我国优势油脂类生物柴油植物蓖麻的种质资源发掘和生物柴油利用

发展可再生生物质能源是解决人类能源危机和环境污染的重要途径。利用边际土地发展油脂类生物质能是生物质能的重要组成部分。蓖麻因为适应性强和油脂成份独特被誉为"理想的生物柴油植物"。蓖麻是我国优势油脂类能源植物,利用边际土地,发展蓖麻产业为我国生物柴油产业化提供原料,是我国现阶段生物柴油产业化发展的相对理想而又现实的选择,而且具有重要的发展前景和巨大的发掘潜力。立足我国现阶段生物柴油产业化的瓶颈问题,着重阐述了蓖麻种质资源发掘的现状、优良品种培育的途径和发展前景,以及利用蓖麻种子油生产商业化生物柴油的现状,以期推动我国利用边际土地发展蓖麻产业以及生物柴油商业化生产。     

油菜作为优势能源作物的发展潜力与展望

介绍了生物能源的发展趋势、国内外油菜生产、用途与发展潜力,应用油菜作为生物能源的现状、趋势与生物柴油加工技术,提出了我国加快优势能源作物发展的建议。     

开发木本油料植物作为生物柴油原料的研究

本文根据德国、欧盟和美国制定的生物柴油标准制定了以碘值、十六烷值和脂肪酸组成等参数作为植物油质量的评价体系。通过四条标准,即51<十六烷值<65、碘值<115、亚麻酸<12%和十八碳四烯酸<1%、碳链长度为C12-C22,对国产118种种子含油量超过30%的木本油料植物进行评估,共筛选出53种木本油料植物的种子油可作为发展生物柴油最适合的原料。其中油茶、杏、无患子、臭椿、白檀、海州常山分布广,是值得推广种植的生物柴油植物。富油大科山茶科和无患子科植物的种子油一般都适合发展生物柴油,而富油大科樟科、松科和卫矛科植物的种子油不适合作生物柴油原料。我国各省区可因地制宜选择合适的能源树种,发展生物柴油产业。     

适于沙漠地下水培养的耐碳酸氢钠产油微藻

<正>能源危机是全世界面临的共同问题,采用可再生能源替代化石能源是出路之一。生物柴油作为一种清洁可再生能源备受瞩目[1—3]。目前,生物柴油主要以大豆和油菜、油棕和麻风树等油料植物以及动物油脂、废餐饮油等作为原料。但是动物油脂、废餐饮油原料有限,而油料植物生产油脂存在占地面积大、生产周期长等缺点,不宜作为未来生物柴油的主要来源。相比之下,产油微藻具有生长周期短、单位面积产量高等优点[4],被认为是生物柴油     

生物柴油原料资源高油脂微藻的开发利用

生物柴油作为化石能源的替代燃料已在国际上得到广泛应用。至今生物柴油的原料主要来自油料植物, 但与农作物争地的情况以及较高的原料成本限制了生物柴油的进一步推广。微藻作为高光合生物有其特殊的原料成本优势, 微藻的脂类含量最高可达细胞干重的80%。利用生物技术改良微藻, 获得的高油脂基因工程微藻经规模养殖, 可大大降低生物柴油原料成本。介绍了国内外生物柴油的应用现状, 阐述了微藻作为生物柴油原料的优势, 对基因工程技术调控微藻脂类代谢途径的研究进展, 以及在构建工程微藻中面临的问题和应采取的对策进行了综述和展望。     

生物炼制技术及其产业发展

由于过度消耗化石资源引发的石油紧缺和温室效应问题,巳逐步影响到人类社会可持续发展的宗旨,开发能替代化石能源需求的新能源日渐急迫.生物质能源是化石能源的替代能源之一,对生物质能源炼制的研究成为很多人的关注热点.生物炼制产品的工业化,是形成可持续性的生物炼制品产业经济的关键.我国政府已经把发展生物质能源作为国家发展战略的一部分,确定了具体的发展目标,制定了相应的研发计划,出台了一系列法规以促进生物质能产业的健康发展.我国生物炼制技术在生物燃料、生物柴油、生物基化学品等领域取得了明显进步.本文主要综述生物炼制技术的研究进展及其产业发展情况.     

我国生物柴油原料来源的多样性探讨

生物柴油作为一种重要的生物质能源已引起世人关注,其生产和应用已成为缓解能源危机的重要组成部分。本文分析了我国生物柴油生产原料多样性的必要性,阐述了可用于生物柴油生产的原料类型和应用开发现状,以及用于生产时所存在的问题,提出了相应的解决对策,最后对生物柴油的应用前景给予了展望。     

欧盟生物基产业科技战略解析

生物基产品及生物质能源已经成为解决世界能源与环境危机的重要途径之一,其领域科技发展也成为全球科技前沿热点。欧盟各国作为生物经济的倡导国,在相关领域长期保持着世界领先的科技水平。通过对欧盟生物基产业科技相关战略政策的解读,展现近年来的欧盟战略政策和项目规划等布局,揭示欧盟优先发展的研究主题及开发方向。通过对欧盟生物基产业科技发展科技战略脉络的疏理和研发重点的挖掘,希望能为我国生物基产业的可持续发展和生物经济的振兴,提供有益的经验借鉴和参考意见。     

生物柴油利用概况及其在中国的发展思路

石化燃料是当前人类使用的主要能源,但其日益消耗殆尽,同时造成了严重的温室效应和环境污染问题,因此,生物柴油被当作石化燃料的绿色替代品,许多国家都在大力研发。该文阐述了生物柴油的本质及其较石化柴油咱使用上的优良特性,综述了生物柴油主要在欧美国家中的发展现状及其它国家的研发动态,特别是以大豆(Glycine max)和油菜(Brassica campestris)等油料作物为主的生物柴油原料生产状况。在分析了我国油料生产与食用消费现状、受国际生物柴油大力发展的影响的程度及油料作物与粮食生产对耕地资源的激烈竞争矛盾的基础上,提出了充分利用盐碱地、贫瘠、荒漠与退耕还林地,通过种植抗逆性强的油料植物发展我国生物柴油的思路。     

乌桕油脂成分作为生物柴油原料的研究进展

生物柴油本质上是长链脂肪酸甲酯,工业上多通过酯交换反应进行生产.乌桕是广泛分布于中国的油料树种,其种子油脂含量高达40%左右,是生物柴油的优质原料.本文在介绍能源植物的种类及生物柴油生产概况的同时综述了乌桕皮油和梓油的提取工艺、用于催化乌桕油生产生物柴油的催化剂以及乌桕油及种子中脂肪酸组成等方面的研究进展.规范乌桕种质资源的标准化与分子标记辅助遗传育种、油脂代谢途径机理的揭示及转基因技术创制高含油新品种、新型纳米催化剂及新型高效固定化抗逆脂肪酶的研制对推动乌桕生物柴油的发展具有重要作用.     

水稻几丁质酶基因导入芥菜型油菜的研究

以芥菜型油菜 (BrassicajunceaL .)下胚轴为转化材料 ,通过根癌农杆菌 (Agrobacteriumtumefaciens)介导将水稻的几丁质酶基因 (Ricechitinasegene)导入“泸洲四陵”油菜品种中 ,获得抗潮霉素的再生转基因植株 ,并讨论了影响油菜再生及转化效率的几个因素。对部分经潮霉素筛选得到的再生植株进行了多次重复PCR检测 ,发现其中 40 %以上的潮霉素抗性植株均表现出较强的阳性反应 ,初步证明几丁质酶基因已整合到油菜细胞核基因组中。     

Introgression of genomic components from Chinese Brassica rapa contributes to widening the genetic diversity in rapeseed (B. napus L.), with emphasis on the evolution of Chinese rapeseed

In spite of its short history of being an oil crop in China, the Chinese semi-winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L., 2n = 38, AACC) has been improved rapidly by intentional introgression of genomic components from Chinese B. rapa (2n = 20, AA). As a result, the Chinese semi-winter rapeseed has diversified genetically from the spring and winter rapeseed grown in the other regions such as Europe and North America. The objectives of this study were to investigate the roles of the introgression of the genomic components from the Chinese B. rapa in widening the genetic diversity of rapeseed and to verify the role of this introgression in the evolution of the Chinese rapeseed. Ten lines of the new type of rapeseed, which were produced by introgression of Chinese B. rapa to Chinese normal rapeseed, were compared for genetic diversity using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) with three groups of 35 lines of the normal rapeseed, including 9 semi-winter rapeseed lines from China, 9 winter rapeseed lines from Europe and 17 spring rapeseed lines from Northern Europe, Canada and Australia. Analysis of 799 polymorphic fragments revealed that within the groups, the new type rapeseed had the highest genetic diversity, followed by the semi-winter normal rapeseed from China. Spring and winter rapeseed had the lowest genetic diversity. Among the groups, the new type rapeseed group had the largest average genetic distance to the other three groups. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis, however, could not separate the new type rapeseed group from Chinese normal rapeseed group. Our data suggested that the introgression of Chinese B. rapa could significantly diversify the genetic basis of the rapeseed and play an important role in the evolution of Chinese rapeseed. The use of new genetic variation for the exploitation of heterosis in Brassica hybrid breeding is discussed     

白菜类蔬菜资源的农艺性状分析及应用研究

通过对505份白菜类蔬菜：大白菜、小白菜和紫菜薹的田间观察鉴定,同时抽取其中有代表性的材料90份(每类型30份)以白菜型油菜(30份)为对照进行农艺性状考察,结果显示：白菜类蔬菜种质资源中存在有符合油莱育种目标的特异性状,如特早熟型、白花、黄籽、抗寒型、矮杆、多分枝、多角果、大粒、特殊不育类型等。从变异幅度看,白菜类蔬菜资源的大多数农艺性状的变异系数大于白菜型油菜。同时通过核心种质资源构建,从120份材料中筛选出40份(每类10份)进行系统聚类分析,结果将40份供试材料共分为12类,其中紫菜薹和白菜型油莱各聚为一类,而小白菜和大白菜的聚类结果比较复杂,类型较多,这说明白菜类蔬菜资源与普通白菜型油菜的亲缘关系较远,遗传背景差异较大,用它们测配杂交组合优势明显,这一点在实际应用中已被证实。同时通过对白菜类蔬菜不育系和甘蓝型油菜不育系接受外界花粉能力的比较得到,白菜类蔬菜不育系的异交率极高。这一特性为其杂交优势利用提供了科学依据。     

Genome-wide investigation of genetic changes during modern breeding of Brassica napus

Key message

Considerable genome variation had been incorporated within rapeseed breeding programs over past decades.

Abstract

In past decades, there have been substantial changes in phenotypic properties of rapeseed as a result of extensive breeding effort. Uncovering the underlying patterns of allelic variation in the context of genome organisation would provide knowledge to guide future genetic improvement. We assessed genome-wide genetic changes, including population structure, genetic relatedness, the extent of linkage disequilibrium, nucleotide diversity and genetic differentiation based on F _ST outlier detection, for a panel of 472 Brassica napus inbred accessions using a 60 k Brassica Infinium^® SNP array. We found genetic diversity varied in different sub-groups. Moreover, the genetic diversity increased from 1950 to 1980 and then remained at a similar level in China and Europe. We also found ~6–10 % genomic regions revealed high F _ST values. Some QTLs previously associated with important agronomic traits overlapped with these regions. Overall, the B. napus C genome was found to have more high F _ST signals than the A genome, and we concluded that the C genome may contribute more valuable alleles to generate elite traits. The results of this study indicate that considerable genome variation had been incorporated within rapeseed breeding programs over past decades. These results also contribute to understanding the impact of rapeseed improvement on available genome variation and the potential for dissecting complex agronomic traits.     

Comparison of rapeseed cultivars and resynthesized lines based on allozyme and RFLP markers

It has frequently been suggested to use the resynthesis of rapeseed (Brassica napus) from B. campestris and B. oleracea to broaden its genetic base. The objective of the present study is twofold: (1) to compare the genetic variation within resynthesized rapeseed with a world-wide collection of oilseed rape cultivars, and (2) to compare genetic distances estimated from RFLP markers with distances estimated from a relatively small number of allozyme markers. We investigated 17 resynthesized lines and 24 rapeseed cultivars. Genetic distances were estimated either based on the electrophoresis of seven allozymes, with a total of 38 different bands, or based on RFLP data of 51 probe/enzyme combinations, with a total of 355 different bands. The results of allozyme and RFLP analyses agreed reasonably well. Genetic distances, estimated from two independent sets of RFLP data with 25 and 26 probe/enzyme combinations respectively, were highly correlated; hence about 50 RFLP markers are sufficient to characterize rapeseed material with a large genetic diversity. The cultivars were clustered into three groups: (1) spring rapeseed of European and Northern American origin, (2) winter rapeseed of European and Northern American origin, and (3) rapeseed of Asian origin. Several of the resynthesized rapeseed lines were similar to European winter rapeseed cultivars, whereas others had quite unique patterns. It is concluded, that resynthesized rapeseed is a valuable source for broadening the genetic variation in present breeding material of Brassica napus. However, different lines differ widely in their suitability for this purpose.     

Wax production from renewable feedstock using biocatalysts instead of fossil feedstock and conventional methods

Background, aim, and scope

Using renewable feedstock and introducing biocatalysts in the chemical industry have been suggested as the key strategies to reduce the environmental impact of chemicals. The Swedish interdisciplinary research program “Speciality Chemicals from Renewable Resources—Greenchem” is aiming to develop these strategies. One target group of chemicals for Greenchem are wax esters which can be used in wood coatings to replace paraffin wax made from fossil crude oil. The aim of this study was to conduct a life cycle assessment of wax esters based on rapeseed oil produced by biocatalysts (enzymes). The scope was to compare the environmental performance of wax esters with paraffin wax produced by conventional methods.

Materials and methods

The study has a cradle-to-gate perspective and the functional unit is “1-kg wax product ready to use in a wood coating product.” Extensive data collection and calculations have been performed for the wax esters, whereas existing life cycle inventory data have been used for the paraffin wax.

Results

The energy input into the wax ester production is about one third of the energy input in paraffin wax production. However, the wax ester has a higher contribution to the global warming potential (GWP) due to high emissions of nitrous oxide from rapeseed cultivation. Referring to a cradle-to-grave perspective, including waste incineration, the contribution to the GWP will, however, be 3.5 times higher from paraffin wax. Wax ester makes a higher contribution to the acidification and eutrophication potential, due to emissions from soil from rapeseed cultivation, but five times lower contribution to the photochemical ozone creation potential. From a land-use perspective and a global warming point of view, it is more efficient to produce paraffin wax and grow high-yielding, short-rotation coppice (Salix) to replace fuel oil than it is to grow rapeseed for wax ester production.

Discussion

Overall, this study shows the importance of studying the environmental performance of a product not only from a gate-to-gate perspective but, instead, considering the environmental performance from cradle-to-gate. The biocatalytic production of the wax ester consumes less energy than the conventional chemical method, but the raw material step, cultivation of rapeseed contributes much to both acidification and eutrophication. When the waste treatment step is included, the contribution to GWP, however, for paraffin wax will be 3.5 times higher than for the wax ester.

Conclusions

From a gate-to-gate perspective, replacing conventional chemical processes by biocatalysts using enzymes leads to energy savings and reduces emissions. However, from a cradle-to-gate perspective, the use of renewable feedstock, such as rapeseed oil, may counteract some of these benefits. Concerning the GWP benefit from using renewable feedstock instead of fossil feedstock, the final waste treatment step must be included, thereby applying a cradle-to-grave perspective.

Recommendations and perspectives

The introduction of biocatalysts as a key strategy in reducing the environmental impact from the chemical industry is supported by the results in this study. On the other hand, it is not obvious that the key strategy of using renewable feedstock in chemical production per se leads to benefits concerning all environmental impact categories. Thus, much more attention needs to be paid to the choice of potential renewable feedstock options, the minimization of energy inputs, and the biological emissions from the soil in the cultivation of feedstock crops, improved gas cleaning in nitrogen fertilizer production plants, and the alternative use of the arable land, in optimizing the overall environmental benefits of an increased use of renewable feedstock in the chemical industry.     

转基因油菜"超油1号"昆虫的生物多样性初步研究

包括转基因油菜"超油1号"、受体油菜"浙优油1号"、非受体油菜"浙双72"等3个油菜品种的随机区组田间试验显示,蚜虫、潜叶蝇、菜青虫、小菜蛾、瓢虫、蜘蛛、蜜蜂等7种油菜主要昆虫的发生情况,转基因油菜与其受体油菜均无显著性差异;转基因油菜与其非受体油菜,蚜虫以前者为多,潜叶蝇、菜青虫、小菜蛾、瓢虫、蜘蛛、蜜蜂等6种昆虫则无显著性差异。初步结果表明转基因油菜转入基因不影响油菜上主要昆虫的多样性,转基因油菜通过改变其非靶标生物的多样性从而导致农田生态系统可观改变的风险很小。     

Investigation of the origin and transmission of linear mitochondrial plasmid based on phylogenetic analysis in Japanese rapeseed varieties.

A linear mitochondrial plasmid is present in some varieties of rapeseed. To elucidate its origin and transmission the author investigated types of mitochondrial genome and the presence of plasmid in 78 rapeseed varieties and landraces in Japan and carried out a comparative analysis using the breeding history of Japanese rapeseed varieties. The mitochondrial genome of rapeseed was classified roughly into 2 types, type I (nap) and type II (cam). Type II rapeseed mitochondria closely resembles that of Brassica rapa, which is a related species of rapeseed. In this study, the author found that all varieties with type II mitochondria originated from interspecific crosses between rapeseed (B. napus) and B. rapa. This indicates that type II cytoplasm was introduced to rapeseed through a breeding program. The presence of plasmid was limited to B. rapa landraces and rapeseed varieties that arose by interspecific crosses between B. napus and B. rapa. The results suggest that mitochondrial plasmid is of B. rapa origin and that it has been introduced into rapeseed by interspecific crosses in a modern breeding program, as in the case of the mitochondrial genome. Phylogenetic study of Japanese rapeseed varieties suggests the participation not of the mitochondrial genome but, rather, the nuclear genome for the perpetuation of plasmid in progeny varieties.     

Seed Structure Characteristics to Form Ultrahigh Oil Content in Rapeseed

Background

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important oil crop in the world, and increasing its oil content is a major breeding goal. The studies on seed structure and characteristics of different oil content rapeseed could help us to understand the biological mechanism of lipid accumulation, and be helpful for rapeseed breeding.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Here we report on the seed ultrastructure of an ultrahigh oil content rapeseed line YN171, whose oil content is 64.8%, and compared with other high and low oil content rapeseed lines. The results indicated that the cytoplasms of cotyledon, radicle, and aleuronic cells were completely filled with oil and protein bodies, and YN171 had a high oil body organelle to cell area ratio for all cell types. In the cotyledon cells, oil body organelles comprised 81% of the total cell area in YN171, but only 53 to 58% in three high oil content lines and 33 to 38% in three low oil content lines. The high oil body organelle to cotyledon cell area ratio and the cotyledon ratio in seed were the main reasons for the ultrahigh oil content of YN171. The correlation analysis indicated that oil content is significantly negatively correlated with protein content, but is not correlated with fatty acid composition.

Conclusions/Significance

Our results indicate that the oil content of YN171 could be enhanced by increasing the oil body organelle to cell ratio for some cell types. The oil body organelle to seed ratio significantly highly positively correlates with oil content, and could be used to predict seed oil content. Based on the structural analysis of different oil content rapeseed lines, we estimate the maximum of rapeseed oil content could reach 75%. Our results will help us to screen and identify high oil content lines in rapeseed breeding.     

Long-term yield trends of insect-pollinated crops vary regionally and are linked to neonicotinoid use,landscape complexity,and availability of pollinators

Time series data on crop yields for two main wind-pollinated crops (barley and wheat) and for three crops benefitting from insect pollination (turnip rapeseed, caraway, and black currant), were compiled from official agricultural statistics. In Finland, these statistics are available at aggregate national level, and at the level of each of the 15 provinces of the country. Yields of wind-pollinated crops have steadily increased in Finland, while yields of insect-pollinated crops have been highly variable. The largest crop benefitting from insect pollination is turnip rapeseed, which shows first a clear tendency to increased yields from 1980 to 1993, after which there has been a continuous decline in yields at the national average level. Regionally, the trends in turnip rapeseed yield show large variation, so that in six provinces of Finland, the trend has been significantly decreasing; in five provinces, there has been no significant trend; and in two provinces, there has been a significant linear increase in yields. Yield trends in the two other insect-pollinated crops, caraway and black currants, show similar trend variations. However, at the national average level, caraway yields show no significant trend, while black currant yields have increased during the past 6 years. The possible impact on the trends of insect-pollinated crops of three explanatory variables was analyzed. Significant linear correlation was found between the yield trends (slope of the trends) in rapeseed, and the extent of using neonicotinoid seed dressing in the provinces; the magnitude of yield decline in turnip rapeseed increased, as the use of neonicotinoid seed dressing increased. Similar significant linear correlation was found for the magnitude of yield decline in turnip rapeseed and the complexity of the agricultural landscape in each province; yield trend changed from negative to positive as the proportion of agricultural land of the total terrestrial land area declined from 28% to below 10%. The availability of honey bee colonies with respect to the growing area of crops benefitting from insect pollination also had a linear, significant impact on turnip rapeseed yield trends: yields tended to decline in provinces, where the supply of managed pollinators with respect to demand was low, but tended to increase in provinces, where the number of honey bee colonies were over 30% of the estimated demand. As neither the landscape complexity (proportion of arable land of total terrestrial land area), nor the number of honey bee colonies for pollination have changed significantly over the past 10–20 years, these factors cannot explain the observed differences in the yield trends of the examined insect-pollinated crops. It appears that only the uptake of neonicotinoid insecticide seed dressing about 15 years ago can explain the crop yield declines in several provinces, and at the national level for turnip rapeseed, most likely via disruption of pollination services by wild pollinators.