Characterization and in vitro antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Pleurotus ostreatus

Two polysaccharide fractions (PSPO-1a and PSPO-4a) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus using ethanol precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography and gel permeation chromatography. Both fractions were heteropolysaccharide containing protein and uronic acid. PSPO-1a was composed of mannose, glucose, galactose, xylose and rhamnose with a molar ratio of 2.47:0.91:1.00:1.66:3.87. PSPO-4a was composed of only three monosaccharides: rhamnose, mannose and galactose with a molar ratio of 0.92:2.69:1.00. The average molecular weight of PSPO-1a and PSPO-4a determined by HPLC were estimated to be 1.8 × 10(4)Da and 1.1 × 10(6)Da respectively. The in vitro tests revealed that two polysaccharides were natural potential antioxidant. Both polysaccharides presented stronger DPPH radical and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity with increasing concentrations, but less effective on scavenging hydroxyl radical. Compared with PSPO-4a, PSPO-1a was the more effective free-radical scavenger. In conclusion, the two polysaccharides may be useful as a naturally potential antioxidant agent for application in food and medicinal fields.     

Whey permeate as a growth medium for Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes

Whey permeate, a dairy by-product, was studied as a growth medium for two white-rot Basidiomycetes, Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus. Mycelial growth and phenoloxidase production appeared to be highly stimulated when the fungi were grown on the permeate instead of synthetic medium. No further increment in phenoloxidase production was observed when the permeate was supplemented with CuSO₄.     

平菇菌粗多糖的抗氧化活性研究

采用深层发酵技术生产平菇粗多糖,时其清除DPPH自由基、羟自由基的能力、铁离子螯合能力以及还原力进行了比较分析。结果表明：菌丝体粗多糖和发酵液粗多糖均具有较强的抗氧化能力,但2种多糖的抗氧化能力存在差异;茵丝体粗多糖清除DPPH自由基的能力较强,其EC。。值为2．20mg／mL;发酵液粗多糖清除羟自由基的能力、铁离子螯合能力以及还原力较强,其EC50值分别为0．72mg／mL、3．32mg／mL和7．91mg／mL。在一定的浓度范围内,多糖的浓度增加,其抗氧化能力也随之增强,呈量效依赖关系。     

Production of biomass and ligninolytic enzymes by Pleurotus ostreatus in submerged culture.

The production of biomass and ligninolytic enzymes by Pleurotus ostreatus was analysed in synthetic medium with yeast extract and different glucose concentrations (0.5 - 20 g/l), at different pH (3.5-6.5) and incubation temperatures (23-32 degrees C). The best culture condition were: initial glucose concentration of 5 g/l, initial pH between 5.5-6.5 and incubation temperature between 26-29 degrees C. The saturation constant for glucose (Ks) was 1.75 g/l. The biomass concentration reached 8.6 g/l with a glucose addition of 20.0 g/l to the culture medium. The control of pH allowed an increment of 0.5 g/l of biomass concentration. The birreactor produced pellets with a homogeneous distribution of diameter size of 3.4 -/+ 0.2 mm. Approximately, 307 U/l of laccase and 0.41 U/l of manganese peroxidase were obtained in extracellular liquid medium and 0.015 U/g of laccase and 0.809 U/g of manganese peroxidase were obtained in solid substrate. Lignin peroxidase activity was not detected at any condition.     

Optimization of biomass production with enhanced glucan and dietary fibres content by Pleurotus ostreatus ATHUM 4438 under submerged culture

This work was aimed at optimizing biomass production by the edible basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus ATHUM 4438 in a submerged process with enhanced glucan and dietary fibres content. β-Glucan from Pleurotus sp. (pleuran) has been used as food supplements due to its immunosuppressive activity. Like other dietary fibre components, oyster mushroom polysaccharides can stimulate the growth of colon microorganisms (probiotics), i.e. act as prebiotics. We used the FF MicroPlate for substrate utilization and growth monitoring. The pattern of substrate catabolism forms a substrate assimilation fingerprint which is useful in selecting media components for media optimization of maximum biomass production. Different carbon sources (95) were used and then 8 of them were tested in shake flask cultures. The effect of various organic and complex nitrogen sources on biomass production was also examined and response surface methodology based on central composite design was applied to explore the optimal medium composition. When the optimized culture medium was tested in a 20-L stirred tank bioreactor, using 57 g L⁻¹ xylose and 37 g L⁻¹ corn steep liquor, high yields (39.2 g L⁻¹) of dry biomass was obtained. The yield coefficients for total glucan and dietary fibres on mycelial biomass formed were 140 ± 4 and 625 ± 9 mg g⁻¹ mycelium dry weight, respectively.     

The use of spent brewery grains for Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation and enzyme production

In the brewing industry, spent brewery grains (SBGs) are byproducts with a low economic value. The potential use of this leftover as a substrate ingredient for Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting body cultivation and enzyme production was evaluated. The best substrate mixture for P. ostreatus mycelium growth comprised 30% wheat bran (WB), 68% beech sawdust (BS) and 2% CaCO3. On the substrates containing SBG, the fastest mycelium growth was observed on the substrate composed of 10% SBG, 20% WB, 68% BS and 2% CaCO3. The highest biological efficiency (51%) of fruiting bodies was determined on the mixtures containing 20% WB, 10% SBG and 2% CaCO3. The SBGs with the addition of WB were also shown to be suitable as a substrate for enzyme production. However, the supplementation levels designate which enzymes are produced and in what amounts.     

一种快速辨别糙皮侧耳和肺形侧耳的方法

目的：建立一种快速、经济的方法辨别糙皮侧耳（P.ostreatus）和肺形侧耳（P.pulmonarius）。方法：在GenBank下载糙皮侧耳和肺形侧耳的ITS序列,经ClustalX序列比对,利用Primer 3设计特异引物组合1F（5′-GATAGATCTGTGAAGTCGTC-3′）、1R（5′-TCACAATTGGAAAGAAACC-3′）和2R（5′-TGCGTGCTATTGATGAGTGA-3′）,最后经PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测。结果：5个糙皮侧耳菌株均能得到2条带,分别为342bp和459bp。4个肺形侧耳菌株均能扩增到一条446bp的片段。结论：该组引物适合辨别糙皮侧耳和肺形侧耳。     

平菇菌丝发酵液粗多糖对多种肠道益生菌的影响

目的 探究平菇菌丝发酵液粗多糖对多种肠道益生菌生长的影响。 方法 采用发酵工程技术获得平菇菌丝发酵液并提取平菇菌丝分泌的粗多糖。将平菇菌丝发酵液粗多糖分别以浓度10.0%、5.0%、2.5%以及0%的空白对照对青春双歧杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、乳杆菌MZ900、嗜酸乳杆菌生长的影响进行观察。 结果 在含平菇菌丝粗多糖10.0%以下的菌液范围内随着平菇菌丝发酵液粗多糖含量的增加,4种肠道益生菌的生长成正相关增长。 结论 平菇菌丝发酵液粗多糖对4种肠道益生菌有增菌效果。研究结果为平菇菌丝发酵液粗多糖有保护人类肠道功能的作用提供理论依据,以及为后续研究提供建议。     

Growth and laccase production by Pleurotus ostreatus in submerged and solid-state fermentation

Pleurotus ostreatus showed atypical laccase production in submerged vs. solid-state fermentation. Cultures grown in submerged fermentation produced laccase at 13,000 U l⁻¹, with a biomass production of 5.6 g l⁻¹ and four laccase isoforms. However, cultures grown in solid-state fermentation had a much lower laccase activity of 2,430 U l⁻¹, biomass production of 4.5 g l⁻¹, and three laccase isoforms. These results show that P. ostreatus performs much better in submerged fermentation than in solid-state fermentation. This is the first report that shows such atypical behavior in the production of extracellular laccases by fungi.     

Classical breeding in Pleurotus ostreatus: a natural approach for laccase production improvement

White-rot basidiomycetes, the most common wood-rotting organisms, are characterized by their ability to produce extracellular oxidative enzymes, among which laccases are regarded as promising catalysts for many biotechnological applications. A significant obstacle to the exploitation of laccase-based bioprocesses is the large amounts of enzyme required. In this study the issue has been addressed by applying a classical breeding approach to increase laccase production yields in the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Starting from two different P. ostreatus varieties, three higher laccase-producing hybrids have been obtained by crossing selected compatible monokaryons. The three selected strains increased the titre of parental strains up to four fold, reaching an expression level of up to 100 000 U/L. One hybrid exhibited a more complex isoenzyme pattern, illustrating the potential of classical breeding to differentiate protein expression.     

Yellow Blotch of Pleurotus ostreatus

Yellow blotch disease of the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) was first observed in a commercial mushroom farm in California in 1983. The disease, caused by Pseudomonas agarici, is characterized by primordia, with yellow droplets on their surface, which become stunted, yellow to orange, and deformed as they mature.     

Cyanobacterial biomass as N-supplement to agro-waste for hyper-production of laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus in solid state fermentation

The potential application of dry biomass of a cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans as a supplement in SSF for the production of laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus was evaluated. Experiments were carried out in solid culture using groundnut shell as a basic substrate supplemented with four independent nitrogen sources (ammonium sulphate, urea, yeast extract and dry powder of cyanobacteria). All the four supplements enhanced the enzyme yield, and yeast extract showed precedence over inorganic nitrogenous sources. However, when dry biomass of A. nidulans was used as an additive to groundnut shell (agricultural residues), it supported maximum cell growth (56.83 ± 5.56 mg/g dry substrate) and laccase production (49.21 ± 4.89 U/g dry substrate). Addition of 1 mM copper salt in the medium containing groundnut shell supplemented with yeast extract gave laccase activity of 32.64 ± 3.4 U/g dry substrate. When dry powder of cyanobacterial biomass was used as N-supplement, laccase production enhanced to 65.42 ± 6.48 U/g dry substrate. In addition to the enhancement to enzyme production inhibitory effects of high concentrations of copper was also diminished in the medium having dry cyanobacterial biomass. This study, forms the first report on the potential application of cyanobacterial biomass as an additive for production of laccase by Pleurotus ostraetus MTCC 1804 in solid state fermentation and has relevance in scale-up production of this fungal enzyme of commercial significance.     

Enhancement of laccase production by Pleurotus ostreatus and its use for the decolorization of anthraquinone dye

The white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus strain 32 is an excellent producer of the industrially important enzyme laccase. Laccase was the only ligninolytic activity detected in the supernatant when the fungus was grown in liquid culture with or without shaking. Growth and laccase production in static cultivation were superior to that in agitated cultivation, and N-limited culture is of benefit to laccase production. When using cellobiose and peptone as carbon and nitrogen source, a higher activity level was obtained. 2,2′-Azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothialozin-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) (1 mM) was shown to be the best inducer of laccase production, reaching maximum values of about 400 U/ml. Cu²⁺ (1 mM) also had a positive effect on laccase production, activity being enhanced to 360 U/ml. In addition, anthraquinone dye SN4R can be effectively decolorized by crude laccase (30 U/ml), the rate of which was 66%. The decolorization rate was increased by 90% with ABTS (0.16%) addition as a mediator of laccase.     

Laccase production in solid‐state and submerged fermentation by Pleurotus ostreatus

A solid‐state fermentation (SSF) system for production of an industrially important enzyme laccase by Pleurotus ostreatus was developed by using potato dextrose yeast extract medium and polyurethane foam as a supporting material. The maximum laccase production in the SSF system was as high as 3×10⁵ U/L. Addition of inducers, such as copper and ferulic acid, further enhanced the laccase production in SSF. Moreover, the time required for the maximum laccase production was reduced to 6 days compared to 10 days reported earlier. The improvement achieved by the SSF system was investigated by comparing it to a submerged fermentation system (SmF), both experimentally and by using a standard theoretical model along with a parameter sensitivity analysis. Laccase production in SSF was found to be twice of that in SmF. One of the main reasons for higher laccase production in SSF compared to SmF was possibly due to the presence of higher proteolytic activity in SmF. Strong proteolytic activity in SmF presumably caused subsequent laccase degradation, which lowered the ultimate laccase production in SmF compared to SSF.     

全基因组预测糙皮侧耳经典胞外分泌蛋白

糙皮侧耳(平菇)作为目前木质纤维素降解模式真菌,其产生的胞外分泌蛋白在植物纤维素、半纤维素及木质素降解过程中发挥着重要作用。为了给蛋白质组学鉴定糙皮侧耳胞外分泌蛋白实验提供参考,利用常见的生物信息学工具SignalP、ProtComp、TMHMM、big-PI Fungal Predictor和TargetP对糙皮侧耳全基因组中的12 186条蛋白质序列进行经典分泌蛋白预测,同时,对上述分泌蛋白的氨基酸分布、信号肽长度和切割位点以及其理化性质等进行分析。结果表明,糙皮侧耳全基因组中含有359个经典分泌蛋白,其氨基酸长度主要集中于101~600之间;信号肽长度集中在18~21之间;信号肽切割位点属于A-X-A类型,除此之外还含有5条具有RR-motif的信号肽。对这些分泌蛋白进行功能注释,结果表明225个蛋白质为未知功能蛋白质;114个为已知功能蛋白质,主要功能注释集中于木质纤维素降解酶类,包括纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、木质素降解相关酶等。以上结果表明通过上述生物信息学分析实现了对糙皮侧耳全基因组经典分泌蛋白的有效预测。     

Improved conditions for protoplast formation and transformation of Pleurotus ostreatus

Conditions suitable for the production and regeneration of Pleurotus ostreatus protoplasts from dikaryotic mycelia were examined. Three commercially available muralytic enzymes, including Sigma lysing enzyme, Novozym 234 and Novozym 234 LP, were used for production of protoplasts. Over 2 × 10⁷ protoplasts per gram fresh weight mycelia were obtained within 1.5 h by using each of these three enzymes. The colony regeneration rate was up to 13% on potato-dextrose-agar medium containing 0.8 m mannitol. Genetic transformation was based on positive selection for resistance to hygromycin B (HmB) using the plasmid vector pAN7-1 and accomplished by either electroporation or a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-divalent cation method. P. ostreatus strains used in this study have innate sensitivity to HmB at a critical inhibitory concentration of between 40–50 g/ml. Selection for HmB resistance of this fungus, indicative of transformation, resulted in 3–48 HmB-resistant colonies per microgram of pAN7-1 per 10⁷ viable protoplasts. No significant differences were apparent when either transformation protocol or either P. ostreatus strain was used. The best electrical condition found for the electrotransformation of P. ostreatus is at a field strength of 2.6–2.8 kV/cm with a capacitance of 25F and a parallel resistance of 800 ohms, corresponding to a time constant range of 10–14 ms. Correspondence to: P. A. Lemke     

驱避色防治平菇蚊、蝇类害虫的效果评价

为探讨运用驱避色防治平菇Pleurotus ostreatus蚊、蝇类害虫的可行性,本研究基于一种对平菇双翅目害虫具明显驱避作用的浅灰色（RGB=169, 169, 169）用于设计菌袋、地膜和棚膜,以评估这种驱避色赋能平菇配套栽培设施（菌袋、地膜和棚膜）对平菇蚊、蝇类害虫的驱避效果和增产作用。采用正交设计各影响因子处理组合进行田间小区试验,研究不同菌袋、地膜、棚膜颜色对害虫驱避率及平菇增产率的影响,筛选出最优组合,应用于生产实际。结果表明,驱避色菌袋+驱避色地膜+透明棚膜的处理组合的害虫驱避率和增产率均最高,与对照组相比,驱避率增加了45.63%,第1、2、3潮菇产量和总产量分别增加了11.29%,2.55%,8.82%和7.74%。通过多因素和差异显著性分析,菌袋颜色是影响害虫驱避率和增产率的主因子,与对照相比对害虫驱避率和前3潮菇增产率差异达到极显著水平。在平菇生产过程中,使用驱避色菌袋和地膜能有效控制平菇蚊、蝇类害虫的危害并提高产量,是一项值得推广的害虫防治措施。     

Decolourization of Municipal Effluent and Sludge by Pleurotus sajor-caju and Pleurotus ostreatus

Summary The Americana Municipal Treatment Station, S?o Paulo, Brazil, manages 400 l of effluent s⁻¹, from domestic and textile origin, which produces an average of 20 t of sludge per day. The decolourization of the effluent and sludge by three strains of Pleurotus (Pleurotus sajor-caju F2, F6 and Pleurotus ostreatus) was evaluated. The strains of P. sajor-caju F2 and F6 were able to decolourize the sludge, while P. ostreatus was less efficient. Detoxification was appraised with three bioassays comprising the cnidarian Hydra attenuata, the alga Selenastrum capricornutum and lettuce seeds. After exposure to fungi, effluent toxicity decreased but not that of its sludge. Strain P. sajor-caju F6 presented signs of toxicity shown by electron microscopy in the presence of the effluent. The three strains produced high amounts of manganese-peroxidase (Mn–P) and laccase in the presence of the sludge. Although P. ostreatus produced large amount of Mn–P and laccase enzymes, these enzymes did not result in decolourization of the sludge, suggesting that other factors are likely to be involved. Carbon content decreased only in the treatment with P. ostreatus.     

Lovastatin production by Pleurotus ostreatus: effects of the C:N ratio

The types of carbon source and nitrogen source used as well as the C:N ratio in the medium influenced lovastatin production by Pleurotus ostreatus. The maximum value of the lovastatin yield was obtained in a medium that contained organic nitrogen.