启动子对枯草芽孢杆菌表达环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的影响

以质粒pHY300PLK为骨架构建Bacillus stearothermophilus来源的α/β-环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶(α/β-CGTase)在枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)表达系统的表达质粒。为了提高α/β-CGTase的表达量,考察了9个单启动子(P_(amyQ), P_(amyQ)', Papr E, Pgsi B, Phpa Ⅱ, Pnpr E, Psrf, Pxyl, Pxyl')对α/β-CGTase表达量的影响,摇瓶发酵表明最优单启动子为P_(amyQ)',α/β-CGTase表达量为6.52 U/mL,其次为Phpa Ⅱ和Pnpr E,分别对应酶活5.80 U/mL和5.73 U/mL。用P_(amyQ)'与P_(amyQ)'、Phpa Ⅱ、Pnpr E两两组合,构建双启动子P_(amyQ)'-P_(amyQ)'、Phpa Ⅱ-P_(amyQ)'、Pnpr E-P_(amyQ)',摇瓶发酵表明最优双启动子为Phpa Ⅱ-P_(amyQ)',α/β-CGTase表达量为11.15 U/mL,是用单启动子PamyQ'表达时的1.7倍。测定Phpa Ⅱ-P_(amyQ)'、P_(amyQ)'-P_(amyQ)'、P_(amyQ)'-P_(amyQ)'、P_(amyQ)'、Pgsi B、Phpa Ⅱ为启动子时,α/β-CGTase m RNA转录水平,结果表明α/β-CGTase表达量随m RNA转录水平的提高而提高。使用含有启动子Phpa Ⅱ-P_(amyQ)'的表达质粒进行3 L罐发酵,培养96 h时,α/β-CGTase酶活达到最高110.4 U/mL。     

尿黑酸双加氧酶基因工程菌的构建

为了构建不同表达类型的尿黑酸双加氧酶(Dio6)基因工程菌,本研究利用Over-lap PCR技术使双加氧酶基因在组成型启动子(P2和P_(spoⅠ-Ⅱ))的控制下表达;利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术测定XJ-6、XJ-6+P_(T7)、XJ-6+P2、XJ-6+P_(spoⅠ-Ⅱ)、P_(spoⅠ-Ⅱ)、P2、P_(T7)在7 d对芘的降解。研究结果表明:构建得到3种启动子控制表达的基因工程菌,协同效应研究表明工程菌在XJ-6的协助下可以在含芘的无机盐培养基中生长,并且组成型启动子工程菌的菌数远高于诱导型启动子工程菌的菌数。组成型启动子相较于诱导型启动子工程菌能更稳定表达外源双加氧酶基因,由于诱导型启动子工程菌需要诱导剂IPTG,并且表达双加氧酶基因会受到诱导剂浓度、诱导温度等条件的影响,所以在实际应用中组成型启动子工程菌优于诱导型启动子工程菌。     

信号肽对亮氨酸脱氢酶在Bacillus subtilis中分泌表达的影响及酶学性质研究

根据信号肽N端电荷数,选择Sec及Tat两种途径的信号肽构建枯草芽孢杆菌穿梭质粒,首次实现Bacillus cereus源亮氨酸脱氢酶基因在Bacillus subtilis中的分泌表达。Tat途径信号肽Pho D促进蛋白质分泌的效果最好,胞外酶活力达20.25U/ml,为不添加信号肽的2.2倍,信号肽N端较多的电荷数,可能有利于多聚体蛋白的分泌。对表达产物进行纯化和酶学性质测定。结果表明,纯酶比酶活为13U/mg;L-Leucine为底物时酶的K_m为6.17mmol/L,V_(max)为14.49μmol/(L·min);底物特异性研究发现,酶与天然底物L-Leucine的亲和性最好,对一些脂肪族氨基酸也有活性,对芳香族氨基酸L-Phenylalanine无活性;酶的最适pH为10.5~12.0,pH稳定范围为5.0~11.0;最适反应温度为55℃;圆二色谱变温扫描酶二级结构变化,α螺旋含量随温度升高逐渐降低;差示扫描微量热技术(DSC)测定酶的解折叠温度(Tm值)为64.13℃,表明该酶具有较好耐热性。     

两个不同启动子及其组合对碱性蛋白酶AprE异源表达的影响

背景:碱性蛋白酶(alkaline protease)是一种具有广泛用途的工业酶制剂,其发酵活力目前仍不能满足工业生产需要。目的:旨在通过优化启动子及其组合来提高Bacillus subtilis WB600中碱性蛋白酶AprE的产量。方法:以Bacillus subtilis WB600为出发菌株,成功构建了含有4种不同类型启动子(P1、P2、P-1-2、P-2-1)的碱性蛋白酶AprE表达菌株。结果:含不同启动子的4株重组菌均可成功表达碱性蛋白酶,发酵48h,含单一启动子P2的重组菌株表达碱性蛋白酶的活力为4 041U/ml,是P1的1. 23倍。双启动子重组菌B. subtilis WB600/P-2-1-aprE表达的酶活性最高,是双启动子P-1-2的1. 35倍,达到了6 125U/ml。结论:为工业化高产碱性蛋白酶提供了一种有效策略。     

亮氨酸脱氢酶与葡萄糖脱氢酶高效共表达制备L-叔亮氨酸北大核心CSCD

【目的】通过不同双基因共表达策略对亮氨酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖脱氢酶基因在大肠杆菌中表达影响的研究,获得具有高辅酶再生效率的双酶共表达重组生物催化剂,实现L-叔亮氨酸"一锅法"高效不对称合成。【方法】以来自于蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)的亮氨酸脱氢酶(LDH)和来自芽孢菌属(Bacillus sp.)的葡萄糖脱氢酶(GDH)为模板,考察单质粒共表达,双质粒共表达和融合表达等3种共表达策略对重组细胞中亮氨酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖脱氢酶活的影响,比较不同酶活比例和不同催化剂形式对三甲基丙酮酸不对称还原制备L-叔亮氨酸效率的影响。【结果】研究发现不同共表达策略对亮氨酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖脱氢酶的影响存在明显差异。亮氨酸脱氢酶在不同策略下均能够正常表达,而葡萄糖脱氢酶在融合表达时没有活力,当C端含有组氨酸标签时,表达蛋白活性低。通过表达优化,获得3株亮氨酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖脱氢酶高效表达且具有不同酶活比例的重组菌。比较粗酶液和全细胞形式下的催化效率,发现酶活比例及催化剂形式对不对称还原反应效率具有重要影响。确定单质粒串联表达C端不含His标签重组菌E.coli BL21/p ET28a-L-SD-AS-G为最佳催化剂,以粗酶液进行转化时,完全转化0.5 mol/L底物所需菌体量为15 g/L,辅酶量为0.1 mmol/L。【结论】采用单质粒共表达策略,成功构建出1株具有较高亮氨酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖脱氢酶活性的重组菌,实现高效催化TMP合成L-Tle。     

利用重组钝齿棒杆菌高效合成L-茶氨酸

【目的】构建Bacillus subtilis来源的γ-谷氨酰转肽酶蛋白(GGT)的Corynebacterium glutamicum SYPA5-5表达系统,验证该蛋白信号肽片段在宿主表达体系中的作用,并将该体系应用于高效合成茶氨酸的研究。【方法】将该ggt基因和切除信号肽的片段基因(?sp ggt)在C.glutamicum SYPA5-5中克隆表达。以C.glutamicum SYPA5-5高产L-精氨酸培养基为基础进行重组菌产酶优化。最优转化条件为:L-谷氨酰胺∶乙胺为1∶3,酶量为0.06 U/mL。采用底物流加策略高产L-茶氨酸,40 mL的转化体系包含:终浓度为0.9 U/mL的GGT,pH 10,37℃,从0 h开始每隔2 h补加20 mmol/L的L-谷氨酰胺,60 mmol/L的乙胺。【结果】C.glutamicum SYPA5-5/pXMJ19-ggt发酵上清液中GGT酶活达到(4.69±0.34)U/mL,C.glutamicum SYPA5-5/pXMJ19-?sp ggt只检测到胞内酶活(0.99±0.17)U/mL,说明利用B.subtilis来源的信号肽可以实现GGT在C.glutamicum体系中分泌表达。最适产酶培养基条件为:葡萄糖浓度为10%;IPTG最适添加时间为0 h。批次流加在12 h时达到最大茶氨酸产量104.36 mmol/L,转化率为86.9%。【讨论】本文首次实现B.subtilis来源的γ-谷氨酰转肽酶基因(ggt)在C.glutamicum SYPA5-5中分泌表达,通过分批流加底物获得目前报道的利用重组C.glutamicum合成L-茶氨酸的最高产量。     

枯草杆菌SOD高产菌株的诱变选育及产酶条件研究

本实验采用低能氮离子注入技术对枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)进行辐照诱变处理,选育出一株SOD高产菌株(编号为BsB8)。其生物量略高于出发菌株、SOD产量达3439．3U／g湿菌体,为实验出发菌的1．88倍。该菌株最佳产酶条件为：起始pH为8．2,装液量为150ml／500ml,接种量为1．5％;添加Mn^2 的培养基可显著提高SOD酶活。     

重组枯草芽孢杆菌发酵廉价原料生产普鲁兰酶

[目的]构建长野芽孢杆菌普鲁兰酶突变体枯草芽孢杆菌工程菌株,优化发酵条件,筛选廉价的培养基原料生产普鲁兰酶。[方法]利用分子生物学手段,将基因pul324和表达载体p WB980连接,构建表达质粒p WB-pul324并转化Bacillus subtilis WB600;对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE分析和初始酶活的测定。进一步优化发酵条件,对不同碳源和氮源进行发酵培养基的筛选,同时研究不同金属离子的添加和培养基初始p H、接种量对发酵产酶的影响。[结果]获得基因工程菌B.subtilis WB600/p WB-pul324,SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示在89 k Da处有特异性条带,发酵初始酶活为12.34 U/ml;筛选得到玉米淀粉水解液和玉米浆干粉为培养基最适碳源和氮源,其最适浓度分别为50 g/L和30 g/L。Mn~(2+)、Fe~(3+)、Fe~(2+)和Tween-80的添加能提高发酵产酶活力。在最适初始p H 6.5,以最适5%接种量接种于优化后的培养基中,摇瓶发酵80 h普鲁兰酶的酶活达到414.48 U/ml。[结论]实现了普鲁兰酶突变体在枯草芽孢杆菌中的高效表达,筛选获得的培养基主要原料经济低廉,经过发酵条件优化后,重组菌酶活达到414.48 U/ml,是之前研究结果(20.16U/ml)的20倍。     

不同信号肽及其组合对果聚糖蔗糖酶异源表达的影响

为了实现果聚糖蔗糖酶在解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 018(简称G3)中的高效表达,选择来源于不同芽孢杆菌的4个果聚糖蔗糖酶基因lsLich、lsAmy、lsSub和lsMega进行异源表达,并将课题组前期确定的对碱性蛋白酶酶活提升较高的5种信号肽进行筛选和组合。其中来源于地衣芽孢杆菌Bacillus licheniformis RN-01的lsLich在重组菌株G3/pLY-2-lsLich中的酶活力最高,酶活力为62.73 U/mL。以LS-Lich作为目的蛋白筛选单信号肽和双信号肽,其中信号肽SP_DacB和SP_AmyE组合的重组菌株G3/pLY-2-SDA-ls酶活最高,胞外酶活达到125.76 U/mL,较重组菌G3/pLY-2-SD-ls和G3/pLY-2-SA-ls分别提高了31.3%和39.2%,较原始菌株提高了100.49%。该结果表明双信号肽较单信号肽有助于提高LS-Lich的分泌量,同时信号肽组合顺序不同也产生一定的差异。     

丙酮酸和乙酰-CoA协同促进L-亮氨酸的合成

【目的】通过理性改造柠檬酸合酶(citrate synthase,CS)、丙酮酸脱氢酶系E1p (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex,PDHC,编码基因aceE)和ATP-柠檬酸裂解酶(ATP-Citrate lyase,ACL),有效供应胞内丙酮酸和乙酰-CoA,以提高L-亮氨酸产量。【方法】以谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)为底盘细胞,分析不同CS和PDHC酶活水平对L-亮氨酸合成的影响。随后,考查协同改造CS和PDHC或引入绿硫菌(Chlorobium tepidum)中ACL对L-亮氨酸合成的影响。【结果】低强度的CS酶活(即重组菌XL-3 P_(dapA-R2)gltA)有利于L-亮氨酸的合成,L-亮氨酸产量达到17.5±0.6 g/L。而改变PDHC酶活水平不利于L-亮氨酸的合成。此外,以启动子P_(dapA-R2)控制CS表达,而以启动子P_(gapA)控制PDHC表达时(即重组菌XL-4),可实现胞内丙酮酸和乙酰-CoA的有效供给,L-亮氨酸产量达到20.2±1.7 g/L,且显著降低副产物产量。若在重组菌XL-4中引入C.tepidum,ACL会显著抑制菌体生长而不利于L-亮氨酸合成,而引入到出发菌XL-3中因胞内丙酮酸和乙酰-CoA得到有效供给,目标重组菌XL-5L-亮氨酸产量达到18.5±1.2 g/L,比出发菌株XL-3增加了14.2%。【结论】重组菌XL-4中因协同控制CS和PDHC酶活,从而实现胞内丙酮酸和乙酰-CoA有效供给,促进L-亮氨酸的合成。该研究结果对后续利用代谢工程技术强化微生物合成L-亮氨酸等支链氨基酸具有重要的参考价值。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.