高纯度大豆卵磷脂对中国仓鼠肺细胞染色体畸变作用

目的研究高纯度大豆卵磷脂对中国仓鼠肺细胞（cHL）染色体畸变作用。方法测定高纯度大豆卵磷脂对CHL细胞的半数抑制浓度（IC50）,根据IC50设立不同剂量组,进行正式试验,分别观察高纯度大豆卵磷脂接触CHL6h,24h及加S9后6h染色体的畸变情况,根据标准进行结果判定。结果染毒6h,24h及加S9后染毒6h染色体畸变为阴性。结论高纯度大豆卵磷脂不能引起CHL细胞染色体产生畸变作用。     

一种宫内节育器的染色体畸变试验研究

目的检测一种宫内节育器的体外细胞的染色体畸变作为遗传毒性评价的一部分。方法在加和不加S9活化系统条件下,试验组用三种不同浓度的节育器浸提液处理CHL细胞20h,对照组分别加入阴性、阳性进行交换,各组置37℃培养箱中培养。24h后采集细胞并分析中期细胞染色体畸变情况,计算染色体畸变率。结果在4g/20mL的浓度下受试物对细胞有明显的细胞毒性,其稀释浸提液的畸变率与阴性对照相比,在统计学上无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论在该试验条件下,受试物稀释浸提液未诱发CHL细胞染色体畸变。     

人参皂苷Rg1、Rb1和Re对人慢性粒细胞白血病细胞株K562增殖的影响

目前已发现30余种人参皂苷单体,不同的人参皂苷单体的药理作用及机制各异。本实验通过研究人参皂苷单体Rg1、Rb1和Re对K562细胞增殖的影响,探讨其抗肿瘤作用及机制。取对数生长期K562细胞,分为阴性对照组、不同浓度的Rg1组、Rb1组、Re组,培养24h、48h、72h,以噻唑蓝（MTT）比色法和台盼蓝活细胞计数法测定不同浓度的Rg1、Rb1、     

人参皂苷Rb1、Rg1、Re对白血病细胞株KG1α增殖的影响

目的:探讨人参皂苷Rb1、Rg1、Re对急性髓系白血病细胞株(KG1α)增殖的影响.方法:取对数生长期KG1α细胞,分设人参皂苷Rb1、Rg1、Re组和常规培养组,以MTT比色法检测作用24h、48h、72h时对KG1α细胞增殖抑制作用,并计算Rb1的IC_(50)值,以此浓度为工作浓度,设常规培养组和处理组,台盼蓝计数法观察对KG1α细胞增殖的影响;流式细胞术测定细胞周期分布的变化.结果:MTT、台盼蓝计数显示人参皂苷单体Rb1、Rg1可抑制KG1α细胞增殖,呈浓度依赖性,以Rb1抑制效应最佳,于作用48h抑制率最高.台盼蓝计数显示人参皂苷单体Rb1-120μmol/L作用48h时抑制率达50.22%;流式细胞术结果提示,与对照组比较,Rb1-120μmol/L组G_2/M期KG1α细胞比例增加(P<0.05).结论:Rb1可抑制KG1α细胞体外增殖,其增殖抑制作用与将KG1α细胞阻滞于G_2/M期有关.     

人参皂苷Rh2对大鼠C6胶质瘤细胞Siah-1、Synaptophysin、MMP9及VEGF表达的影响

摘要 目的：探讨人参皂苷Rh2对大鼠C6胶质瘤细胞Siah-1、突触素（Synaptophysin）、基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）表达的影响。方法：将大鼠C6胶质瘤细胞分为对照组、人参皂苷Rh2低剂量组（16 μg/mL）、人参皂苷Rh2中剂量组（32 μg/mL）、人参皂苷Rh2高剂量组（48 μg/mL），CCK-8法和平板克隆实验检测细胞增殖；流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡；Transwell检测细胞侵袭；实时荧光定量-聚合酶链式反应（qRT-PCR）检测C6胶质瘤细胞中VEGF、Siah-1、Synaptophysin、MMP-9 mRNA表达；蛋白质印迹法（Western blot）检测C6胶质瘤细胞中VEGF、Siah-1、Synaptophysin、MMP-9蛋白表达。结果：与对照组比较，人参皂苷Rh2低剂量组、人参皂苷Rh2中剂量组、人参皂苷Rh2高剂量组大鼠C6胶质瘤细胞OD₄₅₀值（24 h、48 h）、克隆形成率、细胞侵袭数、VEGF、Synaptophysin、MMP-9 mRNA及蛋白表达降低，细胞凋亡率、Siah-1 mRNA及蛋白表达升高，且呈剂量依赖性（P<0.05）。结论：人参皂苷Rh2可能通过上调Siah-1，下调VEGF、Synaptophysin、MMP-9表达来抑制大鼠C6胶质瘤细胞增殖与侵袭，促进细胞凋亡。     

文蛤肉水解液的致突变性

目的评价文蛤肉水解液的致突变性,为文蛤的开发利用提供实验数据。方法采用Ames试验、小鼠嗜多染红细胞骨髓微核试验和CHL细胞体外染色体畸变试验3项致突变性试验,检测文蛤肉水解液有无致突变作用。结果 Ames试验中文蛤肉水解液各剂量组回变菌落数均在正常范围内,均未超过自发回变菌落数的2倍,在加与不加S9时5株试验菌株结果为阴性。CHL细胞体外染色体畸变试验,文蛤肉水解液各剂量组的染色体畸变率与阴性对照组比较,差异无显著性(P0.05),结果为阴性。小鼠骨髓微核试验,各剂量组的微核率与阴性对照组比较,差异无显著性(P0.05),结果为阴性。结论在本试验条件和范围下,文蛤肉水解液未见潜在的致突变作用。     

人参皂苷Rb1、Rc对大鼠胚胎脑发育及GPx基因表达的影响

目的观察人参皂苷Rb1、Rc对sD大鼠胚胎脑发育及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（61utathione peroxidase,GPx）基因表达的影响。方法实验选用全胚胎体外培养方法,根据Van Maele-Fabry等制定的形态学分析系统进行形态学检测,实验随机分为对照组、人参皂苷Rbl（10,45和90ug／ml）组和人参皂苷Rc（10,45和90ug／ml）组,采用半定量RT—PCR分析人参皂苷Rb1和人参皂苷Rc对胚胎谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因表达的影响。结果与对照组比较,人参皂苷Rb1（10,45和90ug／ml）组胚胎脑、前脑、中脑与后脑的长度值没有统计学意义（P〉0．05）;与对照组比较,人参皂苷Rc（10,45和90ug／m1）组前脑、中脑与后脑的长度值显著增加（P〈0．05）。RT—PCR结果显示,人参皂苷Rb1（10,45和90ug／ml）组cGPx与phGPx mRNA的表达水平与对照组比较均没有统计学意义（P〉O．05）,而pGPxmRNA的表达水平在浓度50和100ug／ml时显著增加（P〈0．05）。人参皂苷Rc（10,45和90ug／ml）组cGPx与phGPxmRNA的表达水平与对照组比较均没有统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而pGPxmRNA的表达水平在各种浓度的Rc作用后都增加,且在溶度10和45ug／ml浓度时增加显著（P〈0．05）。结论一定剂量的人参皂苷Rc能促进胚胎脑的发育,一定剂量的人参皂苷Rb1、Rc能明显增强胚胎脑pGPx mRNA的表达水平。     

人参皂苷Rb1对油酸诱导HepG2细胞脂肪堆积的影响作用

通过建立体外肝细胞脂肪堆积模型评价人参皂苷Rb1清除肝细胞脂肪堆积的能力.方法:1 mmol· L-1油酸诱导建立HepG2细胞脂肪堆积模型,从噻唑兰染色吸光度(MTT值)、甘油三酯(TG值)、细胞内脂滴形态3方面评价人参皂苷Rb1的作用.结果:人参皂苷Rb1可明显减轻细胞内脂质堆积现象,显著降低细胞中TG含量,其中100 μg·mL-1人参皂苷Rb1对TG的清除率达37.9％.结论:人参皂苷Rb1具有良好的体外降脂活性,对脂肪肝有较好的预防效果.     

稀土元素钬对蚕豆的细胞毒性和遗传毒性研究

运用氧化钬与稀硝酸反应制备结晶,以去离子水溶解并且稀释成梯度溶液,对蚕豆根尖染毒6 h,分别修复培养22h和24h,观察根尖变化,统计微核率、染色体畸变率及有丝分裂指数。结果表明,4mg/L（以氧化钬质量体积浓度计）以下剂量对根尖生长具有促进作用;随着浓度的递增,微核率、染色体畸变率逐步上升,有丝分裂指数逐步下降,表现出明显的剂量-效应关系,说明稀土元素钬具有一定的细胞毒性和遗传毒性。同时,不同修复组在微核率、染色体畸变率及有丝分裂指数上也存在一定差异,表现为微核率22h修复组低于24 h 修复组,而染色体畸变率和分裂指数均高于24h修复组。微核检测应在染色体畸变检测之后进行。      

氯苯胁迫对蚕豆幼苗生长和细胞分裂的影响

研究了1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)对蚕豆幼苗生长、根尖细胞分裂及染色体畸变的影响．结果表明,随TCB浓度增加和处理时间延长,蚕豆幼苗根长的生长及根尖细胞有丝分裂指数降低甚至停止．TCB诱发蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂过程中染色体数目畸变和结构畸变．50-100μg.g^-1TCB胁迫12-24h,蚕豆根尖染色体的主要损伤形式为c-有丝分裂、染色体桥和不均匀排列,其出现百分率达1．0％--10.3％．300μg.g^-1TCB胁迫12-96h,蚕豆根尖细胞中染色体粘连(S)、S+染色体断裂(S+B)、S+染色体环(S+R)、S+染色体不均匀排列(S+A)及S+染色体桥(S+Be)出现的百分率达47．9％--88.9％,各种类型染色体断裂出现的百分率仅为18．1％--29．6％,说明蚕豆根尖细胞染色体畸变分析可作为TCB土壤污染监测的敏感生物监测指标．     

Mutagenic evaluation of etintidine (BL-5641), a novel histamine H2-receptor antagonist, using the chromosome aberration test in CHL cells and the micronucleus test in mice

The mutagenic effects of etintidine (BL-5641), a novel histamine H2-receptor antagonist, was assessed using the chromosome aberration test in CHL cells and the micronucleus test in mice. (1) Etintidine did not show any chromosome aberrations in the presence or absence of S9 mix at any concentration tested. (2) Etintidine did not increase the frequency of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes even at the dose of 50% of the LD50 at single (24 h) and chronological preparation after drug administration.     

Relevance of chemical structure and cytotoxicity to the induction of chromosome aberrations based on the testing results of 98 high production volume industrial chemicals

Over a 6-year period (1991-1996), the chromosomal aberration testing of high production volume (HPV) industrial chemicals had been conducted using Chinese hamster lung (CHL/IU) cells according to OECD HPV testing program and the national program in Japan. A total of 98 chemicals were tested for the induction of chromosome aberration (CA), consisting of structural CA and polyploidy. Of the 98 chemicals, structural CA and/or polyploidy were induced by 39 chemicals (40%). Anilines and phenols tended to induce only structural CA. p-tert-Butylphenol had a peculiar feature in inducing not only structural CA but also polyploidy at considerably high frequency (93.2%) after continuous treatment for 48 h, posing an aneugenic potential. Not all, but six of 11 carboxylic acids or esters also showed the simultaneous induction of structural CA and polyploidy. The majority of organic phosphates, alcohols or ethers, alkyl benzenes and non-cyclic alkanes had no CA induction activity. For chemicals which were negative in the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test), the proportion of the chemicals that induced CA at a severely cytotoxic dose (doses manifesting more than 50% cytotoxicity) was similar to that of the CA-negative chemicals manifesting severe cytotoxicity, suggesting that severely cytotoxic chemicals do not always induce CA.     

Aβ_(25～35)和人参皂苷Rb1对鼠神经干细胞分化后GSK-3β、CDK-5和PP2A表达的影响

目的:研究大鼠神经干细胞诱导分化后GSK-3β、CDK-5和PP2A的表达以及Aβ25～35和人参皂苷Rb1的调节作用。方法:取新生SD大鼠的海马组织体外培养获得NSCs,诱导第3代的NSCs向神经细胞分化1周后,免疫荧光细胞化学染色检测活化型GSK-3β(pTyr279,216)和蛋白磷酸酯酶-2A(PP2A)的表达及Aβ25～35和人参皂苷Rb1对它们的影响;RT-PCR分析糖原合成激酶-3β(GSK-3β)、细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶-5(CDK-5)和蛋白磷酸酯酶-2A(PP2A)的mRNA表达以及Aβ25～35和人参皂苷Rb1的影响。结果:免疫荧光细胞化学染色显示:NSCs诱导分化1周后有活化型GSK-3β(pTyr279,216)和PP2A的表达,Aβ25～35能增强GSK-3β(pTyr279,216)的表达同时抑制PP2A的表达,而人参皂苷Rb1则能逆转Aβ25～35的作用;RT-PCR检测发现:NSCs诱导分化1周后表达GSK-3β、CDK-5和PP2A的mRNA,使用Aβ25～35处理后GSK-3β、CDK-5的表达增强而PP2A的表达减弱,用人参皂苷Rb1预处理神经干细胞后Aβ25～35的作用受到抑制。结论:体外培养的神经干细胞分化后表达GSK-3β、CDK-5和PP2A,并受Aβ25～35和人参皂苷Rb1的调节,提示在体外由神经干细胞分化的细胞具备正常神经细胞的蛋白磷酸化调节系统。     

Purification method improvement and characterization of a novel ginsenoside-hydrolyzing beta-glucosidase from Paecilomyces Bainier sp. 229

The purification method for a novel ginsenoside-hydrolyzing beta-glucosidase from Paecilomyces Bainier sp. 229 was successfully simplified by the application of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as a novel chromatographic matrix. Only two chromatographic steps, Q-Sepharose FF and MCC column in sequence, were required to purify the enzyme to apparent homogeneity. The purified enzyme, with a native molecular weight estimated to be 305 KDa, was composed of three identical subunits of approximately 102 KDa each. The optimal enzyme activity was observed at pH 3.5 at 55 degrees C. It was stable within pH 3-7 and at temperatures lower than 50 degrees C. The optimal substrate for the enzyme was p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside, followed by ginsenoside Rd, gentiobiose, and ginsenoside Rb1. It converted ginsenoside Rb1 to ginsenoside Rg3 specifically and efficiently. The hydrolyzing pathway of ginsenoside Rb1 by the enzyme was Rb1-->Rd-->Rg3. The specific activities against ginsenoside Rb1 and Rd were 56.7 micromol/min/mg and 129.4 micromol/min/mg respectively.     

Chromosome mosaicism in a population sample.

An analysis has been made of mosaicism found in the different types of chromosome abnormalities among the 19000 persons examined at the Cytogenetic Laboratory, Risskov. The percentage with mosaicism was 36 in both triple-X and Turner's syndrome, it was 7 and 11% in XYY and Klinefelter's syndrome, respectively, and 2 in autosomal abnormalities. We found a mosaicism frequency of 11% in population studies with 5 cells analyzed primarily compared with 7% in other studies, in which 10-50 cells were analyzed primarily. (The difference is not significant.) The total frequency of mosaicism was 8%. The first cell with the chromosome aberration establishing the mosaicism was found among the first 5 cells in 40 of the 44 cases with mosaicism, and all but one of the 44 cases would have been established as mosaics, if the guidlines indicated by Bochkov et al. (1974) had been followed; that is 11 cells analyzed primarily, and if one of these cells has a chromosome aberration, the number of cells analyzed is increased to 17; if 2 cells have the same chromosome aberration, the number of cells analyzed is extended to 23, and if 3 cells with the same chromosome aberration is found among these 23 cells, the mosaicism is established. Aneuploid or structural chromosome abnormalities present in all cells may be detected by analysis of 2-3 cells of good quality. Mosaicism with 2 or more cell clones with different chromosome patterns are extremely difficult to detect, if the percentage of cell clones with chromosome aberration is low. The incidence of chromosome abnormalities found in all cells in newborn children in the different studies is very similar as shown in a recent survey of 6 different studies by Jacobs et al. (1974). The incidence of mosaicism varies according to the frequency of artefactual aneuploidy, the variety of tissue studied, number of cells analyzed from each tissue as well as the acuity of the observer and the checking procedures.     

Effects of Ginsenoside Rb1 on Expressions of Phosphorylation Akt/Phosphorylation mTOR/Phosphorylation PTEN in Artificial Abnormal Hippocampal Microenvironment in Rats

Artificial abnormal microenvironment caused by microperfusion of l-glutamate (Glu) and Ca²⁺ in the hippocampus results in neuron damage, which is closely related to cerebral ischemia. Ginsenoside Rb1, a compound from Panax notoginseng, was previously used to counter the artificial abnormal hippocampal environment in a microperfusion model. In addition, while the Akt/mTOR/PTEN signaling pathway has been shown to mediate neuronprotection in cerebral ischemia, whether this pathway is involved in the neuroprotection of ginsenoside Rb1 is unknown. Here SH-SY5Y cells exposed to OGD/R injury in treated with LY294002, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb1+?LY294002. Expressions of phosphorylation (P-)Akt/P-mTOR/P-PTEN (24 h after OGD/R) were detected by Western blotting. Effects were examined via the memory function of rats (by Morris water maze test), morphological changes in pyramidal cell (by histology), and mRNA expression (by qRT-PCR) and phosphorylation (P-) (by Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining) of Akt, P-mTOR, and P-PTEN in the hippocampus. The memory deficit of rats and pyramidal cellular necrosis and apoptosis in the CA1 region of hippocampus after microperfusion of Glu and Ca²⁺ were dose dependently alleviated by ginsenoside Rb1.Moreover,Western blot showed that ginsenoside Rb1 increased the expressions of P-Akt, P-mTOR and reduced P-PTEN in vivo and vitro. Thus, the potent neuroprotection of ginsenoside Rb1 in artificial abnormal microenvironment is, at least partially, related to the activation of P-AKT/P-mTOR signaling pathway and inhibition of P-PTEN protein.     

Microbial conversion of major ginsenoside rb(1) to pharmaceutically active minor ginsenoside rd

More than seventy strains of aerobic bacteria showing beta-glucosidase activity were isolated from a ginseng field, using a newly designed Esculin-R2A agar, and identified by their 16S rRNA gene sequences. Of these microorganisms, twelve strains could convert the major ginsenoside, Rb(1), to the pharmaceutically active minor ginsenoside Rd. Three strains, Burkholderia pyrrocinia GP16, Bacillus megaterium GP27 and Sphingomonas echinoides GP50, were phylogenetically studied, and observed to be most potent at converting ginsenoside Rb(1) almost completely within 48 h, as shown by TLC and HPLC analyses.