安徽大别山木本植物幼树小枝薄壁组织组成特征初探

木本植物次生木质部轴向薄壁组织和射线薄壁组织在物质存储和转运等功能中起着重要的作用,剖析次生木质部薄壁组织组成有助于深入探究其功能,而小枝木质部薄壁组织组成特征还缺乏研究。该研究以天马国家级自然保护区内的18种木本植物幼树为研究对象,测算了各物种小枝木质部薄壁组织的组成含量并检测了其谱系信号,结合有关树干薄壁组织含量数据集,初步探讨木本植物小枝木质部薄壁组织含量特征。研究结果表明:(1) 18种木本植物幼树小枝的薄壁组织总含量为9.96%–18.56%,平均为14.80%;其中射线薄壁组织含量为7.74%–15.45%,高于轴向薄壁组织的含量(1.13%–7.49%);(2)小枝中薄壁组织总含量呈低于树干的趋势,其中小枝射线薄壁组织含量低于树干,而轴向薄壁组织含量高于树干,这可能是由器官差异和生活史阶段差异造成的;(3)轴向薄壁组织的含量具有显著的谱系信号,即物种亲缘关系越近其含量越相近。该研究初步验证了木本植物次生木质部薄壁组织的谱系信号,同时暗示了器官和生活史阶段差异对薄壁组织含量具有重要影响。     

7种木本植物根和小枝木质部栓塞的脆弱性

用脆弱曲线表示的植物木质部栓塞脆弱性反映了植物木质部栓塞程度与其水势间的关系。众多学者的研究结果表明,脆弱曲线能够提供有关植物的许多生理生态信息,与植物的木质部结构、部位、分布、抗寒、抗旱性等存在一定关系,但各国学者利用不同材料研究得出的结果各异,为了研究木质部栓塞的这种差异是否由于树木对环境适应性不同引起,选取西北农林科技大学西林校区内自然状况下生长良好的5个耐旱树种:刺槐(RobiniapseudoacaciaL.)、元宝枫(AcertruncatumBge.)(低水势忍耐脱水耐旱树种)、白榆(UlmuspumilaL.)(亚低水势忍耐脱水耐旱树种)、油松(PinustabulaeformisCarr.)、白皮松(PinusbungeanaZucc.ex.Endl.)(高水势延迟脱水耐旱树种),及中生的女贞(LigustrumlucidumAit.)和柳树(SalixmatsudanaKoidz.f.pendulaSchneid.)为研究对象,绘制了它们根和小枝的木质部栓塞脆弱曲线,探讨了中生树种和不同耐旱类型树种根和小枝木质部栓塞脆弱性的差异。结果表明:根和小枝的栓塞脆弱性主要由木质部结构决定,栓塞脆弱性顺序基本一致,小枝容易发生木质部栓塞的,其根也较容易发生栓塞;同一树种根和小枝的木质部栓塞脆弱性与植物的耐旱性有关,与树种的耐旱策略无关;一般是中生树种的栓塞脆弱性:小枝>根;耐旱树种的栓塞脆弱性:根>小枝。     

安徽大别山马鬃岭自然保护区木本植物区系的研究

马鬃岭自然保护区是大别山木本植物区系最丰富的地区之一,共有木本植物７７科,１９４属,５２４种,我们对该区木本植物的科,属,种进行了详细的统计分析,认为该区木本植物区系中古老孑遗植物和稀濒危植物较多,温带和亚热带成分占优势,与世界各地有广泛的联系,是华东,华中、华北等植物的交汇地及我国南北植物区系的过渡地带之一,在植物区系的分区上,将该区归入华东区。     

安徽大别山粒毛盘菌初探

大别山区森林植物极其丰富多样,区内气候温暖湿润,为粒毛盘菌等腐生真菌生长提供了丰富的基物和适宜的气候条件.对该地区粒毛盘菌等相关类群资源进行了研究,报道了粒毛盘菌属7个分类单元,包括Lachnum ciliare,L. nudipes,L.pudibundum,L.ptgmnaeum,L.subpygmaeum,L.sichuanense和L.virgineum,利用物种描述式表明了种的主要特征,并对其中部分种进行了形态学方面的讨论.     

喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林木本植物组成特征

喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林是我国西南喀斯特地区分布的典型森林植被类型之一,由于富钙偏碱的地球化学背景及多样性的生境类型,该森林具有群落结构多样、树种组成丰富、优势物种突出等特点,基于大型动态监测样地的群落特征分析是揭示其生物多样性维持机制的基础。该研究在木论国家自然保护区建立了25 hm2的样地,依照CTFS全球森林生物多样性监测规范,定位并调查了样地内每一棵胸径≥1 cm的木本植物。结果表明：(1)样地内有监测树种254种,隶属于64科161属;独立个体总数为110370株(含分枝为144679株),平均胸径为4.14 cm。(2)个体数最多的15个树种的个体数之和占到总个体数的78.46％,稀有种有100种,占总树种数的39.37％。(3)群落结构稳定且更新良好,木本植物整体径级结构呈倒“J”形。(4)样地内重要值≥1的树种有26种,占总树种数量10.24％;重要值排名前三的物种分别是小果厚壳桂、栀子皮和香叶树。(5)样地中共有萌生木本植物204种34309株,分属于127属51科,分别占样地总物种、个体数量、属及科数的80.32％、14.42％、78.88％和79.69％。此结果表明木论喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种组成丰富、群落成熟稳定、更新良好,反映了亚热带非地带性喀斯特顶极群落常绿落叶阔叶混交林的典型特征。     

大别山山核桃林植物组成与区系特征研究

大别山山核桃林植物组成与区系特征研究张旭东,黄成林（安徽农业大学,合肥２３００３６）叶志琪（合肥林业学校,合肥２３００３１）ＦｌｏｒｉｓｔｉｃｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎａｎｄｉｔｓｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆＣａｒｙａｃａｔｈａｙｅｎｓｉｓｆｏｒｅ...     

秦岭山地松栎混交林主要木本植物组成及更新特征

采用样方法对秦岭南坡中段松栎混交林主要木本植物组成及天然更新特征进行了研究.结果表明:(1)松栎混交林乔木层物种共计40种,油松、锐齿槲栎和华山松为优势种,重要值分别为35.19％、31.99％和8.12％,漆树、栓皮栎和楝木为亚优势种.(2)更新层木本植物共计87种,其中乔木幼苗34种,占总数的39.08％,灌木物种也有一定优势地位,优势种有锐齿槲栎、悬钩子和菝葜等,高度级较小的更新苗在群落内占有较大比例.(3)优势乔木更新特征不同,锐齿槲栎幼苗和幼树密度显著高于油松和华山松,且锐齿槲栎幼苗密度显著高于其幼树,但油松幼苗与幼树、华山松幼苗与幼树间无明显差异.(4)混交林内锐齿槲栎径级结构呈近似倒“J”形分布,种群稳定;油松和华山松种群均呈近似正态分布,大径级个体群相对稳定,但林下幼树不足.该研究结果提示,松栎混交林下油松和华山松更新不良,这将不利于其长期存留于群落中,虽然锐齿槲栎从幼苗到幼树的发育过程中存在更新障碍,但并未影响其种群整体更新,若无大规模干扰,锐齿槲栎将维持逆“J”型的更新方式并成为松栎混交林群落中的第一优势种.     

安徽祁门地区种子植物区系组成及特征

祁门地区位于皖南山区南端,种子植物区系组成丰富,经调查种子植物有147科731属1822种(包括亚种、变种、变型),其中17种为国家级珍稀濒危保护植物。该地区的种子植物优势科为木通科、猕猴桃科、槭树科、金缕梅科、榆科等亚热带和温带分布科。科有11种分布类型,以泛热带分布为主(占51.9%);属有14种分布类型,以北温带分布最多(占20.5%),其中温带性地理成分占55.6%;种有13种分布类型,以中国特有分布最多(占50.8%),其中温带性地理成分占33.1%,因此该区系地理成分复杂,并且具有温带区系性质。此外,该区系起源古老;替代现象和特有植物较为明显。     

鱼腥草内生微生物的分布特征初探

为了探明鱼腥草中内生菌的分布规律,便于有目的筛选有益菌株,对湖南农业大学附近一农户栽培鱼腥草不同器官中内生菌的数量分布及细菌的一般特性进行了研究.结果 表明,鱼腥草根、茎、叶中都存在大量内生菌,总的数量趋势是根大于茎,茎大于叶.,同时各器官中细菌数大于放线菌数,放线菌数大于真菌数(叶中真菌数大于放线菌数).各器官中的内生细菌以革兰氏阴性芽胞杆菌为主,其中茎表现最为明显.     

Vessel diameter is related to amount and spatial arrangement of axial parenchyma in woody angiosperms

Parenchyma represents a critically important living tissue in the sapwood of the secondary xylem of woody angiosperms. Considering various interactions between parenchyma and water transporting vessels, we hypothesize a structure–function relationship between both cell types. Through a generalized additive mixed model approach based on 2,332 woody angiosperm species derived from the literature, we explored the relationship between the proportion and spatial distribution of ray and axial parenchyma and vessel size, while controlling for maximum plant height and a range of climatic factors. When factoring in maximum plant height, we found that with increasing mean annual temperatures, mean vessel diameter showed a positive correlation with axial parenchyma proportion and arrangement, but not for ray parenchyma. Species with a high axial parenchyma tissue fraction tend to have wide vessels, with most of the parenchyma packed around vessels, whereas species with small diameter vessels show a reduced amount of axial parenchyma that is not directly connected to vessels. This finding provides evidence for independent functions of axial parenchyma and ray parenchyma in large vesselled species and further supports a strong role for axial parenchyma in long‐distance xylem water transport.     

The Study on the Flora of the Tiantangzhai Mountains of the Dabie Mountains,Anhui Province

It is now known that there are 1108 species (including varieties) of vascular plants, in the Tiantangzhai Mountainous region, which belong to 565 genera and 152 families. The Dabieshan Mountains first took shape in the Sinian Period. The origin of the flora of the Dabie Mountains is very ancient, and the flora originated principally from the Tertiary ancient tropical flora. There are many ancient families and genera as well as many relic species. There are all told 81 monotypic and oligotypic genera which are genetically ancient or primitive in the Tiantangzhai Mountainous Region The flora of the Dabieshan Mountains comprises a portion of the flora of East China. In this paper, author has drawn a clear line of demarcation between East China and Central China, from Yichang to Xiangfan in Hubei Province; and a dividing line between East China and North China, through the Tongbaishan Mountains from the Southern foot of the Funiushan Mountains to Huai river.     

Patterns of species associations in woody plants in forest communities of Putuoshan Island,Zhejiang, China

Aims Interspecific associations can reflect how species are assembled into communities. The objectives of this study were to examine the patterns of woody species co-occurrence and to determine how species’ abundance would affect species associations. Methods Data from a total of 23 plots were used to test the interspecific associations of 93 woody plant species in forest communities of Putuoshan Island in Zhejiang Province. We compared the observed species associations with the expected patterns at random, and correlated interspecific association intensities with co-dominance propensity of species pairs. Important findings Species distribution co-varied among plots at the spatial scale of either 10 m × 10 m or 20 m × 20 m, but the majority of the 4 278 species pairs were not significantly associated. Interspecific association intensities were positively correlated with co-dominance propensity of species pairs, indicating that species abundance is a key factor affecting the interspecific co-occurrence. The observed values of variance ratio and the proportion of significantly associated species pairs consistently fell outside of the 2.5th-97.5th percentiles of random expectations (i.e. randomly permuting species across plots), suggesting that deterministic processes also play a role in species associations on the Putuoshan Island. We conclude that the pattern of woody species co-occurrence on Putuoshan Island are structured by both niche and stochastic processes.     

华北区域环境梯度上阔叶林构建模式及分布成因

森林群落的构建即多样性维持机制是当今生态学研究的热点问题。然而, 当前群落构建和群落多样性的研究多在间接梯度上进行, 而在水、热等影响物种在区域内定植的关键且直接的环境梯度上研究群落构建和多样性模式则鲜有报道。结合环境因子, 基于物种组成和谱系方法探讨不同群落的分布成因, 有助于解释群落构建过程中的关键问题。该研究基于华北森林群落调查数据和环境数据, 涉及7个省市区的29个以壳斗科、桦木科为优势种的群落, 探讨了直接环境梯度上的群落构建和多样性模式, 同时用典范对应分析研究了不同群落分布的环境解释。结果发现, 相似的群落具有相似的生境偏好, 相似的生境条件会形成物种组成相同或相似的群落。环境热量主导了本区域的谱系关系, 在年平均气温较低的地区, 群落构建主要表现为生境过滤的模式。此外, 随着年降水量的增加, 生境过滤作用逐渐增加。在温度梯度上, 谱系多样性表现为钟形模式, 而降水量的增加能导致谱系多样性的增加。     

山西关帝山森林群落物种、谱系和功能多样性海拔格局

探索和揭示生物多样性的空间格局和维持机制是生态学和生物地理学研究的热点内容, 但综合物种、系统进化和功能属性等方面的多样性海拔格局研究很少。该文以关帝山森林群落为研究对象, 综合物种、谱系和功能α和β多样性指数, 旨在初步探讨关帝山森林群落多样性海拔格局及其维持机制。研究结果表明: 随着海拔的升高(1 409-2 150 m), 关帝山森林群落物种丰富度指数(S)、谱系多样性指数(PD)和功能丰富度指数(FRic)整体上表现出上升的趋势, 特别是海拔1 800 m以上区域。随着海拔的升高, 总β多样性(β_total)和更替(β_repl)上升趋势明显, 而丰富度差异(β_rich)则逐渐下降。不同生活型植物的物种、谱系和功能多样性海拔格局差异较大。随着海拔的升高, 草本植物S和物种多样性指数(H′)上升趋势高于木本植物。影响草本植物S分布的主要因素是地形因子, 而影响木本植物S分布的主要因素是历史过程。随着海拔的升高, 木本植物β_total上升趋势要比草本植物明显。随着海拔的升高, 木本植物β_repl和β_rich分别表现出单峰格局和“U”形格局, 而草本植物β_repl和β_rich则分别表现出单调递增和单调递减的格局。随着环境差异和地理距离的增加, 群落间物种、谱系和功能β多样性显著增加。环境差异(环境过滤)对木本植物的β多样性具有相对较强的作用; 而环境差异(环境过滤)和地理距离(扩散限制)共同作用于草本植物的β多样性。     

Changes in leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of woody plants along an altitudinal gradient in Changbai Mountain,China

Aims Leaf is the organ of plant photosynthesis, and it is important to understand the drivers for the variations of leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry along geographical and climatic gradients. Here we aimed to explore: 1) the changes in leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry of woody plants along an altitudinal gradient in Changbai Mountain, and 2) the relative contribution of climate, plant characteristics, and phylogeny to the changes in leaf N, P concentration and N:P.     

Hydraulic architecture of evergreen broad-leaved woody plants at different successional stages in Tiantong National Forest Park,Zhejiang Province,China

Aims Hydraulic architecture is a morphological strategy in plants to transport water in coping with environmental conditions. Change of hydraulic architecture for plants occupying different canopy layers within community and for the same plant at different successional stages reflect existence and adaptation in plant's water transportation strategies. The objective of this study was to examine how hydraulic architecture varies with canopy layers within a community and with forest succession.Methods The study site is located in Tiantong National Forest Park, Zhejiang Province, China. Hydraulic architectural traits studied include sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity, leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity, Huber value, sapwood channel area of twigs, total leaf area per terminal twig, and water potential of twigs. We measured those traits for species that occur in multiple successional stages (we called it "overlapping species") and for species that occur only in one successional stage (we called it "turnover species") along a successional series of evergreen broadleaved forests. For a given species, we sampled both overstory and understory trees. Hydraulic architectural traits between overstory and understory trees in the same community and at successional stages were compared. Pearson correlation was used to exam the relationship between hydraulic architectural traits and the twig/leaf traits.Important findings Sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivities and leaf-specific hydraulic conductivities were significantly higher in overstory trees than those in understory trees, but did not significantly differ from successional stages. Huber value decreased significantly for understory trees, but did not change for overstory trees through forest successional stages. For overstory trees, a trend of decreasing sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity was observed for overlapping species but not for turnover species with successional stages. In contrast, for understory trees, a trend of decreasing Huber values was observed for turner species but not for overlapping species with successional stages. Across tree species, sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity was positively correlated with sapwood channel area and total leaf area per terminal twig size. Huber value was negatively correlated to water potential of twigs and total leaf area per terminal twig size. These results suggest that water transportation capacity and efficiency are higher in overstory trees than in understory trees across successional stages in evergreen broadleaved forests in Tiantong region. The contrasting trends of sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity between overlapping species and turnover species indicate that shift of microenvironment conditions might lead to changes of hydraulic architecture in overstory trees, whereas species replacement might result in changes of hydraulic architecture in understory trees.     

Effects of competition and climate on tree radial growth of Pinus sibirica in Altai Mountains,Xinjiang, China

阿尔泰山的北方森林是中亚以及全球的生态系统的重要组成部分, 其生长动态可以影响到全球范围的热辐射、碳平衡等。因此, 探究影响阿尔泰山树木径向生长的主要因素至关重要。该研究以新疆喀纳斯国家级自然保护区的西伯利亚五针松(Pinus sibirica)为研究对象, 建立西伯利亚五针松年表, 通过分析不同时间间隔累年生长量、竞争指数以及气候因子之间的关系, 运用线性混合效应模型、相关分析等方法, 探究竞争和气候对新疆阿尔泰山西伯利亚五针松树木径向生长的影响。结果表明: (1)线性混合效应模型结果显示竞争树胸径和与西伯利亚五针松过去30年的累年生长量之间的拟合效果最好; (2)标准年表与3月的平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温之间有显著正相关关系; (3)累年生长量最高值出现在气温0-5 ℃, 竞争指数低于100的时候。累年生长量最低时, 气温达到-10 ℃, 竞争指数也超过了300。目标树的树木径向生长受到竞争树胸径和及生长季前期气温的影响, 两者共同作用。但相较于气候因子而言, 竞争对西伯利亚五针松的树木径向生长有更大的影响作用。     

Preliminary study on pollen distribution in the surface soil of the Turpan region in the southern slope of Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang, China

Aims Our main purposes were to analyze the relationship between vegetation and pollen in the surface soil of the Turpan region, which is located in the southern slope of the eastern Tianshan Mountains, and to compare different pollen assemblages between the Turpan region and the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains.Methods We collected 36 modern pollen samples and carried out modern vegetation survey in the Turpan region along an altitudinal gradient from 2 000 m to -154 m. Detrended correspondence analysis and Redundancy analysis were applied to analyze the distribution pattern of pollen in surface soils. Important findings We divided the pollen spectra into four pollen assemblage zones (mountain desert-steppe and desert, Gobi gravel, typical desert and salt mash vegetation), corresponding to the major vegetation types in the Turpan region. When compared with the northern slope, the characteristics of pollen assemblages in the mountain desert-steppe and desert were similar to those in the forest-steppe on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains; the pollen assemblages in the Gobi gravel and the typical desert seemed to be more consistent with those in the typical desert on the northern slope; however, no analogue was found in the salt mash vegetation. Obviously, the vertical pollen spectra in Turpan region were incomplete, lacking typical forest and Artemisia desert pollen zones. Besides, similar pollen zones in the Turpan region were found at an elevation of about 300 m higher than those in the northern slope. It is remarkable that the typical tree pollen, such as Picea and Pinus, showed their extra representation in the Turpan region. On one hand, the valley forest on the southern slope of the Tianshan mountains played an important role in pollen dispersal. On the other hand, with the cold air on the northern slope over the Tianshan Mountains, pollen may be carried and deposited in the Turpan region. The rivers feeding into Aiding Lake in the Turpan region may also contribute to the distribution of Picea and Pinuspollen. Lots of pollen studies have shown that the ratio of Artemisia to Chenopodiaceae (A/C) can be used as a good indicator of the degree of humidity in the semi-arid and arid areas. Our study revealed that A/C can roughly reflect the characteristics of the desert zone in the study area. The results of Redundancy Analysis ordination on pollen assemblages and environmental factors (mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP) and altitude (ALT)) revealed that MAP was the main environmental factor affecting the pollen assemblages in the surface soil in the Turpan region and had more significant effects on the distribution of Nitraria pollen than on the distribution of Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae.