三种前鳃亚纲海产腹足类性畸变现象的组织学研究

有机锡污染可以导致海产腹足类雌性个体产生性畸变现象。本文报道了阿文绶贝(Mauritia arabica)、褐棘螺(Chicoreus brunneus)和桶形芋螺(Conus betulinus)三种前鳃亚纲腹足类正常雄性个体和性畸变个体雄性生殖器官的组织学结构。结果表明,不同种间雄性个体的输精管和阴茎的结构存在开放和封闭两种类型,封闭型是由开放型进化而来。虽然性畸变个体的雄性生殖器官与正常雄性个体的在组织结构上无明显差异,但性畸变个体的雄性生殖器官并不完整,无法行使生殖功能。由于内分泌扰乱物质对人和动物影响的相似性,使得海产腹足类性畸变现象应受到人们的重视。     

厦门海域岩相海岸带疣荔枝螺（Thais clavigera）与甲虫螺（Cantharus cecillei）性畸变

海产腹足类性畸变以其对有机锡的敏感性、特异性和不可逆性而成为海洋有机锡污染的理想指示种.调查研究了厦门海域岩相海岸带疣荔枝螺(Thais clavigera)和甲虫螺(Cantharus cecillei)的性畸变情况,通过生物学指标IOI(性畸变率)、RPSI(相对阴茎发展指数)、VDSI(输精管发展指数)及SRI(性比指数)综合评价其性畸变发展程度,间接指示厦门周边海域的有机锡污染程度.研究结果发现,在采集疣荔枝螺的17个站点中有5个站点种群性畸变率为100%,其中宝珠屿种群性畸变程度最为严重,VDSI达4,采集甲虫螺的4个站点的种群性畸变率均为100%.性畸变程度较严重的种群普遍集中于厦门西港,并且表现出由港内到港外逐渐减轻的趋势,而白城、会展中心和大嶝岛等位于开阔的厦门东海域的种群性畸变程度最轻,与往年厦门西海域有机锡污染监测数据相比一致,体现出性畸变程度与有机锡污染程度及海港码头远近之间的相互关系.     

我国台湾的翁戎螺轶事

翁戎螺,这个名字,可能有许多人不熟悉它。不过,它同海味八珍之一的鲍鱼是近亲,都属于原始腹足类海产软体动物。在十九世纪五十年代以前,人们认为,翁戎螺是一类早已绝灭了的贝类。因为人们在这以前,只是在地层里发现过它的化石,现存的     

性畸变对腹足类生殖和种群的影响

具有内分泌干扰效应的三丁基锡能引起腹足类产生性畸变现象。在性畸变过程中 ,雌性个体会由于生殖孔口被前列腺取代或被输精管阻塞、贮精囊或卵囊腺开裂、卵囊腺内部被阻塞以及卵巢转化为精巢等多种原因而丧失生殖能力 ,甚至死亡。并由此引起雌、雄性比和幼、成年个体比的降低 ,导致种群衰退。有浮游幼体的种类可以通过外来种群的成功迁入使种群得以维持 ,而无浮游幼体的种类 ,由于幼体迁移能力差而最终导致种群的区域性灭绝。性畸变这种典型的功能效应对其他内分泌干扰物质的生态效应研究有启示作用。     

南海永署礁泻湖1680年来微型腹足类丰度变化的环境意义

永署礁南永3井记录了近1680年来礁泻湖腹足类遗壳的沉积变化,其中腹足类丰度变化尤为显著,存在三个高丰度区和相间的三个低丰度区,全样单一的粉砂沉积,表明丰度的变化与底质类型无关,而高分异度显示了一部分腹足类遗壳为水动力搬动的结果,腹足类丰度与沉积速率的对比表明,高沉积速率和低沉积速率以及波动的沉积环境不利于腹足类的发展,而适中的沉积速率和稳定的沉积环境将是腹足类发展的有利因素,发现环境的变化大约以400－600年为周期,1459－1680年间为环境动荡期,腹足类为低丰度,1081－1459年间为环境稳定期,腹足类丰度高;559－1081年间为沉积速率急剧变化期,腹足类为低丰度,1－559年间沉积速率非常稳定,腹足类十分发育。     

白垩纪中期缅甸琥珀中陆生腹足类化石的新发现

腹足类化石在地层中丰富且常见,但在琥珀中保存较少。文中描述了产自白垩纪中期缅甸琥珀中的陆生腹足类化石2属2种:Euthema naggsi Yu, Wang and Pan, 2018, Truncatellina dilatatus sp. nov.。这些陆生腹足类新材料的发现,提高了缅甸琥珀中陆生腹足类物种多样性,并进一步印证了白垩纪中期缅甸琥珀森林温暖潮湿的热带雨林环境。     

江西清江盆地临江组非海相腹足类化石及时代讨论

一、概述华南地区始新世陆相地层发育,腹足类化石极其丰富,搞清其分布、性质、组合特点及古生态对了解整个华南地区中、新生代区域地质发展、构造运动、沉积环境的演替以及寻找沉积矿产等都有很大意义。笔者对江西清江盆地临江组进行了生物地层和岩石学的工作。初步描述了腹足类化石24属、29种,其中包括1新属、7新种。按照腹足类化石产出层位和分布规律,初步建立了1个腹足类组合和3个亚组合,根据腹足类动物群的性质和组合特点,进行了一些生物地层的对比工作。综合介形类、轮藻、孢粉、鱼、植物的研究,对临江组的地质时代     

早寒武世腹足类开放松旋型初始壳（胎壳）形态学及研究意义

对中国早寒武世软体动物腹足类标本的再研究表明,早期腹足类Archaeospiriids,Auriculaspiriids和Xinjispiriids无一例外都以开放松旋型初始壳(胎壳)为特征,但这些腹足类的胎壳与后续螺壳的分界各具标志.这种胎壳是古生代腹足类特有的特征.研究结果证明,以开放松旋型初始壳为特征的腹足类胎壳可以追溯到早寒武世的梅树村期.这种开放松旋型胎壳的特征使一直以来颇受争议的Archaeospiriids和Auriculaspiriids是否归属于腹足类得到了肯定.梅树村期的Archaeospiriids胎壳直径在200-250 μm之间,表明其幼体是一种非漂浮营养型的生活模式,而沧浪铺期的Auriculaspiriids和Xinjispiriids胎壳直径均小于130μm,其幼体可能是一种漂浮营养型的生活模式.因此,早期腹足类首先选择的是非漂浮营养型的幼体生活模式,而从发育非漂浮营养型的幼体生活模式到发育漂浮营养型的幼体生活模式,这种多样性的变化可能在寒武纪大爆发主幕阶段就已呈现.实现腹足类幼体生活模式多样化的因素除了捕食作用产生的生物竞争压力所诱导的逃逸本能外,动荡的水动力环境和由此引起的营养悬浮物进一步增加可能是促使早期腹足类幼体生活模式发生根本性变化的重要因素.     

江苏句容下二叠统腹足类新种Euomphalus gigantonodus sp.nov.

本文记述一个腹足类新种。Euomphalus gigantonodus sp.nov.,采自江苏句容船山的下二叠统黑色页岩中;产腹足类化石的岩层之上的灰岩产(竹蜓)Misellina claudiae,之下的灰岩产Sphaeroschwagerina。腹足类新种共有三个标本,均稍受挤压。     

贵州威宁石炭纪的腹足类及古生态

描术贵州西部晚石炭世威宁组的腹足类７属９种（其中２新种）,早石炭世草海组鸭子塘段的腹足类６属６种（其中１新种）。参照黄渤海海域内现生腹足类的生态习性,初步推断鸭子段为早石炭世浅海陆棚沉积。     

Integrated Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: A Case Study of Tributyltin and Triphenyltin Compounds

Tributyltin and triphenyltin (TBT and TPT) are biocides that have been used to prevent fouling of boats, preserve wood, kill molluscs, and other uses. Due to observed effects on oysters and snails, their use in boat paints has been banned in many nations. However, use on ships and some uses other than as antifouling paints continue. These uses, the relative persistence of these compounds, their tendency to bioaccumulate, and their toxicity cause lingering concerns about risks to humans and non-human organisms. This paper outlines an integrated assessment of TBT and TPT. Based on prior human health and ecological assessments, it suggests that an integrated assessment that recognized common pathways of transport, fate and exposure, and common modes of action would be more efficient and complete than additional independent assessments. The presentation of risks in an integrated manner could also lead to better decisions by defining the various benefits of any management action.     

桶形芋螺和菖蒲芋螺的性畸变

2 0 0 1年 9月和 2 0 0 3年 8月在广东湛江的硇洲岛和 2 0 0 3年 6月在广东阳江的闸坡渔港采集桶形芋螺 (Conus betulinus)和菖蒲芋螺 (Conus vexillum) ,发现两个海区的芋螺雌性个体均发生性畸变 ,性畸变率均为 10 0 % ,但雌 /雄性比仍大于 1.0。两种芋螺的畸变阶段和类型多 ,桶形芋螺有 S3b、S3c、 S4 、S*4 、S5b、S5c,而菖蒲芋螺有 S1 c、S3b、S4 、S*4 、S6 b。 2 0 0 3年 6月在阳江采集的桶形芋螺畸变程度最高 ,种群 RPSI为 5 3.8% ,VDSI高达 4 .9,雌性不育率达 4 4 .0 %。 2 0 0 1年 9月在硇洲岛外海深水区采集的菖蒲芋螺的种群 RPSI虽然只有 14 .7% ,但性畸率为 10 0 % ,VDSI也达 4 .1%。由此可见 ,两种芋螺对有机锡污染均比较敏感 ,而且有个体大、易采集、性畸变率高、畸变阶段跨度大、畸变类型多、畸变特征易于鉴别等特点 ,是中国东南沿海低潮线和潮下带有机锡污染生物监测的理想指示种。如与潮间带有机锡污染指示种疣荔枝螺 (Thaisclavigera)结合起来 ,便可相互补充 ,能更加全面和准确地反映近岸海域有机锡污染的现状     

Tributyltin and triphenyltin inhibit osteoclast differentiation through a retinoic acid receptor-dependent signaling pathway

Organotin compounds, such as tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT), have been widely used in agriculture and industry. Although these compounds are known to have many toxic effects, including endocrine-disrupting effects, their effects on bone resorption are unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of organotin compounds, such as monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), TBT, and TPT, on osteoclast differentiation using mouse monocytic RAW264.7 cells. MBT and DBT had no effects, whereas TBT and TPT dose-dependently inhibited osteoclast differentiation at concentrations of 3-30 nM. Treatment with a retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-specific antagonist, Ro41-5253, restored the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by TBT and TPT. TBT and TPT reduced receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) induced nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) c1 expression, and the reduction in NFATc1 expression was recovered by Ro41-5253. Our results suggest that TBT and TPT suppress osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting RANKL-induced NFATc1 expression via an RAR-dependent signaling pathway.     

Tributyltin inhibits the oligomycin-sensitive Mg-ATPase activity in Mytilus galloprovincialis digestive gland mitochondria

Tributyltin (TBT), widely employed in the past in antifouling paints, is one of the most toxic organic pollutants. Although recently banned, it still threatens coastal water ecosystems and accumulates in filter-feeding molluscs. TBT is known to act as a membrane-active toxicant; however data on mussels are scanty and exposure effects on mitochondrial ATPase activities remain hitherto unexplored. TBT effects on the mitochondrial Mg-ATPase activities in the digestive gland of Mytilus galloprovincialis were investigated both in vitro and in TBT-exposed mussels. Both an oligomycin-sensitive Mg-ATPase (OS Mg-ATPase) (70% of total Mg-ATPase activity) and an oligomycin-insensitive ATPase (OI Mg-ATPase) (30%) were found. The OS-Mg-ATPase was as much as 70% in vitro inhibited by 0.7 μM (203 μg/L) TBT, while higher concentrations promoted a partial inhibition release up to 5.0 μM TBT; higher than 10.0 μM TBT concentrations yielded nearly complete enzyme inhibition. Concentrations higher than 1 μM TBT enhanced the OI Mg-ATPase. Mussels exposed to 0.5 and 1.0 μg/L TBT in aquaria showed a 30% depressed OS Mg-ATPase activity, irrespective of TBT dose and exposure time (24 and 120 h). The OI Mg-ATPase activity was apparently refractory to TBT exposure and halved both in control and TBT-exposed mussels after 120 h exposure.     

Estrogens counteract the masculinizing effect of tributyltin in zebrafish

Recently, it has been demonstrated that the biocide tributyltin (TBT) can interfere with fish sex differentiation, leading to a bias of sex toward males. On the contrary, it is well known that estrogenic compounds can induce fish feminization. Yet, the combined effects of mixtures of androgenic and estrogenic compounds on fish sex differentiation have never been investigated before, even though in the environment animals are frequently exposed to both groups of xenobiotics. Therefore, in order to investigate whether exposure to estrogenic compounds can block the masculinizing effect of TBT, 5 days post-fertilization zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae were exposed for a four month period to TBT and to the synthetic estrogen-ethinylestradiol (EE2). The fish were fed a diet containing TBT at nominal concentrations of 25 and 100 ng TBT/g, and two groups of animals were also dosed with TBT plus EE2 at nominal water concentration of 3.5 ng/L, using a flow-through design. As expected, fish exposed to TBT showed a bias of sex toward males (62.5% males in control tanks and 86% and 82% in TBT 25 and TBT 100 ng TBT/g, respectively). Co-exposure to EE2 completely blocked the masculinizing effect of TBT, with 7% males in the TBT 25 ng/g + EE2 treatment and 0% in the EE2 alone and in the TBT 100 ng/ + EE2 exposed groups. These results clearly indicate that EE2, at environmentally relevant concentrations, can block the TBT masculinizing effects in zebrafish, which suggests that in the aquatic environment the presence of estrogens may neutralize the fish masculinizing effect of TBT. Our findings highlight the need of testing the combined effects of contaminants, as single exposure studies may not be sufficient to predict the effects of mixtures of xenobiotics with antagonistic properties.     

Effects of metal-based environmental pollutants on tunicate hemocytes

Tunicates are filter feeding marine invertebrates that are susceptible to environmental contamination by toxic metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Recently, we have shown that tunicate immune reactions are profoundly affected by exposure to tributyltin (TBT) and copper, both of which are components of marine antifouling paints. This study tests the effects of those pollutants on the hemocytes of tunicates. Immunofluorescence labeling with an anti-hemocyte monoclonal antibody demonstrated that the antigenic structure of the circulating hemocyte population was substantially affected by TBT and copper. Antigen-positive hemocytes were also found to accumulate in the pharyngeal papillae of TBT-exposed tunicates. Histological analyses indicated that this cellular accumulation in pharyngeal papillae involved refractile vacuolated hemocytes. Refractile vacuolated cells from TBT-exposed tunicates also occurred at greater frequencies in the circulating hemolymph, and had altered morphologies, compared to cells from nontreated controls. These data confirm that exogenous metals can have profound effects on the hemocytes of tunicates.     

Risk-benefit analysis and case study on tributyl tin

The Risk-Benefit Analysis (RBA) methodology was developed for the Department of the Environment to assist in the evaluation of regulatory choices concerning hazardous chemicals. RBA considers the risks (human and environmental) and benefits (direct and indirect) associated with the use of a hazardous substance and aims to express these in monetary terms. Through detailed consideration of the existing regulatory regime and the effects of possible regulatory changes, RBA highlights (and quantifies) the trade-offs which would be involved.The tributyl tin (TBT) case study considered the use of TBT in anti-fouling paints. Through the application of the RBA methodology it looked at the impact (in the UK and the EC) of a ban on the use of TBT and of stricter controls at docks involved in the repainting of ships. Valuation of the economic benefits associated with the use of TBT enabled the risks associated with its use to be implicity valued.     

Imposex in Hexaplex trunculus at Some Sites on the North Mediterranean Coast as a Base-Line for Future Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Total Ban on Organotin based Antifouling Paints

Imposex – the superimposition of male sexual organs (penis and vas deferens) onto female Neogastropods such as Hexaplex trunculus (Linné, 1758) – is used world-wide as a biomarker of ecological impact of organotin based antifouling biocides (TBT and TPhT). To limit the impact of organotin pollution, since January 1, 2003, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has enacted a global ban on the use of organotin compounds in antifouling systems. It is important to record imposex levels and organotin contamination before the implementation of the ban, in order to assess the current situation and be able, in the future, to verify the effects of the International Protocol. In this paper, recent imposex data measured in populations of Hexaplex trunculus from three different Mediterranean regions are compared: the Ligurian Sea (Italy), the Lagoon of Venice (Italy) and the western coast of Istria (Croatia). In the two former locations, a partial ban on TBT has been in force for vessels less than 25 m since 1982, while in the latter region no restrictions on organotin antifouling paints have been applied yet. Gastropod samples collected from the Venice lagoon were analysed with an acid extraction followed by Grignard derivatisation, clean up and GC-MS determination, in order to relate the levels of TBT, TPhT and their metabolites with the imposex degree detected. Biological data show that the levels of imposex were very high (VDS from 4.3 to 5) in all the sampling sites considered, particularly in the Croatian coast stations. The concentrations of organotin compounds – butyltins and phenyltins – measured in the samples from the lagoon of Venice were found to partition differently in the visceral coil and in the rest of the soft body of the analysed organisms.     

Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 aromatase activity by butyltins

Organotin compounds are widely used as antifouling agents and bioaccumulate in the food chain. Tributyltin chloride (TBT) has been shown to induce imposex in female gastropods. On the basis of this observation it has been suggested that TBT acts as an endocrine disrupter inhibiting the conversion of androgens to estrogens mediated by the aromatase cytochrome P450 enzyme. However, to date, the molecular basis of TBT-induced imposex and in particular its putative inhibitory effects on human aromatase cytochrome P450 activity have not been investigated. Therefore, we examined the effects of the organotin compounds tetrabutyltin (TTBT), TBT, dibutyltin dichloride (DBT) and monobutyltin trichloride (MBT) on human placental aromatase activity. TBT was found to be a partial competitive inhibitor of aromatase activity with an IC(50) value of 6.2 microM with 0.1 microM androstenedione as substrate. TBT impaired the affinity of the aromatase to androstenedione but did not affect electron transfer from NADPH to aromatase via inhibiting the NADPH reductase. DBT acted as a partial but less potent inhibitor of human aromatase activity (65% residual activity), whereas TTBT and MBT had no effect. The residual activity of TBT-saturated aromatase was 37%. In contrast, human 3beta-HSD type I activity was only moderately inhibited by TBT (80% residual activity). Moreover, neither TTBT or DBT nor MBT inhibited the 3beta-HSD type I activity. Together, these results suggest that the environmental pollutants TBT and DBT, both present in marine organisms, textile and plastic products, may have specific impacts on the metabolism of sex hormones in humans.     

Expression of CD16, CD18 and CD56 in tributyltin-exposed human natural killer cells

Tributyltin (TBT) was produced in large quantities for use in wood preservation, marine antifouling paints, disinfection of circulating industrial cooling waters and slime control in paper mills. TBT is found in dairy products, meat and fish. We and others have shown that there are measurable levels of TBT in human blood. BTs appear to increase the risk of cancer and viral infections in exposed individuals. In previous studies, we demonstrated that the NK-cytotoxic function of lymphocytes was greatly diminished after a 1-h exposure to 300 nM TBT or a 24-h exposure to 200 nM TBT. Inhibition induced by a 1-h exposure to 300 nM TBT continues even after removal of the compound. There is also decreased ability of NK cells to bind to tumor target cells when they have been exposed to 200 nM TBT for 24 h. This loss of binding function is not seen when NK cells are exposed to 300 nM TBT for 1 h. However, NK cells exposed to 300 nM TBT for 1 h and then incubated in TBT-free media for 24, 48 or 96 h, show a significant loss of tumor-binding function by 96 h. The effects of TBT on cell surface molecules that are crucial to NK cell function is investigated. The data indicate there is a loss of expression of CD16 and CD56 on NK cells exposed to 200 nM TBT for 24 h. There is no decrease in expression of any of the markers studied when NK cells are exposed to 300 nM TBT for 1 h, consistent with the fact that a 1-h exposure has no effect on the ability of NK cells to bind to tumor targets. However, when NK cells are exposed to 300 nM TBT followed by 24, 48 or 96 h incubations in TBT-free media, there is a significant loss of CD16 and CD18 expression after 24 h and of CD16 and CD56 expression after 48 and 96 h.