有机肥防治生姜青枯病及其RAPD分析

利用随机扩增多态性技术研究生姜连作地、施加有机肥后的生姜连作地及新开地中土壤微生物多样性与生姜青枯病的关系,结果发现,连作地的青枯病发病率为100％、新开地没有发病,而施加有机肥的连作地生姜青枯病发病率降至37．64％。发现施加有机肥连作地的真菌、放线菌数量增加。多样性指数分析发现Shannon指数、Simpson指数等均显著增加。随机扩增条带出现连作地的条带丰富度较少、新开地的条带最多、施加有机肥连作地的RAPD条带明显多于连作地,接近新开地,并出现了一些连作地没有的特异条带。这些结果表明,施加有机肥可以改善土壤微生物群落结构,提高微生物多样性,从而抑制病害发生。     

生态有机肥对番茄青枯病及土壤微生物多样性的影响

采用田间小区试验和FAMEs分析研究了不同用量生态有机肥对番茄青枯病的抑制效果和土壤微生物的影响。结果表明,连作地番茄青枯病发生率为100％,施生态有机肥显著地降低了连作地番茄青枯病的发生。用量为1kg·m^-2和0.5kg·m^-2时,番茄青枯病发生率分别为39％和50％,两种施肥量间差异不显著。施生态有机肥后土壤微生物群落脂肪酸指纹发生明显改变,革兰氏阴性菌生物标记物cyc17：0的含量增加,真菌生物标记物c18:2w6的含量增加,作为AM菌根的生物标记物c16:111c呈上升趋势。聚类分析表明,对照和施生态有机肥处理土壤微生物脂肪酸指纹之间的最短距离是1.08,不同施用量处理之间的最短距离是0.70。施用生态有机肥能调控土壤微生物群落结构,促进有益微生物的生长,增强土壤生态系统的稳定性和抑病性,从而提高了土壤质量。     

轮作与施肥对滁菊连作土壤微生物特性的影响

为探讨轮作模式与生物有机肥施用对滁菊连作土壤微生物特性的影响,以滁菊、小麦为研究对象,采用田间试验,设置滁菊连作模式、常规滁菊小麦轮作模式和滁菊小麦轮作模式配施生物有机肥(200 kg·667 m-2)3种处理,测定土壤化学性状、土壤微生物量碳氮和土壤微生物数量指标.结果表明:与连作模式相比,常规菊麦轮作模式与菊麦轮作配施生物有机肥模式的土壤pH值,有机质、碱解氮、速效磷与速效钾含量,土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN)、碳(MBC)、微生物熵,以及土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量增加,土壤MBC/MBN值和真菌占三大菌群总量的比值降低.在试验条件下,以滁菊小麦轮作配施200 kg·667 m-2生物有机肥效果最佳,土壤有机质含量为15.62 g·kg-1,碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别达到为64.75、83.26和96.72 mg·kg-1,微生物生物量氮、碳为217.40和38.41 mg · kg-1,细菌、真菌、放线菌数量分别为22.31×106、56.36×103、15.90×105 cfu·g-1.合理轮作和增施生物有机肥可改善土壤酸化状况、土壤肥力和土壤微生物群落结构,增加土壤养分有效供给,对减轻连作障碍具有积极作用.     

太子参不同休耕年限土壤理化特征和微生物群落变化

太子参为福建道地中药材,连作效应严重限制其产业发展。休耕可以在一定程度上缓解连作效应,然而休耕对于缓解连作效应的机制尚不清楚。本文通过高通量测序分析不同休耕年限对太子参土壤微生物丰度及群落多样性的影响,并探索土壤理化性质、酚酸类物质与土壤微生物群落之间的关联性。结果表明:与对照太子参土壤相比,休耕土壤真菌多样性降低,细菌多样性增多。在细菌优势菌门中,酸杆菌门相对丰度显著增加,变形菌门与放线菌门相对丰度显著降低;真菌优势菌门相对丰度无显著变化。土壤酸性减弱,有机质含量随休耕年限增加呈现递减模式,酚酸类物质中苯甲酸和水杨酸含量显著降低,而对香豆酸等逐渐积累。综上,太子参土壤休耕改善了土壤微生物的菌群结构、土壤性质,从而缓解了连作效应。     

葡萄连作对土壤细菌和真菌种群的影响

分别采集种植葡萄30年的连作园和3年的新植园根围土、非根围土及葡萄园周边的空地土壤,采用PCR DGGE技术,研究葡萄连作对土壤细菌和真菌种群结构及多样性的影响,并对分离出的优势种扩增条带进行测序.结果表明：葡萄连作后土壤细菌和真菌的多样性增加,且根围土壤的微生物多样性高于非根围土壤.聚类分析显示：葡萄长期连作后根围与非根围土壤细菌和真菌的种群结构趋于一致,两者不同于空地土壤;而短期种植葡萄的根围土壤细菌和真菌的种群结构不同于非根围土壤和空地土壤.与新植园相比,连作园根围土壤中微生物种群结构发生较大变化,细菌中Flavobacterium sp.（DQ339585）和Bacillus sp.（AY039821）种群数量减少,Pedobacter sp.（AJ871084）种群数量增多;真菌中Omphalina farinolens（EF413029）出现,Pestalotiopsis sp.(DQ657877,DQ657875,DQ657871）、Phacidium lacerum（DQ470976）和Lecythophora decumbens（AF353597）种群数量减少,Pilidium acerinum voucher（AY48709）种群数量增多.其中Bacillus sp.、Flavobacterium sp.和Pestalotiopsis sp.对病原菌具有颉颃作用,连作园根围土中上述微生物种群数量的减少,不利于葡萄对病原菌的颉颃;Pilidium acerinum voucher数量的增加可能与葡萄连作后病害加重有关.     

长期施肥条件下菜田土壤微生物特征变化

对蔬菜地长期施肥土壤的8个主要处理进行了分析,探求不同培肥方式对土壤微生物生态特征的影响。结果表明：有机无机肥配施较单施无机肥可显著增加土壤细菌和放线菌的数量,提高土壤真菌的多样性;有机肥和低浓度氮肥配施处理的土壤细菌数量、真菌群落的多样性和均匀性显著高于其他处理;单施高浓度的氮肥显著降低土壤细菌的数量,真菌群落的多样性和均匀性也明显低于对照。     

不同有机肥对烤烟根际土壤微生物的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了不同有机肥(精制有机肥、生物有机肥)与减量20%化肥配施对烤烟根际微生物、青枯病防效及产量和品质的影响.结果表明: 与常规化肥(CF)相比,化肥减量20%配施有机肥(OF)或生物有机肥(BIO)均显著提高了烤烟根际的细菌数量和微生物总量,配施生物有机肥还显著提高了烤烟根际放线菌的数量,比OF增加44.3%,且真菌数量呈下降趋势.与CF处理相比,OF或BIO处理均显著提高了烤烟根际微生物利用碳底物的能力,BIO还显著提高了根际微生物利用酚类碳源的能力.OF和BIO处理均显著降低了烤烟青枯病的发生及危害程度,与CF相比,OF处理的烤烟青枯病发病率和病情指数分别下降了4%和8%,BIO处理的烤烟青枯病发病率和病情指数分别下降了23%和15.9%.OF和BIO处理均显著提高了烤烟的上等烟比例,比CF分别增加了10.5%和9.7%.BIO处理的产量和产值比OF分别提高17.1%和18.9%.     

转抗菌肽D烟草对土壤微生物群落的影响

采用RAPD分子标记技术研究了种植转抗菌肽D烟草的土壤环境中微生物群落遗传多样性的变化,同时用传统平板培养法研究了土壤中可培养微生物在数量上的变化。RAPD分析结果表明,转抗菌肽D烟草与非转基因烟草根围微生物的遗传多样性相关指数并没有显著差异。培养计数结果表明,转抗菌肽D烟草与非转基因烟草根围可培养细菌在数量上有极显著差异,可培养真菌数量有显著减少,可培养放线菌的数量没有显著差异。说明转抗菌肽D烟草可能抑制了病原细菌及其根围相关的微生物,但是不影响微生物的遗传多样性。     

连续施肥对农田黑土微生物功能多样性的影响

应用Biolog Eco微平板培养法研究了中国科学院海伦农业生态试验站20余年连续不同施肥处理(对照、氮磷钾、氮磷钾+秸秆、氮磷钾+猪粪1、氮磷钾+猪粪2和氮磷钾+猪粪3)下土壤微生物代谢功能多样性的变化。结果表明:长期施肥条件下,单施化肥和有机肥与化肥配施对土壤细菌、真菌数量影响不明显,但高量有机肥与化肥配施可以显著增加放线菌数量。Biolog结果表明,施用有机肥的平均颜色变化率高于单施化肥和对照。Shannon指数、Simpson指数和McIntosh指数均是有机肥和化肥配施高于化肥单施与对照。主成分分析结果表明,对照、NPK与其他几种处理有较明显的距离,说明有机肥的连年施用导致了土壤微生物代谢功能多样性的变化。     

施加内生真菌对花生连作土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了在土壤中施加植物内生真菌拟茎点霉NJ4.1菌株、B3菌株和角担子菌B6菌株在花生不同生育时期对土壤微生物学特性及酶活力的影响.结果表明:B3处理显著提高花生荚果产量,为对照的1.2倍;施加内生菌NJ4.1、B3和B6能显著增加花生根瘤数量,分别为对照的1.2、1.3和1.3倍.3个加菌处理全生育期平均细菌和放线菌数量高于对照,萌发期和苗期土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)显著高于对照,微生物生物量氮(SMBN)在花生萌发期升高,开花期降低.花生开花期土壤DGGE图谱表明,B3处理土壤细菌和真菌条带数量以及多样性最高.从萌发期到成熟期,与对照相比,3个加菌处理的土壤蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性提高,脲酶活性无显著变化.表明施加内生菌对连作花生土壤环境有一定的改善作用,其中施用B3效果最好.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.