从哺乳动物群性质谈中国灵长类化石的分布

这个报告的目的是想根据新生代各时期哺乳动物群的性质和产化石地层的分析,对我国境内可能找到灵长类化石的地区、地层和可能发现的化石类型进行推测,作为我国灵长类化石寻找工作上的参考。象这样的工作,如果要得到比较正确的推论,就必须对大量已有的地层古生物资料,包括中国的和国外的,进行全面和深入的整理和分析。目前关于     

叶肢介化石在河西走廊赤金堡组、新民堡群的分布

河西走廊西部赤金堡组及新民堡群是生油岩系,富含叶肢介化石。研究这些化石对于确定地层时代,进行地层对比以及探讨晚侏罗世、早白垩世叶肢介动物群分布规律是有意义的。1974年5—7月,笔者与甘肃区测二队中生代专题研究队同志一起,在玉门、酒泉一带测制地层剖面,采获大量化石标本。关于叶肢介化石属、种的记述,大多已编入陕甘宁地区古生物化石图册(在印刷中)。本文着重分析叶肢介化石在赤金堡组及新民堡群的分布规律、动物群性质,同时讨论有关这两组地层的含义问题。     

福建清流发现的人类牙齿化石

本文记述福建省境内首次发现的出自地层的古人类化石。标本为晚期智人的一枚左下第一臼齿。根据对化石产地的地质、地貌以及伴生哺乳动物化石种类的分析,表明其时代为晚更新世晚期。     

微古生物在高分辨层序地层学中的应用——以珠江口盆地惠州凹陷层序地层分析为例

以南海珠江口盆地惠州凹陷第三纪某井段的层序地层分析为例,说明微古生物（钙质超微化石和有孔虫）在层序地层分析中的作用。浮游有孔虫和钙质超微化石的ＬＯＤ能为层序地层提供精确可靠的年代地层格架,它们的丰度、分异度的峰值能指示沉积层序中不同的界面特征。通常浮游有孔虫和钙质超微化石的丰度、分异度的最大峰值与层序中最大海泛面凝缩段对应,而层序界面附近井段出现丰度、分异度峰值的低谷。     

皖北上寒武统凤山阶一完整三叶虫化石

寒武系地层在皖北宿县、淮北、萧县一带广泛分布,尤其是上寒武统地层出露较好,其中含有丰富的三叶虫化石。2008年初,刚刚对化石有所认识的我回到家乡后,便拿着锤子到山上敲化石去了。     

南海北部珠江口盆地PY30井早中新世-更新世钙质超微化石生物地层及沉积环境

本文对南海北部珠江口盆地PY30井早中新世―更新世地层中的钙质超微化石进行了系统研究,发现490-690m和1 040-1 170m井段化石丰度和分异度均较高,700-1 035m和1 179-1 809m化石丰度中等,井段下部1 818-3 478m化石稀少,种类单调。根据钙质超微化石标志种的存在,对该井的生物地层进行了划分。在490—3 478m地层中识别出12个钙质超微化石带或联合化石带,地层时代为早中新世―更新世,据此建立了该井的钙质超微化石生物地层框架,探讨了下中新统与中中新统、中中新统与上中新统、上中新统与上新统以及上新统与更新统界线划分的钙质超微化石标志。根据钙质超微化石总丰度、分异度及特征性环境指示种丰度的变化,划分了8个沉积环境演化阶段,从而讨论了早中新世至更新世沉积环境演化特征。     

从底栖生物化石再释贵州独山泥盆系龙洞水段的时代

贵州独山的猴儿山组龙洞水段是一套浅海相碳酸盐沉积,盛产底栖牛物化石.通过对该段地层中所含四射珊瑚、床板珊瑚和腕足类等化石属种的详尽分析,再次证实龙洞水段的地质时代仍应属中泥盆世早期(Eifelian).而不是像某些根据痕迹化石或层序地层学的研究那样将它置于下泥盆统.     

河南西峡盆地含恐龙蛋地层中无脊椎动物化石的首次发现

河南省西南部西峡盆地以含有大量的恐龙蛋化石而著称。以往研究限于化石证据不足,使得对含恐龙蛋地层时代认识上存在较大分歧。本次研究在西峡盆地含恐龙蛋地层中首次发现了无脊椎动物化石,如双壳类、叶肢介、腹足类和介形类。从而确定含化石层位的时代为晚白垩世中期。     

华南埃迪卡拉纪化石保存方式及其时空分布

埃迪卡拉纪化石保存方式具有多样性,包括:磷酸盐化、有机碳质压膜、黄铁矿化、硅化、以及粘土矿物交代。文中综述了以上各种化石保存方式在地层中的时代分布规律、埋藏特征和形成机理,并分析了这些类型的化石库在我国埃迪卡拉纪地层中的地理分布规律和埋藏学意义。分析结果表明:华南埃迪卡拉纪化石库的保存方式主要以有机碳质压膜为主;磷酸盐化和硅化保存方式分布较广;黄铁矿化和粘土矿物交代方式在中国埃迪卡拉纪地层保存较少。有机碳质压膜、黄铁矿化多见于粉砂岩、泥岩中;磷酸盐化、硅化多出现于磷块岩、燧石层或碳酸盐岩的磷质、硅质结核中,化石多为微体化石。另外,多种化石保存方式常常同时出现在同一化石库中,形成复合式的保存模式。     

渤海湾盆地锦州JZ25-1南地区古近纪生物组合及地层特征

本文简要概述了渤海湾盆地锦州25-1南地区古近纪生物组合特征和地层层序,建立了4个孢粉藻类组合,3个介形类化石组合,1个钙质超微化石组合,进而根据化石组合及其特征,讨论了化石组合在地层划分对比中的意义和地层展布及演化情况。     

Symbioses between aquatic invertebrates and algae

The characteristics of symbiotic associations between algae and invertebrates are outlined, using a number of the better-studied examples. The common assumption that these symbioses are mutualistic ones is discussed. In the present state of knowledge, it is impossible to determine the nature of these associations, but the evidence favours the view that the animal hosts benefit markedly from the presence of the algae, but that the possibility that the algae may be harmed (i.e. parasitized) by the animals cannot be dismissed. Some general lines of investigation which would help to define these relationships are suggested.     

塔中隆起上奥陶统凯迪阶良里塔格组生物群及其古生态特征

塔中隆起区的良里塔格组含菌藻类微生物岩、植物类的钙藻、原生动物中的有孔虫、后生动物中的海绵、珊瑚、苔藓虫、介形类、三叶虫、腹足类、腕足动物、棘皮动物等化石门类。根据其生物成分的埋葬学特征,分为原地或近源成分占优势的群落和远源异地成分占优势的组合,群落和组合的类型展布受水深、水动力、坡折带地貌等因素控制。     

EVALUATIONS OF THE AVAILABILITY OF SOURCES OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FOR ALGAE1

Techniques are compared for the evaluation of nutrient sources in which the potential nutrients are in contact with algae over their entire culture period versus relatively short-term exposure tests. Different nitrogen and phosphorus compounds were shown to be utilized in darkness as well as in light and were equally available at pH 7 and 9. The availability of relatively insoluble nutrients–iron-phosphorus compounds and teeth for phosphorus, hair for nitrogen iron pyrites for iron, and marble for carbon–indicates that in many cases the equilibrium between soluble and insoluble forms allows algae to compete successfully with insoluble forms for nutrients. Apparently, factors other than mere insolubility prevent algae from obtaining available nitrogen or phosphorus from phosphate rock or lake muds. Live algae or aquatic weeds with adequate or surplus nitrogen or phosphorus were shown to not share their nutrients with nitrogen- or phosphorus-limited algae, whereas the nutrients of killed algae or aquatic weeds were readily used by nutrient-limited algae. The facts–(1) that live algae and aquatic weeds do not share their adequate or surplus nutrients with nutrient-limited algae and (2) that lake muds do not provide readily available nitrogen or phosphorus–indicate that once lake waters are stripped of available nutrients by plant production, further plant production will depend upon nutrients from continuous sources of nutrients, such as wastewater effluents.     

Discovery of an endophytic alga in Ginkgo biloba

Although intracellular associations with mycorrhizal fungi are known for Ginkgo biloba, no other endosymbiotic relationships have ever been reported for this "living fossil." A protoplast culture derived from haploid explants has now revealed the existence of a green alga in vitro, whose eukaryotic status was confirmed by transmission electron microscopic studies. Phylogenetic 18S rDNA sequence analyses showed this alga to be closely related to the lichen photobiont Coccomyxa. Algae, which in host cells exist as more or less undifferentiated "precursor" forms, proliferated within necrosing G. biloba cells of a subculture derived from a zygotic embryo and were finally released into the medium. Light and electron microscopic observations showed that G. biloba cells rapidly filled up with countless green particles whose number increased up to the bursting of the hypertrophic host cells. At the beginning of reproduction no algae were visible in the nutritive medium, demonstrating that the proliferation started inside the G. biloba cells and excluding the possibility of an exogenous contamination. Occasionally, mature algae together with their precursor forms were detected by transmission electron microscopy in intact host cells of a green callus. The algae were easily identified by their similarity to the cultured algae. Eukaryotic algae have never been reported to date to reside inside higher plant cells, whereas several algal associations are well known from the animal kingdom.     

藻对偶氮染料降解作用的研究

本实验系统地研究了藻对偶氮染料的降解作用。实验结果表明,藻对多种偶氮染料具有一定的降解作用,其降解程度与染料的结构和藻的种类等因素有关。通过降解机理的研究表明,,藻能够利用偶氮还原酶,作用于偶氮染料的偶氮双键,使其断裂,形成芳香胺类中间产物。藻还可以进一步利用芳香胺类物质。本研究结果启示,应重新评价藻在氧化塘降解有机物质过程中所起的作用,即在氧化塘中,藻不仅起供氧作用,还能够直接参与有机物质的降解。     

A MODE OF ENTRY OF BLUE-GREEN ALGAE INTO THE APOGEOTROPIC ROOTS OF MACROZAMIA COMMUNIS

The entry of blue-green algae into an aerial root of Macrozamia communis via a break in the dermal layers and leading through a continuous cortical channel into the algal zone is reported. Penetration of the algae appears to be mainly in the form of filaments. Intercellular migration of the algae is found to occur after dissolution of host cell middle lamellae, but host cortical cells are also destroyed near some of the algae. Intracellular migration is also suggested to be a likely pathway for the algae as they proceed to the algal zone.     

Epiphytic cyanobacterial strains in the roots of Salvinia auriculata and the effect of light and nutrients on the production of heterocyst,akinete and hormogonia

Aquatic Ecology - In epiphytic associations, cyanobacteria form the periphyton with phytoplanktonic algae and with aquatic macrophytes. In this study, we found homocytous and heterocytous...     

Differences in diversity and community assembly processes between planktonic and benthic diatoms in the upper reach of the Jinsha River,China

Hydrobiologia - Comparing spatio-temporal patterns between planktonic and benthic algae is helpful for understanding their associations and differences. However, such studies are still rare...     

Regulation of numbers of intracellular algae.

Members of three classes of unicellular algae have exploited an intracellular habitat and occur as endosymbionts in aquatic invertebrates, including Protozoa. Such associations manifest a range of host--symbiont cellular interactions and achieve stability through the regulation of symbiont numbers. The mechanism of regulation is poorly understood. Steady-state algae:host cell ratios might be achieved by expulsion, digestion, or inhibition of growth of algal symbionts. Digestion and expulsion have been observed directly in some associations but their role in regulating numbers is circumstantial. Inhibition of growth as a result of nutrient limitation or inhibitor secretion is an attractive, but inadequately tested, hypothesis. The relation between the host cell mitosis and algal proliferation is a potential focal point for further study.     

Marine carbonate facies in response to climate and nutrient level: The upper carboniferous and permian of central spitsbergen (Svalbard)

Summary Carbonate-dominated successions of the Gipsdalen and Tempelfjorden Groups from Svalbard record a significant shift from Photozoan to Heterozoan particle associations in neritic settings during the late Palaeozoic. During the Bashkirian, benthic particle associations which included photoautotrophs such as phylloid algae (Chloroforam Association) characterised shallow subtidal environments. Most depositional settings which endured siliciclastic terrestrial input exhibited poorly diversified associations dominated by brachiopods, bryozoans and siliceous sponges (Bryonoderm Association). During the Moscovian to Asselian, highly diversified associations typified by various calcareous green algae,Palaeoaplysina, Tubiphytes, fusulinids, smaller and encrusting foraminifers (Chloroforam Association) prevailed in carbonate sediments from supratidal to shallow subtidal environments. During the Sakmarian and Early Artinskian, oolitic carbonate sands (Chloroforam Association) typified intertidal flats, whereas shallow subtidal environments were occupied by moderately diversified associations with fusulinids, smaller foraminifers, echinoderms and bryozoans (Bryonoderm-extended Association) and poorly diversified associations with echinoderms, brachiopods and bryozoans (Bryonoderm Association). During the Late Artinskian to Kazanian, poorly diversified associations characterised by brachiopods, echinoderms and bryozoans (Bryonoderm Association), and sponge-dominated associations (Hyalosponge Association) reigned within siliceous carbonates of intertidal and shallow subtidal environments. This trend is interpreted as a result of climatic cooling and fluctuations of prevailing levels of trophic resources within shallow-water settings during the studied time period. While raised nutrient levels were restricted to near-shore settings during the Bashkirian, steady mesotrophic conditions arose from the Sakmarian onward and increased to late Permian times.