共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 796 毫秒
1.
Barbara Demmig-Adams Daniel L. Moeller Barry A. Logan William W. Adams III 《Planta》1998,205(3):367-374
Attached intact leaves of Schefflera arboricola grown at three different photon flux densities (PFDs) were subjected to 24-h exposures to a high PFD and subsequent recovery
at a low PFD. While sun leaves showed virtually no sustained effects on photosystem II (PSII), shade-grown leaves exhibited
pronounced photoinhibition of PSII that required several days at low PFD to recover. Upon transfer to high PFD, levels of
nonphotochemical quenching in PSII as well as levels of zeaxanthin were initially low in shade leaves but continued to increase
gradually during the 24-h exposure. The xanthophyll cycle pool size rose gradually during and also subsequent to the photoinhibitory
treatment in shade leaves. Upon return to low PFD, a marked and extremely long-lasting retention of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin
was observed in shade but not sun leaves. During recovery, changes in the conversion state of the xanthophyll cycle therefore
closely mirrored the slow increases in PSII efficiency. This novel report of a close association between zeaxanthin retention
and lasting PSII depressions in these shade leaves clearly suggests a role for zeaxanthin in photoinhibition of shade leaves.
In addition, there was a decrease in β-carotene levels, some decrease in chlorophyll, but no change in lutein and neoxanthin
(all per leaf area) in the shade leaves during and subsequent to the photoinhibitory treatment. These data may be consistent
with a degradation of a portion of core complexes but not of peripheral light-harvesting complexes. A possible conversion
of β-carotene to form additional zeaxanthin is discussed.
Received: 24 October 1997 / Accepted: 12 November 1997 相似文献
2.
Akihiro Yokoyama Yoshikazu Shizuri Takayuki Hoshino G. Sandmann 《Archives of microbiology》1996,165(5):342-345
Various thermozeaxanthins are the end products of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of the thermophilic eubacterium Thermus thermophilus. These compounds are zeaxanthin glucoside esters. Carotenoid analysis and inhibitory studies led to the identification of
most of the intermediates of the pathway: β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and several new carotenoids. The intermediates,
identified by various spectroscopic methods as β-cryptoxanthin glucoside esters carrying fatty acid moieties of different
chain lengths, were designated as thermocryptoxanthins. The use of the inhibitors diphenylamine and 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)-triethylamine-HCl
resulted in the accumulation of the intermediates phytoene, lycopene, and γ-carotene derivatives, which normally are present
in amounts below the detection limit. The levels of non-esterified glycosides were extremely low. The results presented were
used to establish the complete carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of T. thermophilus.
Received: 9 September 1995 / Accepted: 14 February 1996 相似文献
3.
Recently, we reported the presence of the violaxanthin-antheraxanthin-zeaxanthin cycle in diatoms, and showed that violaxanthin
is the putative precursor of both diadinoxanthin and fucoxanthin in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin (M. Lohr and C. Wilhelm, 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 8784–8789). In the present study, two possible intermediates
in the synthesis of violaxanthin from β-carotene were identified in P. tricornutum, namely β-cryptoxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin epoxide. In low light, the latter pigment prevails, but in high light β-cryptoxanthin
accumulates, probably as the result of an increased activity of the xantophyll-cycle de-epoxidase. The apparent kinetics of
several xanthophyll conversion steps were determined for P. tricornutum and Cyclotella meneghiniana Kützing. The experimentally determined conversion rates were used to evaluate the hypothetical pathway of xanthophyll synthesis
in diatoms. For this purpose a mathematical model was developed which allows the calculation of theoretical rates of pigment
conversion for microalgae under steady-state growth conditions. A comparison between measured and calculated conversion rates
agreed well with the proposal of a sequential synthesis of fucoxanthin via violaxanthin and diadinoxanthin. The postulation
of zeaxanthin as an obligatory intermediate in the synthesis of violaxanthin, however, resulted in large discrepancies between
the measured and calculated rates of its epoxidation. Instead of zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin epoxide may be involved in the
biosynthesis of violaxanthin in diatoms.
Received: 16 March 2000 / Accepted: 30 June 2000 相似文献
4.
Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll of great interest in animal nutrition and human health. The market prospect in the nutraceutics
industries for this health-protective molecule is very promising. Astaxanthin is synthesized by several bacteria, algae and
plants from β-carotene by the sequential action of two enzymes: a β-carotene, 3,3'-hydroxylase that introduces an hydroxyl
group at the 3 (and 3') positions of each of the two β-ionone rings of β-carotene, and a β-carotene ketolase that introduces
keto groups at carbons 4 and 4' of the β-ionone rings. Astaxanthin is also produced by the yeast-like basidiomycete Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. A gene crtS involved in the conversion of β-carotene to astaxanthin has been cloned simultaneously by two research groups. Complementation
studies of X. dendrorhous mutants and expression analysis in Mucor circinelloides reveals that the CrtS enzyme is a β-carotene hydroxylase of the P-450 monooxygenase family that converts β-carotene to the
hydroxylated derivatives β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin, but it does not form astaxanthin or the ketolated intermediates in
this fungus. A bifunctional β-carotene hydroxylase-ketolase activity has been proposed for the CrtS protein. The evidence
for and against this hypothesis is analyzed in detail in this review. 相似文献
5.
The xanthophylls of the light-harvesting complexes of photosystem II (LHCII), zeaxanthin, and lutein are thought to be essential
for non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). NPQ is a process of photoprotective energy dissipation in photosystem II (PSII). The
major rapidly reversible component of NPQ, qE, is activated by the transmembrane proton gradient, and involves the quenching
of antenna chlorophyll excited states by the xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin. Using diaminodurene (DAD), a mediator of
cyclic electron flow around photosystem I, to enhance ΔpH we demonstrate that qE can still be formed in the absence of lutein
and light-induced formation of zeaxanthin in chloroplasts derived from the normally qE-deficient lut2npq1 mutant of Arabidopsis. The qE induced by high ΔpH in lut2npq1 chloroplasts quenched the level of fluorescence when all PSII reaction centers were in the open state (F
o state), protected PSII reaction centers from photoinhibition, was sensitive to the uncoupler nigericin, and was accompanied
by absorption changes in the 410–565 nm region. Titrations show the ΔpH threshold for activation of qE in lut2npq1 chloroplasts lies outside the normal physiological range and is highly cooperative. Comparison of quenching in isolated trimeric
(LHCII) and monomeric (CP26) light-harvesting complexes from lut2npq1 plants revealed a similarly shifted pH dependency compared with wild-type LHCII. The implications for the roles of lutein
and zeaxanthin as direct quenchers of excitation energy are discussed. Furthermore, we argue that the control over the proton-antenna
association constant, pK, occurs via influence of xanthophyll structure on the interconnected phenomena of light-harvesting antenna reorganization/aggregation
and hydrophobicity. 相似文献
6.
The recombinant β-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase from chicken liver was purified as a single 60 kDa band by His-Trap HP and Resource Q chromatography.
It had a molecular mass of 240 kDa by gel filtration indicating the native form to be tetramer. The enzyme converted β-carotene under maximal conditions (pH 8.0 and 37°C) with a k
cat of 1.65 min−1 and a K
m of 26 μM and its conversion yield of β-carotene to retinal was 120% (mol mol−1). The enzyme displayed catalytic efficiency and conversion yield for β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, β-apo-8′-carotenal, β-apo-4′-carotenal, α-carotene and γ-carotene in decreasing order but not for zeaxanthin, lutein, β-apo-12′-carotenal and lycopene, suggesting that the presence of one unsubstituted β-ionone ring in a substrate with a molecular weight greater than C30 seems to be essential for enzyme activity. 相似文献
7.
A desiccation-tolerant cyanobacterium, Nostoc commune, showsunique responses to dehydration. These responses are: (i) lossof PSII activity in parallel with the loss of photosynthesis;(ii) loss of PSI activity; and (iii) dissipation of light energyabsorbed by pigment–protein complexes. In this study,the deactivation of PSII is shown to be important in avoidingphotoinhibition when the Calvin–Benson cycle is repressedby dehydration. Furthermore, our evidence suggests that dissipationof light energy absorbed by PSII blocks photoinhibition understrong light in dehydrated states. 相似文献
8.
Qunrui Li Gemma Farre Shaista Naqvi Jürgen Breitenbach Georgina Sanahuja Chao Bai Gerhard Sandmann Teresa Capell Paul Christou Changfu Zhu 《Transgenic research》2010,19(6):1053-1068
In order to gain further insight into the partly-characterized carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in corn (Zea mays L.), we cloned cDNAs encoding the enzymes carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO) and β-carotene hydroxylase (BCH) using endosperm
mRNA isolated from inbred line B73. For both enzymes, two distinct cDNAs were identified mapping to different chromosomes.
The two crtiso cDNAs (Zmcrtiso1 and Zmcrtiso2) mapped to unlinked genes each containing 12 introns, a feature conserved among all crtiso genes studied thus far. ZmCRTISO1 was able to convert tetra-cis prolycopene to all-trans lycopene but could not isomerize the 15-cis double bond of 9,15,9′-tri-cis-ζ-carotene. ZmCRTISO2 is inactivated by a premature termination codon in B73 corn, but importantly the mutation is absent
in other corn cultivars and the active enzyme showed the same activity as ZmCRTISO1. The two bch cDNAs (Zmbch1 and Zmbch2) mapped to unlinked genes each coding sequences containing five introns. ZmBCH1 was able to convert β-carotene into β-cryptoxanthin
and zeaxanthin, but ZmBCH2 was able to form β-cryptoxanthin alone and had a lower overall activity than ZmBCH1. All four genes
were expressed during endosperm development, with mRNA levels rising in line with carotenoid accumulation (especially zeaxanthin
and lutein) until 25 DAP. Thereafter, expression declined for three of the genes, with only Zmcrtiso2 mRNA levels maintained by 30 DAP. We discuss the impact of paralogs with different expression profiles and functions on the
regulation of carotenoid synthesis in corn. 相似文献
9.
Using molecular markers to identify two major loci controlling carotenoid contents in maize grain 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Chander S Guo YQ Yang XH Zhang J Lu XQ Yan JB Song TM Rocheford TR Li JS 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2008,116(2):223-233
Maize is an important source of pro-vitamin A; β-carotene, α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin, and the non-pro-vitamin A carotenoids
including lutein and zeaxanthin. In the present study, a recombinant inbred (RI) population with 233 RI lines derived from
a cross between By804 and B73 was employed to detect QTL for these nutritionally important components in maize grain. High
Performance Liquid Chromatography was used to measure amounts of individual carotenoids over 2 years. A genetic linkage map
was constructed with 201 molecular markers. In all, 31 putative QTL including 23 for individual and 8 for total carotenoids
were detected on chromosome(s) 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 10. The notable aspect of this study was that much of the phenotypic variation
in contents of carotenoids could be explained by two loci (y1 and y9), and the QTL for carotenoids elucidated the interrelationships among these compounds at the molecular level. A gene targeted
marker (Y1ssr) in the candidate gene phytoene synthase 1 (psy1) tightly linked to a major QTL explaining 6.6–27.2% phenotypic variation for levels of carotenoids was identified, which
may prove useful to expedite breeding for higher level of carotenoids in maize grain. This functionally characterized gene
(psy1) could also be exploited for further development of functional marker for carotenoids in maize. The QTL cluster located at
y9 locus may also be used for pyramiding favorable alleles controlling contents of carotenoids from diverse maize germplasm. 相似文献
10.
Zhu Jianxin Gómez Stephen M. Mawson Bruce T. Jin Xiangqun Zeiger Eduardo 《Photosynthesis research》1997,51(2):137-147
Recent studies have shown that coleoptile chloroplasts operate the xanthophyll cycle, and that their zeaxanthin concentration co-varies with their sensitivity to blue light. The present study characterized the distribution of photosynthetic pigments in thylakoid pigment–protein complexes from dark-adapted and light-treated coleoptile and mesophyll chloroplasts, the low temperature fluorescence emission spectra, and the rates of PS I and PS II electron transport in both types of chloroplasts from 5-day-old corn seedlings. Pigments were extracted from isolated PS I holocomplex, LHC IIb trimeric and LHC II monomeric complexes and analyzed by HPLC. Chlorophyll distribution in coleoptile thylakoids showed 31% of the total collected Chl in PS I and 65% in the light harvesting complexes of PS II. In mesophyll thylakoids, the values were 44% and 54%, respectively. Mesophyll and coleoptile PS I holocomplexes differed in their Chl t a/Chl t b ratios (8.1 and 6.1, respectively) and -carotene content. In contrast, mesophyll and coleoptile LHC IIb trimers and LHC II monomers had similar Chl t a/Chl t b ratios and -carotene content. The three analyzed pigment–protein complexes from dark-adapted coleoptile chloroplasts contained zeaxanthin, whereas there was no detectable zeaxanthin in the complexes from dark-adapted mesophyll chloroplasts. In both chloroplast types, zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin increased markedly in the three pigment–protein complexes upon illumination, while violaxanthin decreased. In mesophyll thylakoids, zeaxanthin distribution as a percentage of the xanthophyll cycle pool was: LHC II monomers > LHC IIb trimers > PS I holocomplex, and in coleoptile thylakoids, it was: LHC IIb trimers > LHC II monomers = PS I holocomplex. Low temperature (77 K) fluorescence emission spectra showed that the 686 nm emission of coleoptile chloroplasts was approximately 50% larger than that of mesophyll chloroplasts when normalized at 734 nm. The pigment and fluorescence analysis data suggest that there is relatively more PS II per PS I and more LHC I per CC I in coleoptile chloroplasts than in mesophyll chloroplasts. Measurements of t in vitro uncoupled photosynthetic electron transport showed approximately 60% higher rates of electron flow through PS II in coleoptile chloroplasts than in mesophyll chloroplasts. Electron transport rates through PS I were similar in both chloroplast types. Thus, when compared to mesophyll chloroplasts, coleoptile chloroplasts have a distinct PS I pigment composition, a distinct chlorophyll distribution between PS I and PS II, a distinct zeaxanthin percentage distribution among thylakoid pigment–protein complexes, a higher PS II-related fluorescence emission, and higher PS II electron transport capacity. These characteristics may be associated with a sensory transducing role of coleoptile chloroplasts. 相似文献
11.
The clear vibrational structure of fluorescence spectrum of β-carotene in the solvent is reported for the first time at room
temperature. This finding is in good agreement with recently discovered covalent 3 1A
g
−
new carotenoid state. The fluorescence yield of β-carotene in ionic liquid (1-methyl-3-octyloxymethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate)
is around hundred times higher than in standard solvent n-hexane. The all-trans and 15-cis β-carotene fluorescence yields in ionic liquid are 1.96±0.03 and 2.53±0.03 %, respectively. The ionic liquid is a very useful
tool for modelling photosynthetic system in situ. We present the electronic absorption data of β-carotene in ionic liquids (so called neoteric solvents) with special interest
in the absorption changes as a function of temperature in the range 0–90 °C (273–363 K). Ionic liquids are also very good
medium for temperature study, because they are not changing up to several hundred °C and also not evaporating during heating.
The relationship between spectral characteristics of β-carotene in new generation solvents with increasing and decreasing
temperature is evaluated. The energy value of the ionic state 1 1B
u
+
of synthetic β-carotene in ionic liquids exhibits a linear and temperature reversible dependence on temperature up to 30
°C (303 K) and up to 40 °C (313 K) for 15-cis and all-trans β-carotenes, respectively. This is valid for both 0-0 and 0-1 transitions. 相似文献
12.
Joana?Díaz-Gómez Jose?A.?Moreno Eduardo?Angulo Gerhard?Sandmann Changfu?Zhu Teresa?Capell Carmina?Nogareda
High-carotenoid (HC) maize, a biofortified staple crop which accumulates β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin, was used as a feed component in a chicken feeding trial to assess the bioavailability of provitamin A (PVA) carotenoids in the kernel matrix compared to the synthetic and natural color additives routinely used in the poultry industry. We found that the PVA carotenoids in HC maize were not metabolized in the same manner: β-carotene was preferentially converted into retinol in the intestine whereas β-cryptoxanthin accumulated in the liver. We also considered the effect of zeaxanthin on the absorption of PVA carotenoids because zeaxanthin is the major carotenoid component of HC maize. We found that chickens fed on diets with low levels of zeaxanthin accumulated higher levels of retinol in the liver, suggesting that zeaxanthin might interfere with the absorption of β-carotene, although this observation was not statistically significant. Our results show that HC maize provides bioavailable carotenoids, including PVA carotenoids, and is suitable for use as a feed component. 相似文献
13.
Cyanobacteria produce some carotenoids. We identified the molecular structures, including the stereochemistry, of all the
carotenoids in the terrestrial cyanobacterium, Nostoc commune NIES-24 (IAM M-13). The major carotenoid was β-carotene. Its hydroxyl derivatives were (3R)-β-cryptoxanthin, (3R,3′R)-zeaxanthin, (2R,3R,3′R)-caloxanthin, and (2R,3R,2′R,3′R)-nostoxanthin, and its keto derivatives were echinenone and canthaxanthin. The unique myxol glycosides were (3R,2′S)-myxol 2′-fucoside and (2R,3R,2′S)-2-hydroxymyxol 2′-fucoside. This is only the second species found to contain 2-hydroxymyxol. We propose possible carotenogenesis
pathways based on our identification of the carotenoids: the hydroxyl pathway produced nostoxanthin via zeaxanthin from β-carotene,
the keto pathway produced canthaxanthin from β-carotene, and the myxol pathway produced 2-hydroxymyxol 2′-fucoside via myxol
2′-fucoside. This cyanobacterium was found to contain many kinds of carotenoids and also displayed many carotenogenesis pathways,
while other cyanobacteria lack some carotenoids and a part of carotenogenesis pathways compared with this cyanobacterium. 相似文献
14.
15.
Composition and presumed biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids in the astaxanthin-producing bacterium Agrobacterium aurantiacum 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Abstract The carotenoid composition of the astaxanthin-producing bacterium Agrobacterium aurantiacum was analysed under different culture conditions. Ten kinds of carotenoids, β-carotene, echinenone, β-cryptoxanthin, 3-hydroxyechinenone, canthaxanthin, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, zeaxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin and astaxanthin, were identified by HPLC and spectroscopical techniques. A. aurantiacum synthesized astaxanthin from β-carotene through two hydroxylation steps at C-3 and 3', and oxidation steps at C-4 and 4'. The order of these reactions appeared to be controlled by the culture conditions. A new pathway for astaxanthin formation, different from that of other astaxanthin-producing microorganisms, is proposed. 相似文献
16.
Provitamin A (proVA) carotenoids are converted into retinol (vitamin A) in the human body, are the subject of human nutrition studies, and are targets for biofortification of staple crops. β-Carotene has been the principal target for enhancing levels of proVA. There is recent interest in enhancing the proVA carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin since it has excellent bioavailability, and in maize may be nearly as effective as β-carotene in providing retinol to humans. This study was designed to enhance our understanding of the genetic control of: levels of β-cryptoxanthin, conversion of β-carotene into β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin, conversion of β-cryptoxanthin into zeaxanthin, and flux into and within the β-branch of carotenoid pathway. A biparental population derived from two inbreds with relatively high levels of β-cryptoxanthin and different ratios of β-carotene to β-cryptoxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin to zeaxanthin was studied. Three field replications of this F2:3 population were grown, grain analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC), and composite interval mapping (CIM) performed to identify 90 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for carotenoids. We detected QTL for β-carotene/(β-cryptoxanthin + zeaxanthin) and (β-carotene + β-cryptoxanthin)/zeaxanthin ratios that contain candidate gene hydroxylase 4 (hyd4), which has not been previously associated with QTL for carotenoids in maize grain. Two color assessment methods, visual score and chromameter reading, were used to phenotype one replicate of the population for initial assessment as simple alternative measuring procedures. A common finding for LC and chromameter analysis included QTL on chromosome 5 that contain candidate gene lycopene β cyclase (lcyβ). 相似文献
17.
The absorption and energy transfer properties of photosynthetic pigments are strongly influenced by their local environment
or “site.” Local electrostatic fields vary in time with protein and chromophore molecular movement and thus transiently influence
the excited state transition properties of individual chromophores. Site-specific information is experimentally inaccessible
in many light-harvesting pigment–proteins due to multiple chromophores with overlapping spectra. Full quantum mechanical calculations
of each chromophores excited state properties are too computationally demanding to efficiently calculate the changing excitation
energies along a molecular dynamics trajectory in a pigment–protein complex. A simplified calculation of electrostatic interactions
with each chromophores ground to excited state transition, the so-called charge density coupling (CDC) for site energy, CDC,
has previously been developed to address this problem. We compared CDC to more rigorous quantum chemical calculations to determine
its accuracy in computing excited state energy shifts and their fluctuations within a molecular dynamics simulation of the
bacteriochlorophyll containing light-harvesting Fenna–Mathews–Olson (FMO) protein. In most cases CDC calculations differed
from quantum mechanical (QM) calculations in predicting both excited state energy and its fluctuations. The discrepancies
arose from the inability of CDC to account for the differing effects of charge on ground and excited state electron orbitals.
Results of our study show that QM calculations are indispensible for site energy computations and the quantification of contributions
from different parts of the system to the overall site energy shift. We suggest an extension of QM/MM methodology of site
energy shift calculations capable of accounting for long-range electrostatic potential contributions from the whole system,
including solvent and ions. 相似文献
18.
Rumila Mukherjee Shailen P. Borah Bhabesh C. Goswami 《Journal of applied phycology》2010,22(5):569-571
Two species of Trentepohlia, i.e., Trentepohlia aurea and Trentepohlia cucullata were collected from walls and tree bark, respectively, at two different seasons in a year. The total carotenoid content in
both the species is very high during winter but decreases significantly during summer. By spectroscopic analysis, it was found
that. T. aurea and T. cucullata growing in natural habitats are rich sources of carotenoids. The individual carotenoids were separated, identified, and estimated
by HPLC, and identified as β-carotene along with some other carotenoids, i.e., neoxanthin, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, β,γ-carotene,
β,ε-carotene (absent during summer). 相似文献
19.
Chang-Ming Zhao Gen-Xuan Wang Xiao-Ping Wei Jian-Ming Deng Dong-Liang Cheng 《Trees - Structure and Function》2007,21(1):55-63
Physiological and photosynthetic responses were investigated at three different depths of groundwater (DGW: 1.4, 2.4, and
3.4 m) in Elaeagnus angustifolia L., a locally adapted tree to the arid region in northwest China. Predawn leaf water potential and chlorophyll content declined
gradually with the increasing DGW, whereas there was little effect on predawn variable-to-maximum chlorophyll fluorescence
ratio F
v/F
m and leaf carotenoid compositions (xanthophyll cycle pool, neoxanthin, lutein, and β-carotene). Net photosynthetic rate (P
n), quantum yield of PSII electron transport (ΦPSII), stomatal conductance (Gs), and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) declined obviously; however, P
n decreased more than ΦPSII at deeper DGW. The photoinhibition of PSII at all three DGW occurred at midday in summer and increased as DGW increased.
The ΔpH-dependent thermal dissipation and the level of de-epoxidation of the xanthophyll cycle at all three DGW reached their
maxima at midday with the increase of light intensity. However, the fraction of functional PSII and light intensity at deeper
DGW (2.4, 3.4 m) showed a negative correlation. This correlation suggested that most of violaxanthin was converted into zeaxanthin
at midday, and the reversible inactivation of partial PSII reaction centers took place at deeper DGW. These results together
suggest that both the xanthophyll cycle-dependent thermal dissipation and the reversible inactivation of partial PSII might
have played important roles in avoiding the excess light-induced energy damage in leaves of this tree species at deeper DGW. 相似文献
20.
B. Czeczuga 《Biochemical Systematics and Ecology》1985,13(3):221-230
The presence of 27 carotenoids was determined in the Pteridophyta. The carotenoids characteristic of club-moss and horsetail species are β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein epoxide and zeaxanthin, and fern species are β-cryptoxanthin, lutein epoxide, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin and rhodoxanthin. 相似文献