hhLIM的表达及其在F肌动蛋白交联中的作用

为进一步研究hhLIM的功能及其与F肌动蛋白(F-actin)之间的相互关系,利用PCR扩增hhlim基因并将其克隆到pGEX-3X表达质粒上,重组表达质粒转化宿主菌得到稳定表达的可溶性产物,表达产物经Glutathione-Sepharose亲和纯化得到纯度达90%的融合蛋白GST -hhLIM.进而研究其在F肌动蛋白交联中的作用,以鬼比环肽和细胞松弛素处理C2C12细胞,诱导细胞骨架聚合和解聚.荧光显微镜下观察, hhLIM的分布变化与细胞骨架的形态学变化具有相关性.Western印迹证实,hhLIM主要作为细胞骨架相关蛋白而分布于F肌动蛋白组分中,肌动蛋白交联实验显示,hhLIM蛋白与F肌动蛋白具有较高的亲和力,具有促进F肌动蛋白纤维的交联并将其捆聚成束的作用.结果表明,hhLIM是一种F肌动蛋白交联蛋白,通过将F肌动蛋白纤维捆聚成束而参与骨架重构     

hhlim基因表达产物的亚细胞定位及其在细胞肥大中的意义

hhlim是从胎儿心脏中新近分离和克隆得到的与心脏发生相关的基因,其表达产物作为转录因子参与多种基因的转录调控和细胞的发育与分化过程.用细胞转染方法将外源性hhlim基因导入处于分化过程中的小鼠成肌细胞C2C12,发现该基因强制性表达可使C2C12细胞体积明显增大.RT-PCR和蛋白质印迹结果表明,hhlim促细胞肥大与诱导α-肌动蛋白(α-actin)过表达及重新启动胚胎基因BNP表达有关.用绿色荧光蛋白-hhlim融合蛋白表达载体转染处于分化过程的C2C12细胞,发现转染不同时间,表达产物的亚细胞定位发生动态变化,表现为先在胞核和胞质中均有分布,而后定位于胞质的变化规律.应用免疫共沉淀证实,hhlim在胞质中以与α-actin 相互缔合的方式存在.     

hhLIM与actin相互作用依赖其C端LIM结构域

hhLIM是LIM蛋白家族成员之一,该蛋白质含有两个LIM结构域,在基因表达调节、细胞骨架组构及细胞肥大过程中发挥重要作用.构建hhLIM不同LIM结构域的突变体,探讨其两个LIM结构域在与actin相互结合中的作用及其可能机制.GST-pull down和hhLIM及其突变体与actin细胞定位关系的免疫荧光分析结果表明,C端的LIM结构域2是hhLIM与actin结合所必需的,该结构域中的两个Cys置换为Ser后可使hhLIM结合actin的功能完全丧失,N端的LIM结构域1突变使hhLIM结合actin的能力下降.F-actin交联实验结果显示,hhLIM通过LIM结构域2与actin直接结合并起到交联F-actin的作用.结果表明,LIM结构域2在hhLIM与actin相互作用及调节actin细胞骨架组构中起决定性作用.     

H2-calponin在细胞力学信号感知中的作用

H2-calponin是一种肌动蛋白细胞骨架结合蛋白,在平滑肌细胞和一些非肌肉细胞中均有表达,并且在发育及重建的组织中高表达。H2-calponin作为一种机械应力的胞内应答因子,受机械应力调节,通过与细胞骨架F-肌动蛋白(F-actin)及多种粘着斑蛋白相互作用,参与细胞力学信号感受与传导,在调节细胞增殖、分化、迁移以及胞质分裂等生理活动中起着重要作用。本文在介绍H2-calponin生化特征的基础上,对其在细胞应力感受及力学信号转导中的作用做一综述。     

高血压相关基因hrg-1在血管平滑肌细胞再分化过程中的表达及功能

研究高血压相关基因hrg 1表达与血管平滑肌细胞 (VSMC)再分化的关系及其在细胞生物学行为调节方面的作用 .采用血清饥饿培养和全反式维甲酸诱导使处于增殖状态的去分化型VSMC再分化 ,观察细胞再分化过程中HRG 1表达变化 ,并探讨其功能 .在血清饥饿和维甲酸诱导VSMC再分化过程中 ,hrg 1基因表达显著上调 ,其表达活性在诱导 2 4h达高峰之后 ,一直维持在较高水平上 ,且其表达量和变化规律与细胞收缩蛋白SMα肌动蛋白和SM2 2α相类似 .免疫共沉淀和免疫双荧光染色结果证实 ,HRG 1抗体可与SMα肌动蛋白共沉淀 ,且两者在同一细胞共定位 .用HRG 1表达质粒转染去分化型VSMC可显著抑制其迁移能力 .结果提示 ,HRG 1在胞质中以与SMα肌动蛋白相互缔合的方式存在 ,其表达与VSMC分化有关 ,该蛋白通过参与细胞骨架构成而调节VSMC收缩与迁移     

外酶C3转移酶转基因表达对小梁细胞的影响

目的:探讨腺病毒载体介导的外酶C3转移酶(exoenzyme C3transferase,C3)表达对体外培养的正常或地塞米松处理的人类小梁细胞的作用。方法:构建C3和绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的腺病毒表达载体(AdC3GFP)。用AdC3GFP转导人类正常或经地塞米松处理的小梁细胞。观察(1)小梁细胞肌动蛋白、粘着斑蛋白(vinculin)、β-链蛋白(β-catenin)的变化;(2)地塞米松能否诱导小梁细胞形成肌动蛋白交联网(cross linked actin networks,CLANs)结构以及AdC3GFP对CLANs的影响。以仅表达GFP的腺病毒载体(AdGFP)作为对照。结果:与对照相比,AdC3GFP转导小梁细胞后3~4d细胞出现肌动蛋白细胞骨架裂解,相应粘着斑蛋白阳性的粘着斑减少和β-链蛋白染色丧失。与非转导细胞相比,AdGFP转导细胞肌动蛋白细胞骨架,粘着斑蛋白和β-链蛋白染色均与非转导细胞类似。经地塞米松处理的小梁细胞形成典型CLANs结构,AdC3GFP可降解肌动蛋白及已形成的CLANs结构。结论:C3基因表达产物可降解小梁细胞肌动蛋白和细胞连接以及由地塞米松诱导的小梁细胞CLANs形成。提示C3基因治疗可能是青光眼降眼压治疗的有效方法。     

P38在LPS诱导大鼠雪旺氏(Schwann) 细胞TNF-α表达中的作用

应用免疫荧光标记、基因转染等方法,观察脂多糖（LPS）刺激对单核细胞系Raw264.7细胞骨架的影响,探讨p38家族不同亚型对LPS诱导的细胞骨架蛋白微管蛋白与肌动蛋白变化的调控作用结果显示,未受LPS刺激的细胞富含微管蛋白,微管蛋白交联形成辐射状的交联丝网,丝网在细胞中分布均匀;LPS刺激后,微管蛋白募集在细胞膜、核膜周围;p38α、p38β、p38γ亚型的特异性抑制剂FHPI对LPS诱导的微管蛋白募集无影响,而p38无活性突变体p38δ(AF)的基因转染,可抑制LPS诱导的细胞骨架微管蛋白的募集;肌动蛋白在静息的细胞内主要存在于细胞膜周围,LPS作用后,肌动蛋白在细胞中形成广泛分布的辐射状应激纤维;p38上游激酶活性诱变体MKK6b基因转染可诱导Raw细胞形成类似的应激纤维,而p38γ(AF)的基因转染,可抑制LPS诱导的细胞应激纤维的形成.上述结果表明,p38δ可能参与了LPS诱导的微管蛋白的重构;而LPS诱导Raw细胞应激纤维的形成,可能是通过p38γ蛋白激酶而发挥作用.     

Sema4C及其相互作用蛋白GIPC的亚细胞定位及荧光共定位研究

目的：观察脑信号蛋白Sema4C及其相互作用蛋白GIPC的亚细胞定位及两者的荧光共定位情况,为明确Sema4C和GIPC在亚细胞水平的相互作用提供佐证。方法：将Sema4C的基因编码区全长、胞外段和胞内段分别构建到pEGFPNl和pEGFPCI表达载体中,将GIPC编码区基因构建到pDsRed-C1表达载体中,分别转染HEK293细胞,观察亚细胞定位;将pEGFPNl-Sema4C和pDsRed-GIPC分别共转染HEl（293和COS7细胞,观察两者的荧光共定位情况。结果：酶切鉴定及测序结果表明重组载体构建正确,Sema4C蛋白全长和胞外段呈跨膜分布,而胞内段在全细胞中呈弥散样分布;GIPC在胞浆内呈斑块状聚集分布;pEGFPNl-Sema4C和pDsRed-GIPC存在荧光共定位区域。结论：Sema4C主要在胞膜和胞浆内表达,GIPC主要在胞浆内呈斑块样聚集分布;Sema4C和GIPC之间存在荧光共定位。     

低氧抑制C2C12细胞的体外分化

目的:研究低氧环境对C2C12细胞分化的影响,为探讨肌肉的发生和骨骼肌的损伤修复机理提供理论依据.方法:培养C2C12细胞,分别在常氧和低氧(3%O2)条件下诱导分化.免疫细胞化学方法检测成肌细胞终末分化的标志蛋白MI-IC(肌球蛋白重链)的表达;Western blot检测MHC以及MRFs(成肌调控因子)的表达.结果:在常氧条件下诱导分化的C2C12细胞融合形成肌管并表达MHC蛋白,而在低氧条件下培养的C2C12细胞几乎很少融合形成肌管并表达MHC蛋白;同时低氧下调了C2C12细胞中MRFs的表达.结论:低氧抑制了C2C12细胞的体外分化.     

决定细胞形状和运动性的蛋白质 palladin

Palladin 是肌动蛋白结合蛋白家族的新成员,广泛分布于平滑肌、中枢神经系统和胚胎的各种组织中,其主要的生物功能是参与构建肌动蛋白骨架系统,并在细胞骨架的动态变化中起作用 . 在肌动蛋白细胞骨架中 palladin 与 alpha- 辅肌动蛋白共存在 . 目前发现, palladin 在决定细胞的形态和迁移或运动等过程中起关键的作用 . 在转移性癌细胞和中枢神经受损伤后的星形胶质细胞中,都有 palladin 的特殊表达 . Palladin 的表达使星形胶质细胞形成了神经胶质疤痕 .     

hhLIM is a novel F-actin binding protein involved in actin cytoskeleton remodeling

Human heart LIM protein (hhLIM) is a newly cloned protein. In vitro analyses showed that green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged hhLIM protein accumulated in the cytoplasm of C2C12 cells and colocalized with F-actin, indicating that hhLIM is an actin-binding protein in C2C12 cells. Overexpression of hhLIM-GFP in C2C12 cells significantly stabilized actin filaments and delayed depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton induced by cytochalasin B treatment. Expression of hhLIM-GFP in C2C12 cells also induced significant changes in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, specifically, fewer and thicker actin bundles than in control cells, suggesting that hhLIM functions as an actin-bundling protein. This hypothesis was confirmed using low-speed co-sedimentation assays and direct observation of F-actin bundles that formed in vitro in the presence of hhLIM. hhLIM has two LIM domains. To identify the essential regions and sites for association, a series of truncated mutants was constructed which showed that LIM domain 2 has the same activity as full-length hhLIM. To further characterize the binding sites, the LIM domain was functionally destructed by replacing cysteine with serine in domain 2, and results showed that the second LIM domain plays a central role in bundling of F-actin. Taken together, these data identify hhLIM as an actin-binding protein that increases actin cytoskeleton stability by promoting bundling of actin filaments.     

Identification of phostensin, a PP1 F-actin cytoskeleton targeting subunit

We have identified a novel protein, protein phosphatase 1 F-actin cytoskeleton targeting subunit (phostensin). This protein is encoded by KIAA1949 and was found to associate with protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) in the yeast two-hybrid assay, co-immunoprecipitation, and GST pull-down assay. Northern blot analysis revealed that phostensin mRNA was predominantly distributed in leukocytes and spleen, and phostensin protein was present in crude extracts of human peripheral leukocytes. Immunofluorescence microscopic analysis revealed that the phostensin/PP1 complex was conspicuously localized with the actin cytoskeleton at the cell periphery in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. Taken together, our data shows that phostensin targets PP1 to F-actin cytoskeleton. The phostensin/PP1 complex may play a vital role in modulation of actin rearrangements.     

MAP kinase- and Rho-dependent signals interact to regulate gene expression but not actin morphology in cardiac muscle cells.

Post-natal growth of cardiac muscle cells occurs by hypertrophy rather than division and is associated with changes in gene expression and muscle fiber morphology. We show here that the protein kinase MEKK1 can induce reporter gene expression from the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) promoter, a genetic marker that is activated during in vivo hypertrophy. MEKK1 induced both stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) activity; however, while the SAPK cascade stimulated ANF expression, activation of the ERK cascade inhibited expression. C3 transferase, a specific inhibitor of the small GTPase Rho, also inhibited both MEKK- and phenylephrine-induced ANF expression, indicating an additional requirement for Rho-dependent signals. Microinjection or transfection of C3 transferase into the same cells did not disrupt actin muscle fiber morphology, indicating that Rho-dependent pathways do not regulate actin morphology in cardiac muscle cells. While active MEKK1 was a potent activator of hypertrophic gene expression, this kinase did not induce actin organization and prevented phenylephrine-induced organization. These data suggest that multiple signals control hypertrophic phenotypes. Positive and negative signals mediated by parallel MAP kinase cascades interact with Rho-dependent pathways to regulate hypertrophic gene expression while other signals induce muscle fiber morphology in cardiac muscle cells.     

Amlexanox reversibly inhibits cell migration and proliferation and induces the Src-dependent disassembly of actin stress fibers in vitro

Amlexanox binds S100A13 and inhibits the release of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1). Because members of the S100 gene family are known to be involved with the function of the cytoskeleton, we examined the ability of amlexanox to modify the cytoskeleton and report that amlexanox induces a dramatic reduction in the presence of actin stress fibers and the appearance of a random, non-oriented distribution of focal adhesion sites. Correspondingly, amlexanox induces the complete and reversible non-apoptotic inhibition of cell migration and proliferation, and although amlexanox does not induce either the down-regulation of F-actin levels or the depolymerization of actin filaments, it does induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin, a Src substrate known to regulate actin bundling. In addition, a dominant negative form of Src is able to partially rescue cells from the effect of amlexanox on both the actin cytoskeleton and cell migration. In contrast, the inhibition of cell proliferation by amlexanox correlates with the inhibition of cyclin D1 expression without interference of the receptor tyrosine kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Last, the ability of amlexanox to inhibit FGF1 release is reversible and correlates with the restoration of the actin cytoskeleton, suggesting a role for the actin cytoskeleton in the FGF1 release pathway.     

The interaction between the adaptor protein APS and Enigma is involved in actin organisation

APS (adaptor protein with PH and SH2 domains) is an adaptor protein phosphorylated by several tyrosine kinase receptors including the insulin receptor. To identify novel binding partners of APS, we performed yeast two-hybrid screening. We identified Enigma, a PDZ and LIM domain-containing protein that was previously shown to be associated with the actin cytoskeleton. In HEK 293 cells, Enigma interacted specifically with APS, but not with the APS-related protein SH2-B. This interaction required the NPTY motif of APS and the LIM domains of Enigma. In NIH-3T3 cells that express the insulin receptor, Enigma and APS were partially co-localised with F-actin in small ruffling structures. Insulin increased the complex formation between APS and Enigma and their co-localisation in large F-actin containing ruffles. While in NIH-3T3 and HeLa cells the co-expression of both Enigma and APS did not modify the actin cytoskeleton organisation, expression of Enigma alone led to the formation of F-actin clusters. Similar alteration in actin cytoskeleton organisation was observed in cells expressing both Enigma and APS with a mutation in the NPTY motif. These results identify Enigma as a novel APS-binding protein and suggest that the APS/Enigma complex plays a critical role in actin cytoskeleton organisation.