Seasonality and drivers of stem CO2 efflux for four temperate coniferous tree species

Aims Stem CO₂ efflux (E_s) is an important component of annual carbon budget in forest ecosystems, but how biotic and environmental factors regulate seasonal and inter-specific variations in E_s is poorly understood. The objectives of this study were: (1) to compare seasonal dynamics in E_s for four temperate coniferous tree species in northeastern China, including Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), Korean spruce (Picea koraiensis), Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica), and Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii); and (2) to explore factors driving the inter-specific variability in E_s during the growing and non-growing seasons.
Methods Ten to twelve trees for each tree species were sampled for E_s and stem temperature at 1 cm depth beneath the bark (T_s) measurements in situ with an infrared gas analyzer (LI-6400 IRGA) and a digital thermometer, respectively, from July to October 2013 and March to July 2014. The daily stem circumference increment (S_i), sapwood nitrogen concentration ([N]), and related environmental factors were monitored simultaneously.
Important findings The temporal variation in E_s for the four tree species overall followed the changes in T_s throughout the study period, with the maxima occurring in the summer months (late May to early July) characterized by higher temperature and more rapid stem growth and the minima in spring (late March to April) or autumn (October) having lower temperature. T_s accounted for 42%-91% and 56%-89% of variations in E_s during the growing (May to September) and non-growing (other months) seasons, respectively. Furthermore, apart from T_s, we also found significant regression relationships between E_s and S_i, relative air humidity and [N] during the growing season, but their forms and correlation coefficients were species-dependent. These results indicated that T_s was the dominant environmental factor affecting seasonal variations in E_s, but the magnitude of the effect varied with tree species and growth rhythm. Mean E_s for each of the four tree species was significantly higher in the growing season than in the non-growing season, whereas within the season there were also significant differences in mean E_s among the tree species (all p < 0.05). The temperature sensitivity of E_s (Q₁₀ value) did not differ significantly among the tree species during the growing season, ranging from 1.64 for Dahurian larch to 2.09 for Mongolian pine, but did differ during the non-growing season which varied from 1.80 for Korean pine to 3.14 for Dahurian larch. Moreover, Korean spruce, Mongolian pine and Dahurian larch had significantly greater Q₁₀ values in the non-growing season than in the growing season (p < 0.05). These findings suggested that the differences of the response of E_s to temperature change for different tree species were mainly from the non-growing season. Because the seasonality and inter-specific variability in E_s for these temperate coniferous tree species were primarily controlled by multiple factors such as temperature, we conclude that using a single annual temperature response curve to estimate the annual E_s may lead to more uncertainty.     

Correlation between vein density and water use efficiency of Salix matsudana in Zhangye Wetland,China

Aims The correlation between vein density and water use efficiency (WUE) affects the balance between water supply and demand of plant leaves, which is significant for comprehending the ecological adaptation strategies of plants. The objective of this study was to study how Salix matsudana modulated vein density and WUE along a soil moisture gradient in Zhangye Wetland, China. Methods The study was conducted in floodplain wetland near Heihe River in Zhangye City, Gansu Province, China. Three sample plots, at a spatial interval of 70 m, were set up along a soil moisture gradient ordinally from the area near the water body to the wetland edge, plot I (69.23%), spot II (48.38%) and spot III (35.27%). Community traits were investigated by using diagonal method, and all individuals of S. matsudana were used for measurements of height and canopy. At each plot, 5 individuals of S. matsudana at 4 vertices and diagonal intersection were selected for measurements of vein density, WUE, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), saturated vapor pressure differences (VPD), specific leaf area, stomatal conductance (G_s) and intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i). We used mathematical methods of correlation analysis and standardized major axis to investigate relationships between vein density and WUE. Important findings With decreasing soil moisture, the height, canopy, specific leaf area, G_s and C_i of S. matsudana decreased gradually, while the vein density, WUE, P_n, T_r, PAR and VPD increased gradually. The correlation between vein density and WUE was positive in all the three plots, but the relationship varied along the soil moisture plots gradient. There was a highly significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) between the vein density and WUE at plot I and III, whereas the correlation only reached a significant level (p < 0.05) at plot II; The correlation coefficient between vein density and WUE is significantly smaller than 1 at plot I (p < 0.05), while the correlation coefficient is significant greater than 1 at plot II and III (p < 0.05). We can conclude that varied relationships between vein density and WUE of S. matsudana along a soil moisture gradient could reflect plant acclimation.     

Effects of drought-rewatering-drought on photosynthesis and growth of maize

Aims Our objective was to investigate the responses of maize photosynthesis and growth to repeated drought.Methods Maize seedlings were exposed to different soil water deficit for three weeks, then rewatering for one week, and again to different water deficit for three weeks, to examine the effects of repeated drought on photosynthesis and growth.Important findings After the first water deficit treatments, under severe drought, plant height, total leaf area of individual plant, shoot and root biomass declined significantly, also transpiration rate (T_r), stomatal conductance (G_s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), net photosynthetic rate (P_n), maximum net photosynthetic rate (A_max), but light compensation point and dark respiration rate increased significantly. Under medium drought, plant height, leaf area, and shoot biomass decreased significantly, but root biomass did not vary, hence, the ratio of roots to shoots (R/S) increased. Moreover, plants did not show significant differences in photosynthetic parameters. After rewatering, photosynthesis and growth rate of plants previously exposed to water deficit could recover to the levels of well-watered plants, but plant height and leaf area did not recover to the levels of the control. When maize were subjected to recurrent drought, plants pre-exposed to medium drought showed no significant difference in plant height, biomass, and photosynthetic parameters, but a significant decrease in leaf area, compared to plants only exposed to second medium drought. Plants pre-exposed to severe drought had significantly higher T_r, G_s, C_i, P_n, A_max, and, apparent quantum yield but significantly lower plant height, leaf area, and biomass than plants without previous exposure. These results indicated that the first severe drought significantly reduced photosynthetic capacity and maize growth, rewatering could recover photosynthesis and growth rate to the levels of well-watered plants, but could not eliminate the adverse influence of the first drought on growth. The first medium drought could stimulate the growth of maize root system and significantly increased R/S, which can enhance maize drought resistance to subsequent repeated drought, and maintain the total biomass in the control level; the first severe drought could enhance maize drought resistance to subsequent repeated drought in the aspect of photosynthesis, but could not compensate for the adverse effect of early drought on plant growth. Hence, in practice, drought hardening should be limited in the level of medium drought, and avoiding severe drought.     

山西不同生态型大豆品种苗期耐低温性综合评价

为探明山西不同生态型大豆(Glycine max)品种对苗期低温胁迫的应答表现, 寻求大豆苗期耐低温性综合评价指标和评价方法, 选取了山西普遍种植的‘晋大53’、‘晋大70’和‘晋豆24’ 3个不同生态型大豆品种, 在苗期将材料分别置于14、17和20 ℃人工气候箱中, 保持昼夜恒温, 进行低温胁迫处理。分别测定了各品种光合与产量性状值, 用基因型主效应及其与环境互作(GGE)双标图分析各性状对品种的效应及性状间的相关性, 应用隶属函数法综合评价各品种的苗期耐低温性。结果显示: 低温胁迫下不同生态型大豆品种苗期延长1-12天; 苗期光合性状值均下降, 其中, 叶片气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)下降最明显; 产量性状值均呈下降趋势, 单株生物量和单株荚数下降最明显; 各项性状在不同品种中对低温的应答效应不同, 且性状间存在明显的相关性, 可作为耐低温性的评价指标。品种‘晋大70’的耐低温性最佳。     

南盘江流域云南松径向生长对气候暖干化的响应

全球气候变暖背景下, 西南地区气候呈现出明显的暖干化特征, 但区域优势树种云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)对气候暖干化的响应存在不确定性。该研究根据树木年代学方法选择研究区域87株云南松样本进行树芯采集, 构建云南松树轮年表, 结合1952-2016年的气温和降水等气象资料, 利用响应分析、多元回归分析以及滑动相关分析等方法研究了影响南盘江流域云南松径向生长的关键气候因子及其对气候暖干化的响应规律。研究结果表明: 1985年以来, 研究区域气候暖干化特征明显, 气温上升和降水量下降的速率是1984年前的5和6倍, 年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温的上升速率为0.044、0.041和0.050 ℃·a ^-1, 年降水量的下降速率为 6.02 mm·a ^-1。气候暖干化使云南松的生长对温度响应的敏感度降低, 对水分响应的敏感度增强, 气温的解释率由暖干化前的44.95%下降到21.97%, 水分的解释率由暖干化前的55.05%上升到78.03%。暖干化增强了当年气候因子对径向生长的影响, 减弱了上年气候因子的影响, 与径向生长显著相关的当年气候因子增加了3个, 当年气候因子对径向生长的解释率增加了16.05%。暖干化减弱了云南松生长的“滞后效应”, 气候变化对树木生长影响的时效性增强。在5-7月和9-11月, 气候变暖使径向生长与气温、水分的响应关系变得不稳定。该研究可为气候暖干化区域云南松林的经营、管理以及区域气候重建提供理论依据和基础数据。     

Impact of environmental factors on the decoupling coefficient and the estimation of canopy stomatal conductance for ever-green broad-leaved tree species

精确模拟冠层气孔导度(G_S)对于评估区域蒸散具有重要意义。该研究选择两种常见的人工阔叶树种尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla, 外来种)和木荷(Schima superba, 本地种)作为研究对象, 利用K?stner法和修订的Penman-Monteith公式计算冠层平均气孔导度(分别定义为G_S1和G_S2)。研究还分析了环境因子对冠层脱耦联系数(Ω)的影响, 并用其来评价两种方法模拟的冠层气孔导度的合理性。结果表明, 两个树种冠层气孔导度均与气象条件耦合较好(尾叶桉: Ω = 0.10 ± 0.03, 木荷: Ω = 0.17 ± 0.03)。主成分分析显示, 光合有效辐射(PAR)以及水汽压亏缺(D)显著影响Ω的大小, 而风速(u)的影响较小。单因素分析则发现各环境因子与Ω之间的相关性并不显著。边界线分析表明D和PAR的增加使得Ω最终趋向于一个与树种有关的稳定值(木荷≈ 0.20, 尾叶桉≈ 0.05), 而Ω随u的增加呈幂指数下降。与木荷相比, 尾叶桉具有更高的气孔导度(尾叶桉和木荷的G_S2年平均值分别为(33.42 ± 9.37) mmol·m ^-2·s ^-1和(23.40 ± 2.03) mmol·m ^-2·s ^-1), 并且尾叶桉和木荷的G_S1与G_S2的线性拟合斜率分别为0.92 (R ² ≈ 0.70)和0.98 (R ² ≈ 0.76) , 表明G_S1比G_S2高估了冠层气孔导度。另外, G_S1和G_S2对水汽压亏缺的敏感性与参比气孔导度(G_Siref, D = 1 kPa时的气孔导度)的比值Pi与Ω紧密相关。根据统计, 尾叶桉和木荷的G_S1估计值在Ω = 0.05-0.15 (83.1%的数据)和0.10-0.20 (47.8%的数据)之间时是相对可靠的。     

Simulation on the light-response curves of electron transport rate of Quercus variabilis and Robinia pseudoacacia leaves in the Xiaolangdi area,China

为了比较直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型与叶子飘模型的优缺点, 研究阴生叶和阳生叶电子传递速率的差异, 探讨环境/生物因素对电子传递速率等参数的影响, 该文采用LI-6400XT荧光测定系统对黄河小浪底栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)叶片电子传递速率-光响应(J-I)曲线进行了测定, 利用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和叶子飘模型对J-I曲线进行了拟合。结果表明, 3种模型对叶片J-I曲线拟合的决定系数(R ²)在0.96以上, 叶子飘模型的R ²最高(> 0.99)。直角双曲线模型和非直角双曲线模型无法模拟植物叶片光系统II动力学下调现象, 且不能得出饱和光强(I_sat); 直角双曲线模型对最大电子传递速率(J_max)的模拟明显大于实测值; 叶子飘模型能很好地模拟光系统II动力学下调现象, 得出的J_max和I_sat均最接近实测值。对阴生叶和阳生叶J-I曲线研究发现, 栓皮栎、刺槐阴生叶的J_max分别低于阳生叶25.0%和18.0%, 阳生叶的I_sat分别高于阴生叶26.0%和10.1%。栓皮栎和刺槐J_max与气温显著正相关; 刺槐I_sat与气温、土壤水分含量和净光合速率具有显著的正相关关系; 栓皮栎和刺槐J-I曲线初始斜率α均与净光合速率呈显著负相关关系。     

Variations and interrelationships of foliar hydraulic and photosynthetic traits for Larix gmelinii

Aims Variations and potential trade-offs of leaf hydraulic and photosynthetic traits are essential for assessing and predicting the effect of climate change on tree survival, growth and distribution. Our aims were to examine variations and interrelationships of leaf hydraulic and photosynthetic traits in response to changes in site conditions for Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii)—a dominant tree species in Chinese boreal forests.Methods This study was conducted at the Maoershan Forest Ecosystem Research Station. A transect of 27 year-old Dahurian larch plantation was established that consisted of five plots extending from the valley to the ridge of a slope. The predawn leaf water potential (Ψ_pre), area- and mass-based leaf hydraulic conductance (K_area and K_mass, respectively), resistance to embolism capacity (P₅₀), leaf mass per area (LMA), net photosynthetic rate (A), and leaf nitrogen content (N) were measured in August 2016.Important findings The Ψ_pre, K_area, K_mass, P₅₀, A, LMA, and N all varied significantly among the plots (p < 0.05), indicating significant intra-specific variations in these traits in response to the changes in site conditions. The P₅₀ was significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with Ψ_pre, K_area or K_mass, suggesting that a trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and safety exist within the species to some degree. There were significant (p < 0.05) pairwise correlations between A, LMA, and N. Nevertheless, there was no significant (p < 0.05) correlation between the measured photosynthetic traits and hydraulic traits. We concluded that the intra-specific variations and multiple interrelationships of the leaf hydraulic and photosynthetic traits for the larch reflect the plasticity of its leaf traits and strategies of its survival and growth as a result of its acclimation to diverse site conditions.     

甘肃小苏干湖盐沼湿地盐地风毛菊叶形态-光合生理特征对淹水的响应

盐沼湿地植物叶片功能性状对淹水的响应分析, 有助于探究植物叶片可塑性机制与光合生理特征间的内在关联性, 对深入理解盐沼湿地植物的生境抗逆性策略具有重要意义。根据小苏干湖湖水泛滥区静水持留时间长短分别设置: 轻度淹水区(静水持留30-90天)、中度淹水区(静水持留90-150天)、重度淹水区(静水持留150-210天) 3个试验样地, 以盐地风毛菊(Saussurea salsa)为研究对象, 研究了小苏干湖盐沼湿地盐地风毛菊叶片功能性状对淹水的响应。结果表明: 随着静水持留时间的增加, 轻度淹水区盐地风毛菊形态上采用小比叶面积(SLA)的肉质化小叶模式, 光合生理上具有高实际光合效率(Y(II))和低调节性能量耗散的量子产额(Y(NPQ))的协同变异; 重度淹水区盐地风毛菊形态和光合生理上则采用与轻度淹水区完全相反的协同变异策略; 在3个样地中, SLA与Y(II)、光化学淬灭(QP)和Y(NPQ)间均呈极显著相关关系; 叶绿素a含量和叶绿素b含量与调节性能量耗散的量子产额(Y(NO))均呈显著正相关关系。小苏干湖湖水泛滥区静水时空演变格局影响下, 盐地风毛菊种群通过改变叶面积、叶厚度和SLA等叶片形态特征, 适时调整叶片Y(II)和Y(NPQ)等光合生理特征, 实现植物叶片光合碳同化产物的收支平衡, 表现出对水盐异质性环境较强的耐受性, 反映了盐沼湿地植物在极端生存环境下的叶片可塑性和抗逆性机制。     

Empirical relationship between specific leaf area and thermal dissipation of Phragmites australis in salt marshes of Qinwangchuan

Aims The correlation between specific leaf area (SLA) and thermal dissipation reflects not only the accumulation and dissipation of plant photosynthesis, but also plants’ adaptation to their habitats and changing environment. The objective of this study is to examine the correlation between SLA and thermal dissipation of reed (Phragmites australis) under different soil moisture conditions and salt contents.Methods Our study site was located in the National Wetland Park in Qinwangchuan, Gansu Province, China. Our sampling site extends from the edge to the central of a salt marsh where the reed was the single dominant species. The study site was divided into three zones based on the distance from the water. Within each zone, six 2 m × 2 m sampling plots were randomly located to select six reed individuals in each plot (total = 18). Vegetation height, aboveground biomass, soil moisture, and soil electrical conductivity (EC) were measured, with the six reed individuals taken to the laboratory to measure leaf thickness. Leaf net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), and other parameters of the reeds were also measured in each plot prior to harvesting. Quantitative measures of chlorophyll fluorescence were taken after 30-min dark adaptation. Quadrat survey method was used to model the empirical relationship between the transpiration rate and leaf characteristics.Important findings Vegetation height and aboveground biomass increased with soil moisture content, but EC and photosynthetically active radiation decreased. Leaf area, T_r and P_n increased along the gradient, leaf thickness showed decreasing, but the increasing trend of SLA switched to a decreasing trend, while leaf dry mass presented an opposite trend. From plot I to III, the quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation (Y(NPQ)) and non-photochemical quenching decreased, the actual photochemical efficiency of PSII and photochemical quenching increased, and quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation increased before decreasing. There appeared a highly significant negative correlation (p < 0.01) between SLA and Y(NPQ) at plot I and III, and a less significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) at plot II. Along the soil moisture gradient, reed seemed using light effectively by changing leaf thermal dissipation through adjusting their leaf size and SLA—A potential self-protection mechanism in light of adapting the habitat.     

Dynamics in foliar litter decomposition for Pinus koraiensis and Quercus mongolica in a snow-depth manipulation experiment

气候变化导致的冬季雪被格局变化将改变地表水热环境及分解者活性, 从而显著影响高寒地区森林凋落物分解过程。2014-2016年采用凋落物分解袋法, 研究了帽儿山森林生态站人工林控雪模拟试验下红松(Pinus koraiensis)和蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)的凋落叶于雪被期和无雪期不同阶段的分解动态。控雪试验包括增雪、除雪和对照3个处理。结果发现: 树种、控雪处理、分解阶段以及环境因子(凋落物层平均温度、冻融循环次数、有机层全氮、全磷含量等)均影响着凋落叶分解率。分解试验的两年内, 不同控雪处理下红松凋落叶的分解率为52.1%-54.5%, 蒙古栎为53.9%-59.1%。两种凋落叶的分解系数均以增雪处理最大, 除雪处理最小。此外, 控雪处理改变了两种凋落叶雪被期或无雪期对分解总量的贡献率。与对照相比, 增雪处理使红松和蒙古栎凋落叶雪被期的分解贡献率分别提高9.1%和10.4%; 而除雪处理使两种凋落叶无雪期的分解贡献率分别提高10.4%和12.7%。因此, 由气候变化带来的冬季雪被改变不但会显著影响温带森林凋落叶的分解过程, 而且会改变雪被期和无雪期的分解量对年分解总量的贡献率。     

荒漠草原猪毛蒿种群繁殖特征的土壤驱动因子分析

繁殖是植物生命活动的重要环节, 了解植物的繁殖特征是解释植物生态适应性和制定有效管理措施的重要依据。该研究以荒漠草原猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)种群为研究对象, 通过测定不同土壤类型的理化性质和猪毛蒿的繁殖特征, 以期探讨影响其繁殖特征的主要土壤驱动因子。结果表明: 灰钙土、风沙土和基岩风化残积土的水溶性碳含量、全氮含量、全磷含量、全盐含量、土壤水分含量、土壤硬度存在显著差异。猪毛蒿平均个体大小、单株头状花序的平均质量和数量均以灰钙土生境下最大, 基岩风化残积土最小。繁殖分配在不同土壤类型下无显著差异, 但与单个头状花序质量、单株头状花序数量和质量间呈极显著正相关关系。单株头状花序数量与单个头状花序质量间呈负相关关系。在风沙土生境下, 单株头状花序质量主要受到土壤水溶性碳含量、土壤水分含量以及pH值的共同影响; 单株头状花序数量受全盐含量的影响最大; 繁殖分配和单个头状花序质量主要受全碳含量的影响。灰钙土生境下, 单株头状花序质量与土壤水溶性碳含量、土壤水分含量和有机碳含量呈正相关关系; 速效氮含量显著影响着单株头状花序数量。而基岩风化残积土生境下, 繁殖特征的变异主要受到土壤水溶性碳含量、土壤硬度、土壤水分含量、全磷和速效磷含量的影响。综合分析发现, 土壤因子对猪毛蒿繁殖特征的影响程度不同, 其中单株头状花序数量和质量极显著地受到土壤水溶性碳含量和土壤水分含量的影响, 繁殖分配和单个头状花序质量与土壤水溶性碳含量、土壤水分含量呈负相关关系。因此, 土壤水溶性碳含量和土壤水分是荒漠草原地区影响猪毛蒿种群繁殖特征的主要土壤因子。     

不同基因型茶菊对盐胁迫的响应

为探讨不同基因型茶菊(tea Chrysanthemum)在盐胁迫下的生理响应并对其进行耐盐性评价, 以4个不同基因型茶菊为材料, 采用营养液浇灌法, 研究了不同浓度NaCl (0、40、80、120、160、200 mmol·L^-1)胁迫下茶菊生理生化和光合生理响应特性。结果表明: 随着NaCl胁迫程度加大, 不同基因型茶菊叶片细胞膜透性(Cond)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、叶片脯氨酸(Pro)含量和可溶性糖(SS)含量增加; 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量呈先升后降趋势; ‘乳荷’、‘黄滁龙’叶绿素(Chl)含量持续下降, ‘繁白露’和‘玉人面’叶绿素含量呈先升后降的趋势; 净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和气孔导度(G_s)随NaCl胁迫浓度提高而极显著降低, 气孔限制值呈先升后降的趋势。采用隶属函数法对茶菊进行耐盐性评价, 不同基因型茶菊耐盐性由强到弱依次为‘乳荷’ > ‘玉人面’ > ‘繁白露’ > ‘黄滁龙’。其中, 耐盐性品种‘玉人面’、‘乳荷’在NaCl胁迫下, Chl含量、P_n、T_r和G_s下降幅度小, MDA含量和气孔限制值增幅较小。     

8种绿化树种光合特性及叶片解剖结构比较

城市绿化不仅包含了园林绿化的美化作用,还具有重要的生态功能,其生态功能是通过植物的生理活动实现的。光合能力在种间和基因型间的变化很大,这些差异通常与代谢和(或)叶片的解剖结构的性质有关。本研究选择8种哈尔滨常见树种,采用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统对叶净光合速率(P_n)、呼吸速率(R_d)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)等进行测定,并利用显微镜观察测定叶片厚度、表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度,从而探讨叶片结构对光合生理的影响。结果表明:8个树种间叶片最大光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度、蒸腾速率、光饱和点差异显著(P <0.05);表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、上表皮气孔密度和下表皮气孔密度差异显著(P <0.05)。虽然8个树种间光合能力和叶片解剖结构的差异较大,但分析发现其间也存在一定的相关性。其中,光饱和点与叶表皮厚度显著正相关(P <0.01),相关系数为0.78。胞间CO_2浓度与上表皮气孔密度显著负相关(P <0.05),相关系数为-0.65。而最大光合速率、呼吸速率、蒸腾速率和光补偿点与表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、上表皮气孔密度和下表皮气孔密度相关均不显著(P> 0.05)。胞间CO_2浓度与表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度和下表皮气孔密度相关均不显著(P> 0.05)。光饱和点与栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、上表皮气孔密度和下表皮气孔密度相关均不显著(P> 0.05)。虽然对叶片结构对生理过程的影响的机理还需要进一步研究,但是我们认为叶片解剖结构的研究可以更好地理解生理指标的变化。     

毛乌素沙地油蒿叶建成成本及相关叶性状沿降水梯度的变化

干旱区植物在如何提高水分利用效率与降低叶建成成本之间可能存在一种权衡。我们假设: 与湿润区植物相比, 干旱区植物能通过调节叶功能性状之间的关系(如通过提高单位面积叶氮含量(N_area)), 实现在相同的叶建成成本下具有更高的水分利用效率。为了验证这一假设, 该研究以毛乌素沙地的广布物种油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)为研究对象, 分析了油蒿叶建成成本沿降水梯度的变化规律及其与比叶面积(SLA)、单位质量叶氮含量(N_mass)、N_area和叶碳稳定同位素比率(δ ¹³C)的关系。结果表明: 油蒿单位质量叶建成成本(CC_m)在不同降水条件下差异不显著, 而单位面积叶建成成本(CC_a)在不同降水条件下虽有显著差异, 但并未随降水减少而明显增加。油蒿CC_m与SLA无显著相关性, 与叶δ ¹³C值呈显著正相关关系。油蒿叶建成成本与N_area呈显著正相关关系, 但这种关系格局在低降水量(264 mm)区与高降水量(310-370 mm)区之间存在策略位移现象——即在相同叶建成成本下, 低降水量区植物比高降水量区植物具有更高的N_area。以上结果表明, 尽管高水分利用效率与高叶建成成本相关, 但与高降水量区植物相比, 低降水量区植物具有较高的N_area并没有导致其叶建成成本增加。     

干旱-复水-再干旱处理对玉米光合能力和生长的影响

为了探求玉米(Zea mays)光合作用和生长对重复干旱的响应机制, 采用盆栽试验, 分别测定了不同程度土壤干旱处理3周时、随后复水1周时以及再次不同程度干旱处理3周时玉米幼苗光合参数和生长的变化。第一次土壤干旱处理后, 重度干旱处理显著降低玉米株高、单株总叶面积、地上部分及根系生物量以及叶片的蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、净光合速率(P_n)和最大净光合速率(A_max), 但显著提高光补偿点和暗呼吸速率; 中度干旱处理同样显著降低玉米株高、叶面积和地上部分生物量, 但对根系生物量无影响, 因而根冠比增大, 对上述光合参数的负效应也不具有显著性。复水可使前期经受中度和重度干旱处理的玉米植株的光合能力和生长速率恢复到正常水分条件下生长的植株的水平, 但株高和叶面积没有恢复到对照水平。当玉米再次经受水分亏缺处理时, 与只遭受第二次中度或重度干旱处理的植株相比, 经历过前期中度干旱处理的植株的株高、生物量和光合参数没有显著变化, 但叶面积显著下降; 经历过前期重度干旱处理植株的T_r、G_s、C_i、P_n、A_max和表观量子效率显著升高, 而株高、叶面积和生物量显著降低。综上所述, 第一次重度干旱处理显著降低玉米叶片的光合能力和生长, 复水可使光合能力和生长速率恢复到正常水分条件下生长植株的水平, 但不能消除前期干旱对生长产生的不利影响。前期中度干旱可以刺激玉米根系的生长和显著提高根冠比, 有利于提高对二次干旱的抵抗能力, 并使总的生物量保持在对照水平, 而前期重度干旱处理虽然在光合作用上能提高植株对二次干旱的抵御能力, 但不能弥补前期干旱处理对生长的不利影响。因此, 在生产实践中, 如果进行抗旱锻炼, 应限制在中度干旱水平, 避免重度干旱。     

Body temperature in arboreal and nonarboreal anuran amphibians: Differential effects of a small change in water vapor density

1. 1.|Body temperatures (T_b) and contaneous evaporative water loss rates (CWL) were measured in tree frogs (Hyla cinerea) and toads (Bufo valliceps) exposed to cyclical ramp changes in water vapor density (WVD) between 7.5 and 9.8 gm⁻³ (1 cycle h⁻¹ at an air temperature of 27.0°C.

2. 2.|CWL was 3.3 times greater in toads than in tree frogs.

3. 3.|T_b in toads cycled directly with WVd; WVD accounted for 98% of the variation in toad T_b.

4. 4.|T_b in tree frogs was independent of WVD, probably due to changes in skin resistance to water loss.

遮荫对黑茶藨子叶片形态结构和光合特性的影响

以黑茶藨子为试验材料,通过人工遮荫的方式,研究了不同遮荫强度（全光照、20%和60%遮荫）和遮荫时间（初期、中期和后期）对黑茶藨子叶片形态解剖结构和光合特性的影响。结果表明：（1）20%、60%遮荫处理的叶片厚度均显著低于全光照处理,上下表皮厚度则高于全光照处理;随着遮荫强度的加大,栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度比值大小均呈减少趋势,随着遮荫时间的延长,呈增加趋势。（2）遮荫初期和中期,20%遮荫处理的叶片净光合速率（P_n）比全光照和60%遮荫处理的值略高,但差异并不显著（P>0.05）,其蒸腾速率（T_r）、水分利用效率（WUE）也略有增加;但是,60%遮荫处理的叶片净光合速率（P_n）显著低于全光照处理（P<0.05）。遮荫后期,60%遮荫处理的叶片净光合速率（P_n）显著高于全光照处理,且水分利用效率（WUE）、气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）均显著高于全光照和20%遮荫处理。综上所述,遮荫处理导致叶片厚度减少,海绵组织比例增加,有利于减少透射光中的光量子丧失,提高光能利用效率;生长早期和中期作20%轻度遮荫处理,后期作60%中度遮荫处理能提高植株对光和水分的利用效率、维持较高的光合速率、延缓衰老。     

NaCl处理下两种引进红树的光合及抗氧化防御能力

在长期盐胁迫(28天, NaCl浓度从100 mmol·L^-1升至400 mmol·L^-1)下, 比较研究了引进的无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)和拉关木(Laguncularia racemosa)幼苗叶片的气体交换、叶绿素含量、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、O₂^-_· 产生速率以及抗氧化酶的活性, 探讨了两种红树幼苗光合、抗氧化防御能力的差异与耐盐性的关系。结果显示: NaCl处理没有明显地影响两种红树幼苗的生长, 表明盐生植物对盐环境的适应性, 但两种红树的生理反应对NaCl处理存在较大的差异。在实验的第28天(苗木的NaCl累计处理浓度递增到400 mmol·L^-1)时, 与对照相比, 无瓣海桑叶片的净光合速率、水分利用效率增加, 气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间CO₂浓度/大气CO₂浓度(C_i/C_a)相应降低; 然而, 拉关木叶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均回落到对照的水平, 而气孔导度和C_i/C_a均增加, 表明同样的NaCl浓度处理对拉关木叶的净光合速率影响大于无瓣海桑。在NaCl处理期间, 无瓣海桑F_v/F_m一直保持在0.8以上, 而拉关木的F_v/F_m为0.75以下, 说明无瓣海桑具有高于拉关木的潜在最大光合能力。在实验的第7天(NaCl浓度为100 mmol·L^-1)和14天(苗木的NaCl累计处理浓度递增到200 mmol·L^-1)时, 两种红树O₂^-_· 产生速率迅速增加, 在实验的第28天(苗木的NaCl累计处理浓度递增到400 mmol·L^-1)时, 无瓣海桑O₂^-_· 产生速率是对照的5.3倍, 差异极显著, 此时, 拉关木叶中O₂^-_· 产生速率已降低到低于对照的水平。盐处理诱导了两种红树叶中抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、过氧化物酶(POD))活性增加, 但拉关木增加的幅度大于无瓣海桑, 表明拉关木能响应盐胁迫并上调抗氧化酶活性, 降低盐诱导的膜脂过氧化, 提高耐盐的能力, 无瓣海桑通过提高水分利用效率来保持体内的水分, 同时, 保持PSII的最大光化学量子产量, 使得无瓣海桑在高盐处理时仍能保持高于对照水平的光合速率。     

基于超声清洗的树木叶面颗粒物粒径分布与吸滞效率研究——以银杏和油松为例

明确在常规叶片清洗方法(泡洗或泡洗+刷洗)上增加超声清洗对叶面各径级颗粒物滞纳量定量评估的影响, 并在此基础上研究叶面颗粒物的粒径分布和吸滞效率, 可进一步提高城市树木大气颗粒物吸滞能力的定量评估精度。该文以城市森林建设常用阔叶树种银杏(Ginkgo biloba)和针叶树种油松(Pinus tabuliformis)为研究对象, 于雨后(降水量>15 mm) 4天(短滞尘时长)和14天(长滞尘时长)分别采集叶样, 并依次对其进行泡洗(WC)、刷洗(BC)、超声清洗(UC)等洗脱程序, 然后对每个清洗步骤下叶片洗脱液中颗粒物的质量和粒径分布进行测试, 并依此估算叶片各径级颗粒物的吸滞效率。结果表明, 以“泡洗+刷洗+超声清洗”清洗流程的测试结果为参照, 若只对叶片进行泡洗, 则银杏和油松对大气颗粒物(PM₁, 粒径d ≤1 µm)、PM_2.5 (d ≤ 2.5 µm)、PM₅ (d ≤ 5 µm)、PM₁₀ (d ≤ 10 µm)吸滞量会分别被低估约一半(54%、53%、53%和53%)和40% (42%、42%、42%和42%); 若只进行“泡洗+刷洗”, 则银杏和油松对相应径级颗粒物的吸滞量仍会分别被低估约15% (17%、16%、15%和15%)和20% (21%、20%、20%和20%)。油松叶面颗粒物粒径分布呈双峰曲线, 而银杏叶面颗粒物粒径则呈单峰分布, 且银杏叶面颗粒物平均粒径在短、长滞尘时长下均大于油松。油松叶片对PM₁、PM_2.5、PM₅、PM₁₀和总悬浮颗粒物的吸滞效率分别为8.96、23.92、23.96、23.96和23.96 mg·m^-2·d^-1, 分别比银杏叶片高112%、73%、34%、37%和42%。