麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对小麦挥发物的触角电位反应

采用活体蚜虫测定法,利用EAG技术比较分析了麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi有翅及无翅成蚜对小麦挥发物及麦蚜取食诱导挥发物组分的嗅觉反应,揭示了两种麦蚜的嗅觉变异特点。结果表明：麦长管蚜对水杨酸甲酯、反-2-己烯醛、反-2-己烯醇、-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮和-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2醇的反应较强,禾谷缢管蚜对水杨酸甲酯、反-3-己烯乙酸酯、-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮和-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇的反应较强,并得到了剂量反应曲线。麦长管蚜的有翅和无翅成蚜对6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、反-2-己烯醇和水杨酸甲酯的反应差异显著;禾谷缢管蚜的有翅和无翅成蚜对反-2-己烯醇、辛醛、里那醇、水杨酸甲酯和反-3-己烯乙酸酯的EAG反应差异显著,其原因与禾谷缢管蚜迁移及转主为害的生物学特性有关。     

小麦禾谷缢管蚜峰期蚜量发生程度的影响因素分析

16年观测资料表明,影响禾谷缢管蚜峰期蚜量发生程度的因素有：冬前蚜量基数,年前11月份平均相对湿度,蚜峰期前一个月月平均温度、月总日照时数和月温湿系数。运用模糊综合评判法检验其发生程度,历史符合率达93.8％。1996年试报正确。     

基于EPG的麦长管蚜、麦二叉蚜和禾谷缢管蚜取食行为比较

麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae (Fabricius),麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus)虽然都取食小麦,但其取食部位、传毒能力均有差异。利用EPG研究了3种麦蚜在同一寄主植物上的取食行为,结果显示:(1)禾谷缢管蚜在取食过程中G波出现的时间最早,G波总的持续时间和每次刺探G波的平均持续时间都明显长于麦长管蚜和麦二叉蚜。麦长管蚜第1次E1波的时间、E1波总的持续时间和每次刺探E1波的平均持续时间都明显比麦二叉蚜和禾谷缢管蚜要长。麦二叉蚜E2波总的持续时间和每次刺探E2波的平均持续时间都明显长于麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜。表明3种蚜虫各自拥有不同取食策略。禾谷缢管蚜比其它两种蚜虫需要更多的水分和无机盐,麦长管蚜通过分泌大量唾液增大对食物的利用率,麦二叉蚜通过增加韧皮部取食时间以满足对营养的需要。(2)刺探过程中麦二叉蚜pd波出现的次数为(51.97±7.82)次,高于麦长管蚜的(44.73±4.52)次和禾谷缢管蚜的(32.99±4.22)次。麦二叉蚜pd波Ⅱ-2和Ⅱ-3亚波的时间最长,禾谷缢管蚜最短,三者之间差异达显著水平。表明与其它两种麦蚜相比,麦二叉蚜在取食过程中口针与细胞间的接触频率更高,与细胞内获毒和传毒相关的Ⅱ-3波和Ⅱ-2波持续时间更长,增加了获毒和传毒的几率,是其传毒能力最强的机理。     

黄板、黄盆及灯光对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜的诱捕效果

通过黄板、黄盆及灯光的监测,研究了其对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(L.)诱捕作用,结果表明2种麦蚜对黄盆的趋性最好,黄盆诱捕量分别为黄板诱捕量的7.94、2.13倍。黑光灯和荧光灯对2种麦蚜的诱捕作用比较试验表明,黑光灯对2种麦蚜的诱捕效果较好。黄盆和黑光灯2种监测手段的结合能够为预测预报提供准确可靠、适时的测报结果。     

取食施硅水稻后白背飞虱体内解毒酶和保护酶活性的变化

为探究取食施硅水稻后白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera体内解毒酶（羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、多功能氧化酶(MFO)）和保护酶（超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)）活性的变化。以感虫品种TN1为供试水稻品种,采用营养液添加硅酸钠（Na2SiO3·9H2O）的方法设置施硅（Si+, 112 mg Si/L）和不施硅（Si-, 0 mg Si/L）处理,测定取食Si+或Si-水稻24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h后白背飞虱成虫体内CarE、GST、MFO、SOD、CAT和POD活性的动态变化。结果显示,与取食Si-水稻的白背飞虱相比,取食Si+水稻48 h、72 h和96 h时,CarE活性显著降低,GST活性显著升高;取食72 h和96 h时,MFO活性显著上升。取食Si+水稻24 h和48 h时,SOD和CAT活性显著增大;取食72 h时,SOD和POD活性显著增高;取食96 h时,3种保护酶活性均降低,其中SOD和POD活性显著降低。以上结果表明,施硅可能通过影响白背飞虱体内解毒酶和保护酶活性的动态平衡,进而对白背飞虱生理代谢造成影响。本研究为合理利用硅肥防治白背飞虱提供了理论依据。     

西花蓟马或二斑叶螨为害的菜豆对两者间后取食者体内保护酶和解毒酶活性的影响

【目的】害虫取食后会导致植物的防御反应;取食同种植物的不同种害虫其生理适应性可能不同。本研究旨在阐明一种害虫取食后的植物对后取食的另一种害虫虫体酶活性的影响。【方法】采用生化分析法研究了西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis 2龄若虫或二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae雌成螨为害后的菜豆对后取食不同时间下的二斑叶螨第2若螨和雌成螨及西花蓟马2龄若虫和雌成虫体内保护酶[过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)]和解毒酶[多功能氧化酶(MFO)、羧酸酯酶(Car E)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(Ach E)]活性的影响。【结果】二斑叶螨雌成螨取食西花蓟马为害菜豆5 h时,POD,CAT和SOD这3种保护酶的活性均明显高于取食健康植株(P0.01),取食蓟马为害的菜豆18 h时只有POD活性低于取食健康植株(P0.01);二斑叶螨第2若螨取食蓟马为害菜豆后只有CAT活性在5 h时明显高于取食健康植株(P0.01)。二斑叶螨雌成螨取食蓟马为害菜豆5 h时,解毒酶MFO和Car E的活性受到抑制(P0.01),但GSTs和Ach E活性均比取食健康菜豆高(P0.01);取食18 h时,只有MFO的活性变化与5 h不同。第2若螨取食蓟马为害菜豆只有MFO的活性不论在5 h还是18 h时明显高于取食健康菜豆(P0.01)。西花蓟马取食二斑叶螨雌成螨为害菜豆时,雌成虫体内的3种保护酶的活性不论取食5 h还是18 h均明显升高(P0.01),但2龄若虫只有CAT活性在这两个时间段下明显升高(P0.01)。西花蓟马雌成虫取食螨害菜豆5 h时,解毒酶活性的变化同二斑叶螨雌成螨,取食18 h时只有GSTs活性变化状态与取食5 h不同;西花蓟马2龄若虫取食螨害菜豆时除GSTs外解毒酶的活性变化在这两个时间下正好相反。【结论】西花蓟马或二斑叶螨为害的菜豆能诱导后取食的二斑叶螨和西花蓟马产生一系列应激生化反应,且两种害虫成虫体内所有的保护酶和解毒酶活性在5 h时变化状态相同,但在其余时间和虫态下酶活性的变化状态不同。说明这两种昆虫体内保护酶和解毒酶活性的变化既有共性,又与害虫种类、虫(螨)态、取食时间相关,两种害虫对虫害植物的生理适应性不完全相同。     

Variation in barley yellow dwarf virus transmission efficiency by Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) after acquisition from transgenic and nontransformed wheat genotypes

The effects of different acquisition access periods (AAPs) and inoculation access periods (IAPs) on the transmission efficiency of barley yellow dwarf luteovirus (BYDV) by Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) after feeding on transgenic or nontransformed wheat, Triticum aestivum L., genotypes were studied. Three wheat genotypes were tested as virus sources: virus-susceptible 'Lambert' and 'Lambert'-derived transgenic lines 103.1J and 126.02, which express the BYDV-PAV coat protein gene. Lower virus titers were measured in BYDV-infected transgenic plants compared with Lambert. No significant differences in transmission efficiency were detected for R. padi after varying IAPs, regardless of genotype. Transmission efficiency increased with an increase in AAP in all genotypes tested. However, AAPs ranging from 6 to 48 h on Lambert resulted in significantly greater transmission efficiency than similar periods on transgenic 103.1J. Maximum transmission efficiency (70%) was observed after a 48-h AAP on Lambert, whereas the same AAP on 103.1J and 126.02 resulted in a significantly lower transmission efficiency (57%). Contrasts were used to compare the rates of transmission and the theoretical maximum transmission percentage among the different wheat genotypes serving as virus sources. Both parameters were significantly different among genotypes, indicating that viral acquisition from each genotype resulted in a unique pattern of virus transmission by R. padi. The lowest rate of virus transmission after an AAP was observed on 103.1J compared with 126.02 or Lambert. This is likely associated with a lower virus titer in 103.1J. This is the first report of transgenic virus resistance in wheat affecting the transmission efficiency of a virus vector.     

Life history of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae), on transgenic and untransformed wheat challenged with barley yellow dwarf virus

The life history of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) was monitored on transgenic and untransformed (soft white winter wheat plants that were infected with Barley yellow dwarf virus (BLDV), noninfected, or challenged with virus-free aphids under laboratory conditions. Two transgenic soft white winter wheat genotypes (103.1J and 126.02) derived from the parental variety Lambert and expressing the barley yellow dwarf virus coat protein gene, and two untransformed varieties, virus-susceptible Lambert and virus-tolerant Caldwell, were tested. B. padi nymphal development was significantly longer on the transgenic genotypes infected with BYDV, compared with noninfected transgenic plants. In contrast, nymphal development on Lambert was significantly shorter on BYDV-infected than on noninfected plants. Nymphal development on noninfected Lambert was significantly longer than on noninfected transgenics. No significant difference in nymphal development period was detected between virus-infected and noninfected Caldwell. Aphid total fecundity, length of reproductive period, and intrinsic rate of increase were significantly reduced on BYDV-infected transgenic plants compared with BYDV-infected Lambert. In contrast, reproductive period, total adult fecundity, and intrinsic rate of increase on noninfected Lambert were significantly reduced compared with noninfected transgenics. Transgenic plants infected with BYDV were inferior hosts for R. padi compared with infected Lambert. However, noninfected transgenics were superior hosts for aphids than noninfected Lambert. Moderate resistance to BYDV, as indicated by a significantly lower virus titer, was detected in the transgenic genotypes compared with the untransformed ones. Results show for the first time that transgenic virus resistance in wheat can indirectly influence R. padi life history.     

Effects of DIMBOA on detoxification enzymes of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: aphididae)

The presence of glutathione transferases and esterase activity was investigated in Rhopalosiphum padi and the effects of the cereal hydroxamic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) on these detoxification enzymes was studied. Activity of glutathione S-transferases and general esterases was determined for adult aphids feeding on a natural diet lacking DIMBOA and on an artificial DIMBOA-containing diet for 48 hours. In vivo, DIMBOA in the diet inhibited the activities of esterases by 50-75% at all concentrations tested (0.5-4 mM). The activity of glutathione transferase was inhibited to a lesser extent (30%) at the higher concentrations of DIMBOA. In vitro, DIMBOA generally inhibited the activity of esterases with an IC(50) of 33 micro M, and had a slight inhibitory effect on glutathione S-transferases. These effects of DIMBOA could make the aphids vulnerable to electrophilic agents and insecticides which may be metabolized via esterases and GSTs. In cereals, therefore, DIMBOA may act by interfering with esterase- or GST-mediated detoxification of xenobiotics by aphids.     

Volatiles from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus attract and arrest the virus vector, Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The influence of viral disease symptoms on the behaviour of virus vectors has implications for disease epidemiology. Here we show that previously reported preferential colonization of potatoes infected by potato leafroll virus (genus Polerovirus) (luteovirus) (PLRV) by alatae of Myzus persicae, the principal aphid vector of PLRV, is influenced by volatile emissions from PLRV-infected plants. First, in our bioassays both differential immigration and emigration were involved in preferential colonization by aphids of PLRV-infected plants. Second, M. persicae apterae aggregated preferentially, on screening above leaflets of PLRV-infected potatoes as compared with leaflets from uninfected plants, or from plants infected with potato virus X (PVX) or potato virus Y (PVY). Third, the aphids aggregated preferentially on screening over leaflet models treated with volatiles collected from PLRV-infected plants as compared with those collected from uninfected plants. The specific cues eliciting the aphid responses were not determined, but differences between headspace volatiles of infected and uninfected plants suggest possible ones.     

Comparison of the potential rate of population increase of brown and green color morphs of Sitobion avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae) on barley infected and uninfected with Barley yellow dwarf virus

Life tables of brown and green color morphs of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) reared on barley under laboratory conditions at 20 ± 1°C, 65% ± 5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16 : 8 h (L : D) were compared. The plants were either: (i) infected with the Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV); (ii) not infected with virus but previously infested with aphids; or (iii) healthy barley plants, which were not previously infested with aphids. Generally, both color morphs of S. avenae performed significantly better when fed on BYDV‐infected plants than on plants that were virus free but had either not been or had been previously infested with aphids. Furthermore, when fed on BYDV‐infected plants, green S. avenae developed significantly faster and had a significantly shorter reproductive period than the brown color morph. There were no significant differences in this respect between the two color morphs of S. avenae when they were reared on virus‐free plants that either had been or not been previously infested with aphids. These results indicate that barley infected with BYDV is a more favorable host plant than uninfected barley for both the color morphs of S. avenae tested, particularly the green color morph.     

Seasonal abundance of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in wheat and their role as barley yellow dwarf virus vectors in the South Carolina coastal plain

Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) seasonal flight activity and abundance in wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and the significance of aphid species as vectors of barley yellow dwarf virus were studied over a nine-year period in the South Carolina coastal plain. Four aphid species colonized wheat in a consistent seasonal pattern. Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), and rice root aphid, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis (Sasaki), colonized seedlingwheat immediately after crop emergence, with apterous colonies usually peaking in December or January and then declining for the remainder of the season. These two aphid species are unlikely to cause economic loss on wheat in South Carolina, thus crop managers should not have to sample for the subterranean R. rufiabdominalis colonies. Bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), was the second most abundant species and the most economically important. Rhopalosiphum padi colonies usually remained below 10/row-meter until peaking in February or March. Barley yellow dwarf incidence and wheat yield loss were significantly correlated with R. padi peak abundance and aphid-day accumulation on the crop. Based on transmission assays, R. padi was primarily responsible for vectoring the predominant virus serotype (PAV) we found in wheat. Pest management efforts should focus on sampling for and suppressing this aphid species. December planting reduced aphid-day accumulation and barley yellow dwarf incidence, but delayed planting is not a practical management option. English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.), was the last species to colonize wheat each season, and the most abundant. Sitobion avenae was responsible for late-season virus transmission and caused direct yield loss by feeding on heads and flag leaves during an outbreak year.     

取食B型烟粉虱前侵染的烟草对B型烟粉虱和烟蚜体内保护酶和消化酶活性的影响

前期研究发现, 重要的外来入侵害虫B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci在烟草植株上对烟蚜Myzus persicae具有明显的种间竞争优势。为明确两种害虫的生理适应性差异对其种间竞争的影响, 用生化分析法研究了两种成虫取食B型烟粉虱为害的烟草植株后其体内主要保护酶和消化酶活性的影响。结果表明: B型烟粉虱取食其前侵染的烟草植株6, 12, 24, 48和72 h后, 其体内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）的活性均显著增加（P<0.05）, 过氧化物酶（POD）活性在取食12和24 h后变化不明显, 但在取食6, 48和72 h后也显著增加（P<0.05）, B型烟粉虱体内的这3种酶活性的最高值较对照最高分别增加达1.62, 2.71和2.57倍。烟蚜取食B型烟粉虱前侵染的烟草植株在多数取食时间段内, 其体内PPO和SOD的活性仅略有增加, 但在取食12 h后SOD的活性受到明显的抑制。POD活性除在取食24 h后显著高于对照外, 在取食其他时间后均受到显著的抑制（P<0.05）。B型烟粉虱取食其前侵染的烟草植株不同时间后, 其体内蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性均显著增加, 最大值分别是对照的1.54倍和1.33倍; 烟蚜取食烟草植株6 h后, 其体内蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性与对照相比没有明显差异（P<0.05）, 但随着取食时间的延长, 这两种酶活性被显著抑制, 其最低值分别为对照的0.39和0.72倍。结果提示: 与烟蚜相比, B型烟粉虱取食经B型烟粉虱前侵染的烟草后其体内保护酶和消化酶的活性提高是其具有较高适应性的原因之一。     

Transmission of barley yellow dwarf virus by field collected aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) and their relative importance in barley yellow dwarf epidemiology in southwestern Idaho

Populations of cereal aphids were sampled from 1985–1988 and assayed for transmission of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), Rhopalosiphum padi, Rho-palosiphum maidis, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Schizaphis graminum and Macrosiphum euphorbiae collected from host plants transmitted BYDV in bioassays. Of the 1028 Diuraphis noxia collected from plants, one may have transmitted BYDV. The isolate involved resembled SGV in serological and biological characteristics, but since it was not recoverable by any of more than 800 D. noxia subsequently tested, we suspect it may have been a contaminant. Among those aphids collected during the autumn from a suction trap adapted for live collection, R. padi transmitted BYDV most frequently. Other trapped species which transmitted BYDV included: R. maidis, Rhopalosiphum insertum, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Metopolophium dirhodum and Ceruraphis eriophori. An adapted Infectivity Index indicated that R. padi is by far the most important vector of BYDV during the autumn sowing season in southwestern Idaho. Male R. padi consistently transmitted BYDV more frequently than did females collected during the same period.     

The effect of natural enemies on the spread of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) by Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

The effects of two natural aphid enemies, adult Coccinella septempunctata Linneaus, a predator, and Aphidius rhopalosiphi de Stefani Perez, a parasitoid, on spread of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) transmitted by the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) were studied under laboratory conditions. Predators or parasitoids were introduced to trays of durum wheat seedlings and the patterns of virus infection were observed after two, seven and 14 days of exposure. More plants were infected with BYDV in control trays without A. rhopalosiphi than in trays with the parasitoid present, both seven and 14 days after the introduction of parasitoids. Patterns of virus infection were found to be similar over time in trays with a parasitoid present and in control trays. More plants were infected in trays with C. septempunctata present than in control trays, both two and seven days after the introduction of the coccinellid. The spread of virus infections progressed differently over time for the two treatments (predator and parasitoid), differences between treatments being most marked after two days and seven days, when more plants exposed to predators but fewer exposed to parasitoids were infected with BYDV compared to their respective controls. However, by the 14th day 88% of all plants were infected and there was no significant difference between the two treatments. The role of natural enemies in spread of BYDV is discussed.     

Barley yellow dwarf virus transmission and feeding behaviour of Rhopalosiphum padi on Hordeum bulbosum clones

A Hordeum bulbosum L. (Poaceae) clone A17 was identified, which showed complete resistance to Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and Cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV). It was not possible to infect plants of A17 with BYDV‐PAV, ‐MAV, or with CYDV‐RPV by the aphid vectors Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) or Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (both Hemiptera: Aphididae). Plants of the A17 clone and of the BYDV‐susceptible H. bulbosum clone A21 revealed some resistance to R. padi compared to the susceptible winter barley cultivar Rubina [Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae)]. The development time to the imago was longer and the number of nymphs was reduced on both clones compared with cv. Rubina. The probing and feeding behaviour of R. padi on plants of the H. bulbosum clones was studied over 12 h and compared with that on plants of the barley cv. Rubina. Principal component analysis of the results of the feeding behaviour revealed a clear separation of the H. bulbosum genotypes from Rubina. On H. bulbosum the number of penetrations was higher but total feeding time was shorter. Significant differences were mainly found in the phloem feeding parameters for plants of both clones in comparison to Rubina, with the virus resistant A17 clone having the strongest effect and the susceptible A21 clone being intermediate. Most significant differences were found in parameters of the phloem salivation phase. On A17, an average of less than one (0.9) E1 phase per plant was observed (3.3 on A21 and 5.7 on Rubina) and its duration was reduced to less than 1 min (0.9 min) in comparison to 2.4 min on A21 and 5.7 min on Rubina. Also, the phloem feeding (E2) phase was clearly reduced on A17 plants with 0.5 E2 phases per test and a mean duration of 1.1 min in contrast with 2.9 and 3.5 E2 phases per test and 34.1 and 421.3 min for A21 and Rubina, respectively. These results point towards a phloem‐localized factor for aphid resistance in H. bulbosum, i.e., on A17 plants the phloem salivation time is too short for a successful infection by BYDV leading to vector resistance.