 赵尔宓,1986;赵尔宓等,1999).标本保存在贵州师范大学动物学标本室.     

山东省爬行动物新记录--北滑蜥

昆嵛山是山东胶东半岛最高的山脉 ,由于地理位置和气候原因 ,这里植被覆盖率较高。近几年的野外实习不断有新种 (昆嵛林蛙 )及新记录 (北草蜥 )发现。今年在昆嵛山第三林场所属的殿后县 ,约海拔 5 0 0ｍ处采集到 4号蜥蜴标本 ,经鉴定为石龙子科滑蜥属宁波滑蜥的北方亚种 (北滑蜥 )Ｓｃｉｎｃｅｌｌａｍｏｄｅｓｔａｓｅｐｔｅｎ ｔｒｉｏｎａｌｉｓ。现报道如下。体型细长。头部明显宽于颈部 ,吻长小于眼耳间距 ,吻端钝圆 ,吻鳞宽大于高 ,背面可见。无上鼻鳞 ;额鼻鳞 1枚 ,呈倒元宝状 ,覆盖于吻的后部 ,前缘与吻鳞相接处较窄 ,侧缘与鼻鳞及…     

南草蜥和南滑蜥断尾及再生的研究

研究肇庆地区南草蜥和南滑蜥断尾和再生形态特征, 结果显示, 断尾位置、再生时间以及两者的交互作用对南滑蜥和南草蜥的尾长均具有显著影响。在自然断尾下, 南滑蜥和南草蜥较多的断尾位置位于近基部(断尾1/2), 断尾个体分别约占29.3%(87/297)和49.2%(29/59)。实验表明, 二者的尾自切处在2 天后开始愈合并长出再生尾, 南滑蜥在远基部(全断尾)的再生速度最高, 而南草蜥则在近基部(断尾3/4), 其尾再生率都明显高于南滑蜥。     

小熊猫夏秋季的昼夜活动节律

2002年5~11月,在邛崃山系宝兴蜂桶寨自然保护区采用无线电遥测技术对6只野生小熊猫的昼夜活动节律进行了研究。结果表明,小熊猫具有晨昏活动的习性,5~11月的平均活动率为0.5286。小熊猫以白昼活动为主,兼夜间活动,白昼的活动率(0.5903±0.0538)高于夜晚活动率(0.4468±0.0413)。每昼夜有(52.86±9.8)%的时间处于活动状态,其中64.53%的活动时间在白昼,35.47%的活动时间在夜晚。每昼夜有两个活动高峰,分别出现在08∶00~10∶00和17∶30~18∶30。在休息时间的分配上,小熊猫每昼夜长休息平均2.07次,持续时间平均3.75小时;中等长度休息1.56次,持续1.59小时;短休息1.21次,持续0.84小时;长休息有44.06%在白昼,55.94%在夜晚。     

龟类野外活动节律的研究进展

龟类野外活动具有时间尺度上的差异性和周期性,温度、湿度、光照、天气、年龄和性别差异等各种因子对龟的野外活动有着不同程度的影响.从日活动、季节活动两个不同时间尺度对龟类野外活动节律的研究成果做了系统总结,将休眠作为一种特殊的季节活动进行了小结,并对影响龟类野外活动节律的相关因子进行了分析和探讨.     

Different behavior of body temperature and total locomotor activity daily rhythms during light/dark cycle in stabled Oryctolagus cuniculus

In order to investigate the potential causal link between the rhythm of activity and body temperature, we simultaneously recorded rectal temperature and total locomotor activity in five clinically healthy female rabbits (blue Vienna breed), 12 week old and mean body weight 2.7 ± 0.3. Animals were housed in individual cages (90?×?50?×?35 cm) under natural 12/12 light/dark cycle. Total locomotor activity was monitored for 15 days by an activity data logger. On day 1, 5, 10, and 15 rectal temperature was recorded every 2 h for a 24-h period. Application of single cosinor method showed a nocturnal daily rhythm of rectal temperature with a range of oscillation of about 1 °C, acrophase after dusk and low robustness value. The daily rhythm of locomotor activity showed its acrophase in the middle of the scotophase and a high robustness value. This information improves the knowledge available on the circadian biology of rabbits useful in the evaluation of physiology of this species.     

黑腹果蝇昼夜活动节律及行为时间分配

采用试验室单管观察记录的方法,对3,4,5日龄野生型黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster Meigenw1118成虫每日活动节律进行研究。试验将果蝇活动划分为强活动(飞行和爬行)、弱活动(梳理、觅食等原地发生的运动)和静息(身体不发生移动的休息)3种类型。强活动和弱活动之和为总运动。研究结果显示,野生型黑腹果蝇w1118的昼夜活动表现为明显的双峰模态,晨峰和晚峰分别处于开、关灯前后;雌、雄果蝇总体活动无差异,关灯(18:30)前后雌蝇活动稍强于雄蝇,开灯(6:30)前后则相反;果蝇强活动的节律与总运动基本一致,而弱活动节律不明显;静息节律为单峰模式,其高峰期位于夜间1:00~5:00;雌蝇的静息活动显著多于雄蝇(P<0·05)。     

An acoustic telemetry study of seabream (Sparus aurata L.): first results on activity rhythm,effects of environmental variables and space utilization

The movements of seabream (Sparus aurata L) were recorded in two earthen ponds (250 m² and 400 m²) by tracking fish tagged with miniature acoustic transmitters. Five seabreams, 500 g in weight, were tracked for periods of four or five days. Fish positions were recorded continuously using an acoustic telemetry system. Each of the five tagged seabreams were tracked individually. Two fishes were released schooled with numerous other individuals, two others were released in isolation and one was grouped with three other individuals.The schooled seabreams were more active in general and, in the large school they were diurnal; isolated fishes however, were more active at night. Temperature influences significantly and progressively the fish activity. Activity decreases at night and increases during daylight. Oxygen saturation also influences swimming activity with a general positive relationship.The horizontal distribution of this species was not uniform. Its resting area was generally located around some particular landmarks such as inlet or outlet pipes in the ponds. No feverish feeding competition was observed between individuals of the same school. The feeding area was cleaned rapidly, in less than 10 minutes, without subsequent returns from the resting area to the feeding area.

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Résumé Les déplacements de la daurade (Sparus aurata L.) ont été enregistrés dans deux bassins en terre (250 m² et 400 m²) en suivant des poissons marqués avec des émetteurs acoustiques miniaturisés. Cinq daurades d'un poids individuel de 500 g furent suivies durant des périodes de 4 ou 5 jours. Les positions des poissons ont été enregistrées en continu avec un systéme de télémétrie acoustique. Chacun des cinq poissons marqués fut suivi individuellement. Deux poissons furent regroupés avec de nombreux autres individus, deux autres furent laissés seuls et le dernier fut mis avec trois autres individus.Les daurades groupées étaient en général plus actives et, en grand banc, étaient diurnes; les poissons isolés étaient toutefois plus actifs durant la nuit. La température influence significativement et progressivement l'activité des poissons. L'activité décroît durant la nuit et augmente pendant le jour. Le pourcentage de saturation en oxygéne agit aussi, de façon positive, sur l'activité de nage.La distribution horizontale de cette espéce n'est pas uniforme. Son aire de repos est généralement localisée dans quelques zones particuliéres comme les arrivées et les sorties d'eau. Aucune compétition alimentaire fébrile n'a été observée entre les individus d'un même banc. L'aire de nourrissage est rapidement nettoyée, en moins de 10 minutes, sans retours ultérieurs depuis la zone de repos jusqu' à la zone de nourrissage.

     

Seasonal activities of Barbus barbus: effect of temperature on time-budgeting

Surgically implanted activity-circuit radio transmitters (40 MHz) were used to study the seasonal activities of 21 adult (males: 23 to 35 cm f.l. and females 38 to 55 cm f.l. ) Barbus barbus (Pisces, Cyprinidae) in the River Ourthe (Southern Belgium) in 1989–1991. During the autumnal thermal transition (water temperature 9 to 10° C), the typical dusk and dawn pattern observed in summer turned to a trimodal pattern with the emergence of a diurnal phase. The auroral then crepuscular and finally diurnal activity periods progressively vanished as water temperature decreased down to the thermal limit for activity (4.0° C), when barbel entered a dormancy period. An opposite progressive shift was observed during the spring thermal transition. Daily activity budgets ranged from 0 to 720 min—on the annual cycle and were significantly ( r ²=0.686, P <0.05, d.f. = 36) dependent on water temperature and on morphodynamic unit size, while fish size was non-significant. Although the dusk and dawn rhythm pattern was consistent throughout summer, water temperature significantly ( P <0.05) interfered with the respective duration of crepuscular and auroral activities ( r ²=0.586, d.f. = 57 and r ²=0.692, d.f. = 55). The precise timing of activities was also thermal-related and the activities of small male barbel were proportionally more nocturnal than those of large female barbel (ANCOVA, F =80.61, d.f. = 31 and F =4.s5, d.f. = 23, at dusk and dawn respectively), possibly due to predation pressure on small fish. It is concluded that the seasonal variations of activity budgets, rhythm patterns and timings in B. barbus correspond to a form of time-budgeting partly to achieve thermal homeostasis in a variable environment.     

哺乳期圈养雌獐昼夜行为时间分配及活动节律

2014年7—8月,在浙江省富阳市獐养殖场采用瞬时扫描取样法对圈养条件下哺乳期雌獐昼夜行为时间分配及活动节律进行了调查研究。结果表明:①雌獐的日活动行为时间分配依次为卧息(59.01±2.93)%、走动(13.91±2.39)%、采食(10.60±0.74)%、梳理(7.76±1.10)%、反刍(2.84±0.66)%、站立(2.72±1.01)%、警戒(1.53±0.59)%、社会行为(1.26±0.54)%、排遗(0.36±0.22)%。②雌獐的昼间卧息时间极显著低于夜间(P<0.01),梳理时间显著低于夜间(P<0.05),而走动、采食、反刍、警戒和社会行为的时间极显著高于夜间(P<0.01),站立行为差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。③一天中,雌獐的采食行为和反刍行为呈现双峰型的节律特征,走动、站立和梳理行为出现了3个高峰期,卧息和社会行为则呈多峰型,其中取食高峰后延迟1~2 h为反刍高峰。④卧息行为分别与采食行为和走动行为呈极显著的负相关关系,而采食行为与走动行为之间呈显著的正相关关系。总之,哺乳期圈养雌獐的日活动行为体现出明显的节律性,且大多数行为时间具有明显的昼夜差异。     

Meal size and feeding management strategies influence the daily rhythm of total locomotor activity in horses (Equus caballus)

Keeping and management of horses can induce changes to instinctive and innate behavioural patterns. We investigated the effect of five different management conditions in five groups of horses. All groups were housed in individual boxes under natural environmental and lighting conditions. They were fed three times a day (07:00, 12:30 and 20:00) and had free access to water. Group A was fed with 8 kg/capo/die of hay divided in the three meals. Group B was fed with 8 kg/capo/die of an unifeed divided in the three meals. Group C was fed with unifeed at 07:00 and 12:30 and with hay at 20:00. They were kept in wood-bedded boxes. Groups D and E were fed with unifeed at 07:00 and 12:30, respectively, and in the other, two meals received hay. They were kept in straw-bedded boxes. Our results showed a daily rhythm of total locomotor activity in all groups, influenced by management conditions. Group A engaged in meal patterns similar to those seen in grazing animals. Groups B and C showed the highest MESOR values due to a high searching behaviour. Group C showed a nocturnal acrophase contrary to the other groups. Groups D and E showed a total locomotor activity pattern similar to that observed in Group A probably due to an increase in straw-bedding consuming. The reduction of fibre in diet has an impact on physiology and behaviour of horses. The valuation of diet and in bedding provided to horses kept in box is useful to guarantee the maintenance of the physiological daily rhythm of total locomotor activity.     

Observations on the Nocturnal Activity and Feeding Behavior of Anguilla japonica Glass Eels Under Laboratory Conditions

Glass eels of the temperate anguillid species, Anguilla japonica, clearly showed a nocturnal activity rhythm under laboratory conditions. Light–dark cycle was a determinant factor affecting their photonegative behavior, nocturnal locomotor activity, and feeding behavior. Under natural light conditions, glass eels remained in shelters with little daytime feeding, but came out to forage during darkness. They moved and foraged actively in the following dark, and then their activity gradually declined possibly because of food satiation. They finally buried in the sand or stayed in tubes immediately after the lights came on. Under constant light, glass eels often came out of the shelters to forage in the lights but spent little time moving outside the shelters (e.g. swimming or crawling on the sand). Glass eels took shelter to avoid light and preferred tubes to sand for shelter possibly because tubes were much easier for them to take refuge in than sand. Feeding and locomotor activities of the glass eels were nocturnal and well synchronized. They appeared to depend on olfaction rather than vision to detect and capture prey in darkness. Feeding was the driving force for glass eels to come out of sand under constant light. However, in the dark, some glass eels swam or crept actively on sand even when they were fully fed. The lunar cycles of activity rhythms of glass eels that have been observed in some estuarine areas were not detected under these laboratory conditions.