Purification and Characterization of the Enzymes of Fructan Biosynthesis in Tubers of Helianthus tuberosus Colombia (II. Purification of Sucrose:Sucrose 1-Fructosyltransferase and Reconstitution of Fructan Synthesis in Vitro with Purified Sucrose:Sucrose 1-Fructosyltransferase and Fructan:Fructan 1-Fructosyltransferase)

Sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (1-SST), an enzyme involved in fructan biosynthesis, was purified to homogeneity from tubers of Helianthus tuberosus that were harvested in the accumulation phase. Gel filtration under native conditions predicted a molecular mass of about 67 kD. Electrophoresis or gel filtration under denaturing conditions yielded a 27- and a 55-kD fragment. 1-SST preferentially catalyzed the conversion of sucrose into the trisaccharide 1-kestose (GF2). Other reactions catalyzed by 1-SST at a lower rate were self-transfructosylations with GF2 and 1,1-nystose (GF3) as substrates yielding GF3 and 1,1,1-fructosylnystose, respectively, as products. 1-SST also catalyzed the removal of the terminal fructosyl unit from both GF2 and GF3, which resulted in the release of sucrose and GF2, respectively, and free Fru. The purified enzyme did not display [beta]-fructosidase activity. An enzyme mixture of purified 1-SST and fructan:fructan 1-fructosyltransferase, both isolated from tubers, was able to synthesize fructans up to a degree of polymerization of at least 13 with sucrose as a sole substrate.     

The Two Genes Encoding Starch-Branching Enzymes IIa and IIb Are Differentially Expressed in Barley

The sbeIIa and sbeIIb genes, encoding starch-branching enzyme (SBE) IIa and SBEIIb in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), have been isolated. The 5′ portions of the two genes are strongly divergent, primarily due to the 2064-nucleotide-long intron 2 in sbeIIb. The sequence of this intron shows that it contains a retro-transposon-like element. Expression of sbeIIb but not sbeIIa was found to be endosperm specific. The temporal expression patterns for sbeIIa and sbeIIb were similar and peaked around 12 d after pollination. DNA gel-blot analysis demonstrated that sbeIIa and sbeIIb are both single-copy genes in the barley genome. By fluorescence in situ hybridization, the sbeIIa and sbeIIb genes were mapped to chromosomes 2 and 5, respectively. The cDNA clones for SBEIIa and SBEIIb were isolated and sequenced. The amino acid sequences of SBEIIa and SBEIIb were almost 80% identical. The major structural difference between the two enzymes was the presence of a 94-amino acid N-terminal extension in the SBEIIb precursor. The (β/α)₈-barrel topology of the α-amylase superfamily and the catalytic residues implicated in branching enzymes are conserved in both barley enzymes.     

植物果聚糖合成酶基因克隆及特性分析

果聚糖(fructan)是蔗糖来源的果糖多聚体,果聚糖的类型常因聚合度的多寡、分支结构有无、相邻果糖基成键差异及葡萄糖位置不同而多种多样。果聚糖不仅是植物储存非结构性碳水化合物的形式之一,而且在干旱、低温等非生物胁迫中具有保护植物细胞免受伤害的作用。果聚糖作为一种益生素,对人体健康具有保健作用,有效减少或避免结肠癌、心血管疾病及骨质疏松等发病机率。本文就果聚糖的存在形式、生物合成代谢途径、果聚糖合成酶（fructan biosynthetic enzymes, FBEs）基因的克隆和转化等研究做一介绍,并对植物中FBEs结构特点进行了分析,同时对小麦中FBEs基因的拷贝数、染色体定位及亚细胞定位等研究进行了商榷,为从更多植物中分离FBEs基因,研究FBEs基因的作用方式和表达特性,以及利用转基因技术提高重要作物抗逆性奠定基础。     

Molecular Cloning, Water Channel Activity and Tissue Specific Expression of Two Isoforms of Radish Vacuolar Aquaporin1

A major membrane intrinsic protein (VM23) in vacuoles of radish(Raphanus) tap root was investigated. The cDNAs for two isoformsof VM23,      

Physical assignment of the bovine MHC class IIa and class IIb genes.

Screening of a bovine yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) library revealed two clones which contain most of the class II genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) known to date. The YACs were mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and characterized for the class II genes they contain. We found that the classic class II genes BoLA- DQA, -DQB, -DRA, and -DRB3 are located at BTA 23q21 and the non-classic class II genes DYA, DIB, LMP2, LMP7, TAP2, BoLA-DOB, -DMA, -DMB, and -DNA are located at BTA 23q12-->q13. These two different mapping locations confirm and extend previous findings of a gross physical distance between classic and non-classic MHC class II genes in cattle.     

Structure-related enhancing activity of escins Ia, Ib, IIa and IIb on magnesium absorption in mice.

We examined the effects of the saponin fraction and its principal saponins, escins Ia (1), Ib (2), IIa (3) and IIb (4), obtained from European horse chestnut, and their hydrolyzed products, desacylescins I (5) and II (6) on magnesium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract in mice. Test samples were given orally to fasted mice before loading of 0.5 or 1.67 M MgSO4 (10 mL/kg, p.o.). The saponin fraction (12.5-100 mg/kg) significantly enhanced the Mg2+ absorption 30, 60, 120 and 240 min after administration, with maximum enhancement by 48.3% at 50 mg/kg. Escins Ib (2) and IIb (4) (12.5 and 25 mg/kg) also enhanced the absorption, whereas escins Ia (1) and IIa (3) (12.5 and 25 mg/kg) and desacylescins I(5) and II (6) (25 mg/kg) showed no activity. These results suggested that the 21-O-tigloyl and/or 22-O-acetyl group(s) is essential for such activity. The saponin fraction, 2 and 4 (50 mg/kg) also affected the activity, but their effects were attenuated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Furthermore, pretreatment with insulin or indomethacin did not reduce the effect of 2 and 4. These results also implied that neither the sympathetic nervous system nor endogenous prostaglandins were involved. The involvement of parathyroid hormone, and/or the metabolism of vitamin D should be considered.     

Putrescine Influences Growth and Production of Coumarins in Hairy Root Cultures of Witloof Chicory (Cichorium intybus L. cv. Lucknow Local)

The effect of putrescine (Put) on the growth and production of two coumarins, esculin and esculetin, in hairy roots of chicory (Cichorium intybus L. cv. Lucknow local) was examined. To study the role of Put on growth and production of coumarins, polyamine inhibitors, namely α-dl-difluromethylornithine and α-dl-difluromethylarginine were used at 1 mM concentration. Put treatment at 1.5 mM produced a 1.9-fold increase in the growth of hairy roots, as well as the production of esculin and esculetin. The treatments with polyamine (PA) inhibitors resulted in much lower growth and production of coumarins compared with both 1.5-mM Put treatment and the control. Both free and conjugated PAs were studied over the whole culture period, and conjugates of all three PAs, namely Put, spermidine, and spermine, were higher than free PAs throughout the culture period. The treatments with PA inhibitors showed lower levels of endogenous PAs compared with Put-treated samples. The treatment with 1.5 mM Put showed maximum accumulation of endogenous conjugated Put (2,098 ± 157 nmoles gm⁻¹ fresh weight). The production of esculin and esculetin was strictly correlated with growth in all treatments. Put at 1.5 mM resulted in greater length of primary root (18.3 ± 1.4 cm) as compared with the control (11 ± 0.9 cm) and larger numbers of secondary and tertiary roots. Received July 14, 1999; accepted October 5, 1999     

Effects of escins Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb from horse chestnuts on gastrointestinal transit and ileus in mice.

The effects of saponin fraction and its principal constituents escins Ia (1), Ib (2), IIa (3), and IIb (4) from horse chestnuts on gastrointestinal transit (GIT) and ileus were investigated in mice. Ileus was induced by acetic acid peritoneal irritation or by laparotomy with manipulation. One hour after the oral administration, the saponin fraction (12.5-100 mg/kg) and 14 (12.5-50 mg/ kg, except for 3 at 12.5 mg/kg) dose-dependently accelerated GIT. The optimal effects of the saponin fraction (25 mg/kg) occurred 5-240 min (applied intervals between the fraction and the charcoal meal) after the oral administration. The fraction (12.5-100 mg/ kg) and 1-4 (12.5-50 mg/kg, except for 1 and 2 at 12.5 mg/kg) dose-dependently prevented the inhibition of GIT induced by the acetic acid peritoneal irritation. They (12.5-100mg/kg) also dose-dependently prevented the inhibition of GIT induced by the laparotomy with manipulation. Desacylescins I (5) and II (6) (50 mg/kg) showed no such effects. These results demonstrated that the saponin fraction and 1-4 accelerated GIT and prevented the experimental ileus, and indicate that the 21, 22-acyl groups are essential for the accelerative effects of 1-4. The accelerations of GIT by 1-4 were completely abolished by the pretreatment with streptozotocin (100 mg/kg, iv), but not by the pretreatment with capsaicin (75 mg/kg in total, sc) or atropine (10 mg/kg, sc). These results imply that the sympathetic nervous system may be, but neither capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves nor the cholinergic mechanism, involved in the accelerations of GIT by escins 1-4.     

小鼠P型ATP酶ATP8A2基因的克隆及其剪切亚型的分析

真核生物细胞各种膜结构两侧的磷脂分布是不对称的,这种不对称需要磷脂翻转酶的动态调节.目前认为这些酶可以分为三种,即爬行酶类、外翻酶类和内翻酶类,对于它们的研究才刚刚起步.P型ATP酶第四类亚型被认为有潜在的磷脂内翻酶活性,酵母全部5个该家族的蛋白质如DRS2p都陆续被确定了具有磷脂内翻酶的活性.对于酵母内翻酶的研究还发现该类蛋白质对于细胞极性建立和膜泡运输有重要作用.哺乳动物中由基因组比对发现有14个P型ATP酶第四类亚型成员,但对于它们的研究仅局限于病理方面.为了能够了解哺乳动物磷脂内翻酶在细胞内活动的分子机制,克隆了酵母DRS2p在哺乳动物中的同源物ATP8A2的编码基因,并发现了它的两种剪切亚型.通过对它们的组织分布分析,发现该蛋白质主要分布在睾丸中,提示它可能对于精子的发生有一定功能.     

具有抗HIV活性的天花粉蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达及纯化

目的:天花粉蛋白(TCS)有较强的抗HIV活性。利用基因工程技术在大肠杆菌中表达TCS并进行纯化。方法:从新鲜栝楼叶片中获取TCS基因组DNA,利用PCR技术扩增其全长基因,经BamHⅠ和EcoRⅠ双酶切后与原核表达载体pRSET-A连接,转化感受态E.coliDH5α,提取质粒进行酶切鉴定及测序;将所获阳性重组质粒转化感受态E.coliBL21(DE3)得到工程菌,经IPTG诱导表达后,对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE及Western印迹鉴定;用Ni-NTA柱对所获目的蛋白进行纯化。结果:获得了目的蛋白的可溶性高效表达,并通过了Western印迹鉴定。经Ni-NTA柱纯化后,得到大量均一的6His-TCS融合蛋白。结论:TCS在大肠杆菌中的表达与纯化,为通过基因工程方法研制具有抗HIV活性的药物奠定了基础。     

Extracellular Lytic Enzymes of Myxococcus virescens II. Purification of Three Bacteriolytic Enzymes and Determination of their Molecular Weights and Isoelectric Points

The bacteriolytic enzymes produced by Myxococcus virescens and previously concentrated and separated from most of the non-bacteriolytic proteins have been further separated and purified. The bacteriolytic enzyme solution was concentrated by lyo-philization. When applied to a Sephadex G-100 column, three peaks of bacteriolytic activity were eluted. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that all the three enzyme fractions were contaminated with at least four non-bacteriolytic proteins. In the first enzyme fraction the bacteriolytic enzymes could be freed from the contaminating proteolytic activity by adsorption on a hydroxylapatite column. The bacteriolytic enzymes could then be adsorbed on a CM-cellulose column. The remaining contaminating proteins passed the column un-adsorbed while the bacteriolytic enzymes could be eluted with a gradient of 0.02–0.10 M ammonium hydrogen carbonate solution. The second enzyme fraction was adsorbed on a CM-cellulose column and then eluted with 0.03–0.15 M NH4 HCO₃. After rechromatography on a new column under the same conditions, all of the contaminating proteins had disappeared. For purification of the third enzyme fraction chro-matography on one single CM-cellulose column was sufficient. The elution of the adsorbed enzymes was performed with a gradient of 0.15–0.30 M NH₄HCO₃. The recovery of activity for each of the ion-exchange chromatography separations was at least 90%. The purity of the enzymes was tested by polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis. Each of the purified enzymes gave only one coloured band which coincided with the enzyme activity assayed in sliced gels. The molecular weights of the enzymes were determined by electrophoresis on acryl-amide gels containing sodiumdodecylsulphate. The molecular weights determined in this way (about 40,000, 30,000 and 20,000, respectively) were about 10,000 daltons higher than those obtained by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100. This discrepancy seems to depend on interactions between the enzymes and the dextran molecules probably caused by the strongly basic nature of the enzymes or by formation of enzyme-substrate complexes.     

胸腺素α_1 基因的克隆表达及其生物活性

胸腺素α1(thymosinalpha 1 ,Tα1)作为一种免疫增强剂 ,临床用途广泛 .为大量制备Tα1,按大肠杆菌惯用密码子合成Tα1基因 ,克隆于质粒pUC1 9的EcoRⅠ和PstⅠ位点 .经测序证明序列正确后 ,串联为 4串体 (Tα1④ ) ,经再次测序确认后克隆入pThioHisA的EcoRⅠ和PstⅠ位点 .转化大肠杆菌T0P1 0 ,酶切鉴定正确后 ,经 1mmol LIPTG诱导 4h ,获得硫氧还蛋白与Tα1④的融合表达 ,用离子交换层析纯化融合蛋白 .溴化氰裂解融合蛋白 ,释放出Tα1单体 ,经离子交换色谱纯化出Tα1.采用3 H TdR参入法进行生物活性测定 ,证实融合蛋白和Tα1均具有刺激小鼠脾淋巴细胞分裂增殖的能力 .     

胸腺素α_1 基因的克隆表达及其生物活性

 胸腺素α1(thymosinalpha 1 ,Tα1)作为一种免疫增强剂 ,临床用途广泛 .为大量制备Tα1,按大肠杆菌惯用密码子合成Tα1基因 ,克隆于质粒pUC1 9的EcoRⅠ和PstⅠ位点 .经测序证明序列正确后 ,串联为 4串体 (Tα1④ ) ,经再次测序确认后克隆入pThioHisA的EcoRⅠ和PstⅠ位点 .转化大肠杆菌T0P1 0 ,酶切鉴定正确后 ,经 1mmol LIPTG诱导 4h ,获得硫氧还蛋白与Tα1④的融合表达 ,用离子交换层析纯化融合蛋白 .溴化氰裂解融合蛋白 ,释放出Tα1单体 ,经离子交换色谱纯化出Tα1.采用3 H TdR参入法进行生物活性测定 ,证实融合蛋白和Tα1均具有刺激小鼠脾淋巴细胞分裂增殖的能力 .     

Purification and cDNA Cloning of Lysozyme II from Cabbage Butterfly, Artogeia rapae Larvae

ABSTRACT Last instar larvae of cabbage butterfly Artogeia rapae respond to injection of bacteria with a set of inducible antibacterial peptides/proteins. The inducible peptides/proteins are related to the known hinnavins (I and II) and lysozymes (I and II). The lysozyme II has been isolated by heat treatment, cation exchange, and reversed-phase chromatography from immunized hemolymph of last instar larvae. The lysozyme II gene of A. rapae was isolated and its nucleotide sequence was determined by the RACE-PCR from immunized fat body with E. coli. It has an open reading frame of 414 bp nucleotide corresponding to 138 amino acids including an 18 amino acid signal sequence. The molecular weight and the isoelectric point of Artogeia lysozyme II without a signal peptide were 13,649.38 Da and 9.11, respectively. It is great similarity with Manduca lysozyme among other lepidopteran.     

人核受体Nurr1基因的克隆和表达及产物纯化(英文)

核受体相关因子 1(nuclearreceptor relatedfactor 1,Nurr1)是主要表达于中脑黑质及腹侧被盖区多巴胺能神经元的一种转录因子 ,属于核受体超家族成员 ,其功能性配体尚未被确认 .研究表明 ,Nurr1对中脑多巴胺神经元的发育、存活以及成熟后功能的维持具有特殊重要意义 .如能找到它的特异性配体 ,将为最终筛选出治疗帕金森病等中枢多巴胺失调性疾病的药物或化学合成先导物打下基础 .为了获取Nurr1蛋白以标定其配体以及研究蛋白质间的相互作用 ,采用RT PCR技术 ,从人胚中脑组织特异性扩增及克隆了人Nurr1cDNA ,并获得一个在氨基端缺失 35 0bp碱基的Nurr1突变体 .将正常的Nurr1基因片段亚克隆至表达载体pET2 8a ,分别在TNTRT7偶联网织红细胞溶胞系统和大肠杆菌BL2 1(DE3)中获得表达 ,均以可溶性形式存在 ,且产自于体外转录 翻译系统的真核表达Nurr1蛋白已标记上同位素3 5S .Western印迹分析表明 ,所表达的重组目的蛋白具有特异的免疫反应性 .经Ni NTA亲和层析 ,得到了初步纯化的rhNurr1蛋白 .