Nutrient digestibility and growth responses of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed different levels of cassava and rice

Seven groups of fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were fed for 10 weeks on 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of cassava or rice in isonitrogenous diets.Optimum growth and food utilisation was at 20% dietary cassava. High fibre content of the control diet did not suppress protein digestibility in this group. Rather, at all levels, protein digestibility was good and remained between 84.4% and 87.5%. However, in the control group, carbohydrate digestibility was very poor. The cassava diet which had the highest digestible energy as carbohydrate produced the best growth performance, food utilization and protein sparing. At the levels studied, the dietary carbohydrates produced no hyperglycaemic effect on the fish. There was no evidence of drastic adverse effects on the tissue and liver composition of the fish receiving these carbohydrates.     

Protein-leverage in mice: the geometry of macronutrient balancing and consequences for fat deposition

Objective: The Protein‐Leverage Hypothesis proposes that humans regulate their intake of macronutrients and that protein intake is prioritized over fat and carbohydrate intake, causing excess energy ingestion when diets contain low %protein. Here we test in a model animal, the mouse: (i) the extent to which intakes of protein and carbohydrate are regulated; (ii) if protein intake has priority over carbohydrates so that unbalanced foods low in %protein leads to increased energy intake; and (iii) how such variations in energy intake are converted into growth and storage. Methods and Procedures: We fed mice one of five isocaloric foods having different protein to carbohydrate composition, or a combination of two of these foods (N = 15). Nutrient intake and corresponding growth in lean body mass and lipid mass were measured. Data were analyzed using a geometric approach for analyzing intake of multiple nutrients. Results: (i) Mice fed different combinations of complementary foods regulated their intake of protein and carbohydrate toward a relatively well‐defined intake target. (ii) When mice were offered diets with fixed protein to carbohydrate ratio, they regulated the intake of protein more strongly than carbohydrate. This protein‐leverage resulted in higher energy consumption when diets had lower %protein and led to increased lipid storage in mice fed the diet containing the lowest %protein. Discussion: Although the protein‐leverage in mice was less than what has been proposed for humans, energy intakes were clearly higher on diets containing low %protein. This result indicates that tight protein regulation can be responsible for excess energy ingestion and higher fat deposition when the diet contains low %protein.     

Effect of dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratios on growth and feed utilization in Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris Günther)

An 8‐week growth trial was carried out in a semi‐recirculation system at 26 ± 0.5°C to investigate the optimal dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid (CHO:L) ratio for carnivorous Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris Günther). Triplicate tanks of fish were assigned to each of five isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets with different carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios (0.75, 1.48, 1.98, 2.99 and 5.07). The results showed that a higher specific growth rate (SGR) and feed rate (FR) were observed in the fish fed diet ratios of 1.98 CHO:L (P < 0.05). Overloading dietary carbohydrate (5.07 CHO:L ratio) caused skeletal malformations. Apparent digestibility of dry matter (ADC_d) significantly increased with dietary CHO:L ratio (P < 0.05), while significantly higher apparent digestibility of protein (ADC_p) and apparent digestibility of energy (ACD_e) was observed only in the 1.98 CHO:L group (P < 0.05). Whole body contents of dry matter, lipid and energy significantly increased as the CHO:L ratio decreased (P < 0.05). The hepatosomatic index (HSI) was highest at 1.98 CHO:L ratio (P < 0.05). Highest dietary CHO:L ratio resulted in lower liver glycogen, liver lipid, plasma glucose and plasma triacylglycerol (P < 0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in plasma total cholesterol (P > 0.05). High dietary CHO:L ratio caused pathological changes in fish morphology and liver histology. Based on maximum growth, the optimal carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratio was 1.98 for Chinese longsnout catfish.     

饲料蛋白和脂肪水平对青鱼大规格鱼种生长和体组成的影响

设计5个饲料蛋白水平（30%、33%、36%、39%和42%）和2个脂肪水平（6%和9%）的52的因子试验,配制10种试验饲料,分别饲喂10组三重复平均体重为95.5 g的二龄青鱼70d,以探讨不同蛋白和脂肪水平对青鱼生长和体组成等的影响。结果表明: 鱼体增重随饲料蛋白水平从30%提高到39%不断增加（P0.05）,进一步提高饲料蛋白水平至42%时,鱼体增重则不再显著变化（P0.05）;饲料系数随饲料蛋白水平从30%提高到39%而不断降低（P0.05）,进一步提高饲料蛋白水平至42%时,也不再显著变化;蛋白质效率和蛋白保留率随饲料蛋白水平呈下降趋势;以鱼体增重为指标,经折线模型进行回归分析求得适宜的饲料蛋白水平为占干饲料的40%。饲料蛋白、脂肪水平及其交互作用对的试验鱼成活率均无显著差异（P0.05）。饲料脂肪水平、饲料蛋白与脂肪的交互作用对鱼体增重、饲料系数、摄食率和蛋白质效率也均无显著影响（P0.05）。摄食蛋白水平为30%和33%饲料的青鱼与摄食蛋白水平36%-42%饲料的青鱼相比,有较低的水分和较高全鱼脂肪（P0.05）。青鱼脏体比和肌肉粗脂肪含量均随着饲料中蛋白水平的提高呈降低的趋势。摄食脂肪水平为9%的饲料的青鱼较摄食脂肪水平为6%的饲料的青鱼,有较高脏体比、全鱼脂肪含量和肌肉粗脂肪含量（P0.05）。上述结果说明,青鱼摄食低蛋白和高脂肪的饲料造成过多的体脂积累。在试验条件下,青鱼大规格鱼种饲养阶段适宜的饲料蛋白和脂肪水平分别为占干饲料的40%和6%。       

Hepatic glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase responses to dietary glucose and starch in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles reared at two temperatures

The effects of carbohydrate sources/complexity and rearing temperature on hepatic glucokinase (GK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activities and gene expression were studied in gilthead sea bream juveniles. Two isonitrogenous (50% crude protein) and isolipidic (19% crude lipids) diets were formulated to contain 20% waxy maize starch or 20% glucose. Triplicate groups of fish (63.5 g initial body weight) were fed each diet to near satiation during four weeks at 18 degrees C or 25 degrees C. Growth, feed intake, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio, were higher at the higher water temperature. At each water temperatures fish growth and feed efficiency were higher with the glucose diet. Plasma glucose levels were not influenced by water temperature but were higher in fish fed the glucose diet. Hepatosomatic index and liver glycogen were higher at the lower water temperature and within each water temperature in fish fed the glucose diet. No effect of water temperature on enzymes activities was observed, except for hexokinase and GK which were higher at 25 degrees C. Hepatic hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activities were not influenced by diet composition, whereas glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was higher in fish fed the glucose diet. Higher GK activity was observed in fish fed the glucose diet. GK gene expression was higher at 25 degrees C in fish fed the waxy maize starch diet while in fish fed the glucose diet, no temperature effect on GK gene expression was observed. Hepatic G6Pase activities and gene expression were neither influenced by dietary carbohydrates nor water temperature. Overall, our data suggest that in gilthead sea bream juveniles hepatocytes dietary carbohydrate source and temperature affect more intensively GK, the enzyme responsible for the first step of glucose uptake, than G6Pase the enzyme involved in the last step of glucose hepatic release.     

Hepatic glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase responses to dietary glucose and starch in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles reared at two temperatures.

The effects of carbohydrate sources/complexity and rearing temperature on hepatic glucokinase (GK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activities and gene expression were studied in gilthead sea bream juveniles. Two isonitrogenous (50% crude protein) and isolipidic (19% crude lipids) diets were formulated to contain 20% waxy maize starch or 20% glucose. Triplicate groups of fish (63.5 g initial body weight) were fed each diet to near satiation during four weeks at 18 degrees C or 25 degrees C. Growth, feed intake, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio, were higher at the higher water temperature. At each water temperatures fish growth and feed efficiency were higher with the glucose diet. Plasma glucose levels were not influenced by water temperature but were higher in fish fed the glucose diet. Hepatosomatic index and liver glycogen were higher at the lower water temperature and within each water temperature in fish fed the glucose diet. No effect of water temperature on enzymes activities was observed, except for hexokinase and GK which were higher at 25 degrees C. Hepatic hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activities were not influenced by diet composition, whereas glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was higher in fish fed the glucose diet. Higher GK activity was observed in fish fed the glucose diet. GK gene expression was higher at 25 degrees C in fish fed the waxy maize starch diet while in fish fed the glucose diet, no temperature effect on GK gene expression was observed. Hepatic G6Pase activities and gene expression were neither influenced by dietary carbohydrates nor water temperature. Overall, our data suggest that in gilthead sea bream juveniles hepatocytes dietary carbohydrate source and temperature affect more intensively GK, the enzyme responsible for the first step of glucose uptake, than G6Pase the enzyme involved in the last step of glucose hepatic release.     

Dietary carbohydrates induce changes in glucosensing capacity and food intake of rainbow trout

We hypothesize that variations in dietary carbohydrate levels produce changes in glucosensor parameters in previously characterized glucosensing areas (hypothalamus and hindbrain) related with the regulation of food intake of a carnivorous fish species like rainbow trout. Therefore, we fed trout with standard, carbohydrate-free (CF) or high-carbohydrate (HC) diets for 10 days to assess changes in glucosensing system and food intake. Fish fed CF diet displayed hypoglycemia and increased food intake. Fish fed a HC diet displayed hyperglycemia and decreased food intake. Changes in food intake due to dietary carbohydrates were accompanied in hypothalamus and hindbrain of fish fed with HC diet by changes in parameters involved in glucosensing, such as increased glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, and glycogen levels and increased glucokinase (GK), glycogen synthase, and pyruvate kinase activities as well as increased GK and GLUT2 expression. All those results address for the first time in fish, despite the relative intolerance to glucose of carnivorous species, that dietary carbohydrates are important regulators of the glucosensing system in carnivorous fish, suggesting that the information generated by this system can be associated with the changes observed in food intake.     

Growth and feed utilization by F4 human growth hormone transgenic carp fed diets with different protein levels

The F₄ generation of human growth hormone (hGH) transgenic red common carp Cyprinus carpio had significantly higher growth rates than the non-transgenic controls. Protein and energy intakes were significantly higher in the transgenic carp than in the controls fed the 20% protein diet, but were not different between the two strains fed diets with 30 and 40% protein. Faecal protein loss, as a proportion of protein intake, was significantly lower in the transgenics than in the controls fed diets with 20 and 30% protein, but was not different between the two strains fed diet with 40% protein. Faecal energy loss, as a proportion of energy intake, was significantly lower in the transgenics than in the controls fed diet with 20% protein, but was not different between the two strains fed diets with 30 and 40% protein. Recovered protein, as a proportion of protein intake, was significantly higher in the transgenics than in the controls fed all diets, whereas recovered energy was significantly higher in the transgenic fish fed the 40% protein diet. For fish fed each diet, the transgenics had significantly higher body contents of dry matter and protein, but lower contents of lipid than the controls. It was concluded that transgenics were more efficient in utilizing dietary protein than the controls. At a lower dietary protein level, transgenics achieved higher growth rates mainly by increasing feed intake; at higher levels of dietary protein, transgenics achieved higher growth rates mainly through a higher energy conversion efficiency.     

Influence of diet on the storage, mobilization and utilization of energy reserves in trained and untrained rats

The effect of the major dietary energy source (fat or carbohydrate) on some of the adaptations to physical training, particularly body composition and tissue glycogen concentrations, were studied in growing male Wistar rats. Resting liver glycogen concentrations were lower in both trained and sedentary rats fed a high fat diet compared to corresponding rats fed a high carbohydrate (low fat) diet. Trained rats on both diets had higher liver glycogen levels than corresponding sedentary controls. Resting gastrocnemius muscle glycogen concentrations were not influenced by diet or training. Rates of liver and muscle glycogen depletion during a 60-min swim were lower in trained rats but were not influenced by diet. Significant interactions were noted between the dietary energy source and exercise training with respect to body weight gain, body fat content, liver weight and liver glycogen concentrations.     

Larval nutrition affects lipid storage and growth, but not protein or carbohydrate storage in newly eclosed adults of the grasshopper Schistocerca americana

Nitrogen availability from dietary protein can have profound effects on the physiology and evolutionary ecology of insect herbivores. While many studies consider the effects of nutrition on consumption and gross body composition of protein and other important nutrients, few consider partitioning to storage for future use. I used chemically defined artificial diets to quantitatively manipulate the amount of dietary carbohydrates and proteins available to growing larvae of the grasshopper Schistocerca americana to determine how larval nutrient availability affects growth and all three classes of stored nutrients (proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates) carried over from larval feeding into adulthood. Larvae on poor diets increased consumption, but could not compensate for diet quality, eclosing small and containing no significant nutrient stores at adulthood. Individuals fed intermediate to high nutrient content diets as larvae were significantly larger and contained a significantly greater proportion of lipid stores at adult eclosion, but not protein or carbohydrate stores than individuals fed low nutrient content diets. This suggests that larvally derived lipid stores may be more important to adult fitness than carbohydrate or protein stores. This result is contrary to previous studies performed on the role of larval nutrition and allocation to protein stores, and this difference is likely due to variation in the relative availability of protein in adult diets across species.     

Growth and product quality of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) as affected by dietary protein and lipid sources

A 12‐week feeding trial was undertaken to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of marine raw materials in the diet with soybean meal and beef tallow on growth and product quality of European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Based on growth, feed efficiency and chemical composition, soybean meal was found to be an unsuitable ingredient for eel diets as a substitute for fishmeal (25% on a protein basis), probably because of the low digestibility of its carbohydrate content. However, beef tallow can be used to replace 50% of fish oil without reduction in growth, provided that digestible carbohydrates are present in the diet. No major effects of protein and lipid sources in the diet were found on fillet chemical composition. Sensory analysis revealed no significant differences between fish fed the control and the experimental diets, with the exception of salty taste which was significantly higher in fish fed combined soybean meal and beef tallow compared with fish fed the control diet.     

黄颡鱼饲料中添加谷胱甘肽降低藻毒素毒性作用的研究

通过60d的生长实验研究饲料中不同含量的谷胱甘肽(GSH)对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson)摄食含蓝藻粉饲料后的毒性保护作用。共配制6种近似等氮等能(粗蛋白45%,总能19.5kJ/g)的实验饲料。以不添加蓝藻粉、不添加GSH的饲料组作为正对照,其他5种饲料均添加7.5%的藻粉,微囊藻毒素(Microc ystins,MCs)含量约为58μg/g,GSH添加量分别为:0(负对照)、200、500、800和1400mg/kg。实验结果表明,第1至第30天时,负对照组与正对照组实验鱼的摄食率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。第31至第60天时,负对照组实验鱼的摄食率显著高于正对照和其他GSH添加组(P0.05),但各GSH添加组肾脏中GSH显著低于正对照而高于负对照(P<0.05)。200、500和800mg/kg GSH添加组肝脏和肌肉中丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于负对照(P<0.05)。在整个实验期间,随着饲料中GSH含量的增加,肝脏、肾脏、全肠和肌肉中微囊藻毒素含量先显著下降,当GSH添加量为500和800mg/kg时达到稳定,直至GSH添加量为1400mg/kg时显著上升。根据对黄颡鱼增重,肝脏和肌肉中MDA的含量以及组织中毒素的分析,在饲料中添加500-800mg/kg GSH可以有效缓解黄颡鱼饲料中微囊藻毒素的毒性。       

饲料糖和脂水平对团头鲂生长性能及血浆代谢物的影响

实验以初重(6.20±0.01)g的团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)幼鱼为研究对象,分别投喂高糖低脂(HCLL,45％糖和2％脂)、中糖中脂(MCML,30％糖和8％脂)和低糖高脂(LCHL,15％糖和14％脂)的3种等氮饲料56d,以探究饲料不同糖和脂水平对团头鲂生长性能、鱼体生化组成、营养...     

The ability of genetically lean or fat slow-growing chickens to synthesize and store lipids is not altered by the dietary energy source

The increasing use of unconventional feedstuffs in chicken’s diets results in the substitution of starch by lipids as the main dietary energy source. To evaluate the responses of genetically fat or lean chickens to these diets, males of two experimental lines divergently selected for abdominal fat content were fed isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets with either high lipid (80 g/kg), high fiber (64 g/kg) contents (HL), or low lipid (20 g/kg), low fiber (21 g/kg) contents (LL) from 22 to 63 days of age. The diet had no effect on growth performance and did not affect body composition evaluated at 63 days of age. Glycolytic and oxidative energy metabolisms in the liver and glycogen storage in liver and Sartorius muscle at 63 days of age were greater in chicken fed LL diet compared with chicken fed HL diet. In Pectoralis major (PM) muscle, energy metabolisms and glycogen content were not different between diets. There were no dietary-associated differences in lipid contents of the liver, muscles and abdominal fat. However, the percentages of saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in tissue lipids were generally higher, whereas percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were lower for diet LL than for diet HL. The fat line had a greater feed intake and average daily gain, but gain to feed ratio was lower in that line compared with the lean line. Fat chickens were heavier than lean chickens at 63 days of age. Their carcass fatness was higher and their muscle yield was lower than those of lean chickens. The oxidative enzyme activities in the liver were lower in the fat line than in the lean line, but line did not affect energy metabolism in muscles. The hepatic glycogen content was not different between lines, whereas glycogen content and glycolytic potential were higher in the PM muscle of fat chickens compared with lean chickens. Lipid contents in the liver, muscles and abdominal fat did not differ between lines, but fat chickens stored less MUFA and more PUFA in abdominal fat and muscles than lean chickens. Except for the fatty acid composition of liver and abdominal fat, no interaction between line and diet was observed. In conclusion, the amount of lipids stored in muscles and fatty tissues by lean or fat chickens did not depend on the dietary energy source.     

饲料糖水平对大黄鱼生长和糖代谢的影响

以初始体重为（137.5±0.4）g的大黄鱼Larimichthys crocea为实验对象,在海水浮式网箱中进行为期8周的摄食生长实验,研究饲料中糖水平对其生长、饲料利用、血液生化指标和糖代谢酶活力等的影响,以确定大黄鱼的饲料糖需求量。实验饲料按等氮（粗蛋白质45%）等能（18 kJ/g）设计,糖含量分别为1.75%、6.67%、13.64%、21.15%、26.69%和32.25%。结果表明随着饲料糖水平的升高,大黄鱼特定生长率（SGR）先升高后降低,当糖含量为26.69%时,SGR达最大值,显著高于糖含量为1.75%、6.67%、13.64%和32.25%处理组（P < 0.05）。饲料效率（FER）和蛋白质效率（PER）均在糖含量为13.64%-21.15%时显著高于其他处理组（P < 0.05）。随饲料中糖水平的升高,全鱼粗脂肪含量显著降低,在糖含量为32.25%时降至最低（10.56%）,显著低于其他处理组（P < 0.05）。肝体比和肝糖原含量均随饲料糖水平的升高而显著升高（P < 0.05）,在糖含量为32.25%时达到最大值,显著高于糖含量为1.75%和6.67%处理组（P < 0.05）。随饲料糖水平的升高,血浆甘油三酯和胆固醇水平均显著降低（P < 0.05）,而血糖水平不受饲料糖含量的影响（P>0.05）。大黄鱼血清溶菌酶、脂蛋白脂酶和肝脂酶活性均随饲料糖水平的升高显著降低（P < 0.05）,而肠淀粉酶活性表现为先升高后降低,在糖含量为26.69%时,酶活力达到最大值。随饲料糖水平的升高,大黄鱼肝脏己糖激酶活性先上升后下降,在糖含量为21.15%时达到最大值,显著高于糖含量为32.25%处理组（P < 0.05）,而丙酮酸激酶活力在糖水平为32.25%时达到最大值,显著高于糖含量为1.75%和6.67%处理组（P < 0.05）。用二次多项回归模型拟合特定生长率和饲料糖水平的关系,得到大黄鱼饲料中最适糖含量为22.7%。     

The bioenergetics of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.): energy allocation at different planes of nutrition

Complete energy budgets were constructed for 19 grass carp, Ctenupharyngudon idella (Val.), held individually in a respirometer for a month. The fish were fed one of four diets or starved. Diets varying in the proportions of protein, lipid and carbohydrate were described as high protein (HP), high carbohydrate (HC) or high lipid (HL). A fourth diet (LM) was made from dried duckweed, Lemna spp., to provide a more natural diet. Fish were fed and faeces collected daily and oxygen consumption was measured continuously over the month that each experiment lasted. Excretion of ammonia and urea was measured on several days. The total energy lost via nitrogenous waste was calculated using an average daily ammonia quotient (AQ).
For growing fish between 50 and 61% of consumed energy was lost via respiration. Energetic losses via nitrogenous wastes were highest on the HP diet (4.7%) and lowest on the HC diet (3.1%). Faecal loss washigheston the HL diet (19.4%)and lowest on the HP diet (10.2%). Over a month of starvation, 32.5% of energy requirement was met by the respiration of protein and 3.2% of the total energy lost was via nitrogenous waste. Fish fed zero or sub-maintenance rations tended to respire lipid in preference to protein whereas fish fed super-maintenance rations accumulated lipid. Protein retention was proportionally highest on HP (48% of total energy retained as growth) and lowest on HC (32%) and HL (30%). This reflected the accumulation of lipid on both the high carbohydrate and high lipid diets. The partitioning of metabolizable energy (ME) was investigated and 0.45 (HL), 0.59 (HP) and 0-67 (HC) kJ ME.kJ^-1 retained were lost via respiration.     

不同饲料营养对池塘养殖长吻生长性能和鱼肉品质的影响

研究通过90d的投喂实验研究不同配方饲料对池塘养殖长吻(Leiocassis longirostris Günther)生长性能和鱼肉品质的影响。实验使用5种饲料(Cont:对照、HP:高蛋白、HC:高糖、HL:高脂和HE:高能)。结果发现:HC组鱼体生长最差,而HP组特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)都最高。鱼体水分和脂肪含量变化趋势相反,HL组最低,HE组略高,HP组最高。鱼体脂肪主要分布于内脏,在HL和HE组显著增高,导致出肉率(Yield)显著降低,氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)增多。投喂实验结束时,鱼体背部黄度(b*)HC组最高,HE组其次,HP组最低,腹部红度(a*)HE组最高,HL组次之,HP组最低。新鲜肉色各处理无差异,冰冻3d后,鱼肉L*和白度(ΔE)HE组最高,HL组其次,Cont组最低;鱼肉a*Cont组最高,HL组其次,HP组最低。新鲜鱼肉硬度、胶黏性均为HP组最高,Cont组其次,HE组最低,其他肉质指标均无显著差异;结果表明:饲料营养中脂肪是影响肉质最明显的因素,饲料脂肪通过控制鱼体成分影响鱼体体色、肉质,以及冰冻储存产生的MDA;冰冻储存显著降低鱼肉品质,冰冻后鱼肉硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性和系水力都明显降低,黏附性明显增大,该指标的变化是肉质降低的表现。       

不同饲料营养对池塘养殖长吻(鱼危)生长性能和鱼肉品质的影响

研究通过90d的投喂实验研究不同配方饲料对池塘养殖长吻(鱼危)(Leiocassis longirostris Günther)生长性 能和鱼肉品质的影响.实验使用5种饲料 (Cont:对照、HP:高蛋白、HC:高糖、HL:高脂和HE:高能). 结果发现:HC组鱼体生长最差,而HP组特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)都最高.鱼体水分和脂肪含量变 化趋势相反,HL组最低,HE组略高,HP组最高.鱼体脂肪主要分布于内脏,在HL和HE组显著增高,导致 出肉率(yield)显著降低,氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)增多.投喂实验结束时,鱼体背部黄度(B~*)HC组最高,HE组 其次,HP组最低,腹部红度(a~*)HE组最高,HL组次之,HP组最低.新鲜肉色各处理无差异,冰冻3d后,鱼 肉L~*和白度(△E)HE组最高,HL,组其次,Cont组最低;鱼肉a~*Cont组最高,HL组其次,HP组最低.新鲜鱼 肉硬度、胶黏性均为HP组最高,Cont组其次,HE组最低,其他肉质指标均无显著差异:结果表明:饲料营 养中脂肪是影响肉质最明显的因素,饲料脂肪通过控制鱼体成分影响鱼体体色、肉质,以及冰冻储存产生的 MDA;冰冻储存显著降低鱼肉品质,冰冻后鱼肉硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性和系水力都明显降低,黏附性明显增 大,该指标的变化是肉质降低的表现.     

The effect of dietary protein and carbohydrate concentration on the biochemical composition and gametogenic condition of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus

Previously starved urchins, Lytechinus variegatus, (36.0 ± 0.8 (SE) mm test diameter) were held in replicated (3) 10-L aquaria with artificial seawater at 22 ± 2  °C and 32‰ salinity and fed three diet treatments. Urchins were fed diets containing 9 : 35, 20 : 23 or 31 : 12% dry protein: % dry carbohydrate (P : C) ad libitum for a 65-day period. Gonads from urchins fed the 9 : 35 P : C diet had similar organic, lower ash, and lower water content than urchins fed the 31 : 12 P : C protein diet. Water content varied with both diet and nutritional history; consequently, water content may have limited value as a predictor of gonad nutritional status. Protein and carbohydrate concentrations in the gonad were directly related to the dietary composition of these nutrients; gonad lipids did not vary with diet. Excess carbohydrates are frequently stored as fats in fish and mammals but this does not appear to be the case in L. variegatus. Test carbohydrate storage and gut protein storage also reflected dietary composition. Image analysis of ovaries indicated decreased nutritive phagocyte volume, increased germinal epithelium volume and larger oocyte diameters in urchins fed high protein, low carbohydrate diets. Analysis of testes also indicated decreased nutritive phagocyte volume and increased gamete volume with urchins fed high protein, low carbohydrate diets, but differences among treatments were less obvious than in ovaries. This study suggests that high protein, low carbohydrate diets promote gamete growth and development. In addition, the biochemical and gametic composition of gonads can be altered by manipulating dietary composition. This could affect the quality and value of sea urchin roe for human consumption.