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木食性白蚁是自然界木质纤维素的高效降解者,在长期进化过程中白蚁与其肠道微生物组协同作用发展出不同的纤维素降解机制。木食性白蚁具有分别来源于白蚁和共生微生物的两套纤维素酶系统。在低等白蚁中,木质颗粒经过白蚁前、中肠分泌的内源性酶初步消化后,在后肠共生鞭毛虫中被降解为乙酸、二氧化碳和氢。高等木食性白蚁在进化中丢失了鞭毛虫,木质颗粒经白蚁自身分泌的酶初步消化后,在后肠大量共生细菌的帮助下被有效降解。培菌类白蚁利用其菌圃中的蚁巢伞菌和肠道微生物协同作用降解木质纤维素。共生微生物在白蚁的氮素固定与循环、中间产物代谢及纤维素降解等过程中发挥了重要作用。学习和模拟白蚁高效降解木质纤维素的体系,对生物质能源的产业化发展具有积极的意义。 相似文献
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白蚁菌圃存在于白蚁巢中,具有硬而脆的多孔结构,是特殊的真菌生存环境。当有白蚁在白蚁巢内活动时,蚁巢伞Termitomyces是菌圃上的优势菌;当白蚁巢被废弃,炭角菌Xylaria成为菌圃上的优势真菌。菌圃中还存在其他微生物如无性型真菌(anamorphic fungi)和酵母等。菌圃中的真菌很多具有潜在药用价值或其他经济价值。从蚁巢伞、炭角菌等主要真菌类群出发,结合分子生态学研究菌圃真菌多样性的方法,综述了白蚁菌圃真菌多样性的研究进展,揭示了目前的研究热点及存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出可能的发展方向。 相似文献
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筛选微生物降解木质纤维素的研究进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
木质纤维素资源是自然界中含量丰富的可再生资源,利用微生物降解木质纤维素是一种重要的策略。在综合国内外对木质纤维素降解微生物的筛选方法和研究策略的基础上,从单一菌株、复合微生物菌系和组学技术三个方面对筛选微生物降解木质纤维素进行了总结和分析,阐述了各个策略的优势特点和应用价值,即单一菌株易于培养但降解能力较低,复合菌系降解能力强但传代稳定性较差,组学技术能够更好的解释微生物降解木质纤维素的机理,为筛选木质纤维素降解微生物提供一定的指导。同时提出使用合成生物学的策略进行相应微生物的筛选,旨在为筛选高效降解木质纤维素的微生物提供一定的参考。 相似文献
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【目的】探究黑翅土白蚁(Odontotermes formosanus)菌圃共生菌在木质纤维素降解上的应用潜力,增加秸秆降解菌种资源并为秸秆资源产业化利用提供理论依据。【方法】以刚果红染色法、羧甲基纤维素钠平板分离筛选具有木质纤维素降解活性的黑翅土白蚁菌圃共生菌并测定共生菌产酶情况。在常温液态发酵条件下,评估不同菌种以及复合菌群对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)秸秆的降解效果,利用傅里叶红外光谱、X射线晶体衍射和冷场扫描电镜分析降解前后小麦秸秆的理化性质。【结果】从黑翅土白蚁菌圃中分离得到具有木质纤维素降解活性的5种真菌和3种细菌,经鉴定为青霉属(Penicillium) 2种,紫霉属(Purpureocillium) 1种,曲霉属(Aspergillus) 1种,弯孢聚壳霉属(Eutypella) 1种,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus) 1种,埃希氏菌属(Escherichia) 1种,寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas) 1种。经酶活测定和单菌降解试验筛选出4种高效降解菌株[桔青霉(Penicillium citrinum)、红绶曲霉(Aspergillus nomiae)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)]组成复合菌群。经常温液态发酵,4种菌组成的复合菌群的综合降解能力最强,在12 d内干物质降解率达到24.35%,纤维素降解率达到47.24%,半纤维素降解率达到35.75%,木质素降解率达到32.72%。降解后小麦秸秆内部化学键和分子间作用力受到破坏,木质纤维素复合结构受到破坏,纤维素结晶度从37.40%降低至32.97%,秸秆表面严重崩解,结构蓬松。【结论】从黑翅土白蚁菌圃中分离得到的桔青霉、红绶曲霉、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌所组成的复合菌群对小麦秸秆有着优良的降解效果,具备秸秆生物降解产业化的潜在开发价值。 相似文献
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微生物的混合培养已广泛应用于木质纤维素类物质的转化与降解领域.不同木质纤维素降解菌在混合培养时的相互关系在很大程度上影响混合培养的效果.目前对这种相互关系的研究主要依托平板混合培养展开,所用到的平板主要有基础培养基平板和改进培养基平板两种.其中基础培养基平板法主要根据菌落形态、菌丝体颜色、胞外挥发性有机化合物成分和典型胞外酶活性等进行研究,而改进培养基平板则是将基础培养基平板中的碳源更换为天然木质纤维素类物质进行对比研究.本文综述了采用平板混合培养不同木质纤维素降解菌菌株的研究现状和进展,并对该领域研究应重点关注的问题进行了展望. 相似文献
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白蚁是热带生态系统重要的木质纤维素降解者。白蚁种类丰富,可分成高等白蚁和低等白蚁,食性也具有各自特点。白蚁自身可以产生纤维素酶,主要是GHF9的内切葡聚糖酶(EG),也有β-葡萄糖苷酶(GB)。低等白蚁共生的原虫中已发现丰富的纤维素酶基因,属于GHF5,7和45。同时还有其他相关功能基因,如木聚糖酶和果胶类物质水解酶。高等白蚁肠道中没有共生原虫。高等培菌白蚁可以利用共生蚁巢伞属真菌促进木质纤维素降解,真菌可以产生纤维素酶,果胶质水解酶类、木聚糖酶,同时还产生可能与木质素分解相关的一种漆酶,但是从分子水平,关于共生真菌纤维素水解酶的研究还较少。白蚁肠道已分离出许多具有木质纤维素降解能力的菌株,最近的研究也发现了大量细菌纤维素酶基因。白蚁-共生系统丰富的木质纤维素水解酶类为发展生物方法开发纤维素乙醇这一思路提供有价值的资源。 相似文献
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Yan-Hua Long Lei Xie Ning Liu Xing Yan Ming-Hui Li Mei-Zhen Fan Qian Wang 《Insect Science》2010,17(3):265-276
Abstract The digestion of cellulose by fungus-growing termites involves a complex of different organisms, such as the termites themselves, fungi and bacteria. To further investigate the symbiotic relationships of fungus-growing termites, the microbial communities of the termite gut and fungus combs of Odontotermes yunnanensis were examined. The major fungus species was identified as Termitomyces sp. To compare the micro-organism diversity between the digestive tract of termites and fungus combs, four polymerase chain reaction clone libraries were created (two fungus-targeted internal transcribed spacer [ITS]– ribosomal DNA [rDNA] libraries and two bacteria-targeted 16S rDNA libraries), and one library of each type was produced for the host termite gut and the symbiotic fungus comb. Results of the fungal clone libraries revealed that only Termitomyces sp. was detected on the fungus comb; no non-Termitomyces fungi were detected. Meanwhile, the same fungus was also found in the termite gut. The bacterial clone libraries showed higher numbers and greater diversity of bacteria in the termite gut than in the fungus comb. Both bacterial clone libraries from the insect gut included Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Nitrospira, Deferribacteres, and Fibrobacteres, whereas the bacterial clone libraries from the fungal comb only contained Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Acidobacteris. 相似文献
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台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus是广泛分布于全球亚热带和温带地区的食木害虫,主要危害各种木质结构和林木。由于台湾乳白蚁造成的巨大经济损失和破坏,近年来受到学界高度关注。深入了解台湾乳白蚁生物学是防治的基础,本文系统综述了2000年以来发表的相关论文。台湾乳白蚁的全球分布是由东亚多次引进和桥头堡效应共同造成的,随着全球气候的变化,预计其适宜分布范围还将不断增加。由于台湾乳白蚁的觅食、挖掘和交哺等行为与其化学防治(饵剂法和化学屏障法)紧密相关,得到了较为深入的研究。近年来,一系列具有踪迹、聚集、挖掘和诱食活性的信息化合物被成功鉴定和筛选,也为诱杀台湾乳白蚁提供了新的思路和方向。由于台湾乳白蚁对病原微生物具有免疫应答和行为抗性,其生物防治的研究一度陷入僵局,但RNA干扰等技术能够抑制台湾乳白蚁的抗病机制,有望在不久的未来开发出新的防治技术。此外,台湾乳白蚁也与木腐菌、蓝变真菌和木霉菌等环境微生物,以及原生鞭毛虫、细菌、古细菌和病毒等肠道微生物具有复杂的相互作用。台湾乳白蚁具有两个独立但互补的纤维素降解系统,一个是由自身产生的纤维素酶构成的内源纤维素降解系统,另一个是由后肠的共生微生物构成的外源性纤维素降解系统,其高效降解木质纤维素的能力对生物质能研究具有重要的启发意义。 相似文献
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Eriksson KE 《Biotechnology advances》1984,2(2):149-160
Microbial delignification is a new field of applied research. The progress will therefore run parallel to the development of new basic knowledge on the physiological demands of white-rot fungi to degrade lignin and on new knowledge on enzyme mechanisms involved in lignin degradation.In the last few years both basic and applied research on microbial conversion of lignocellulosic materials have vastly expanded. In certain areas, such as microbial delignification, considerable progress has recently been made. Basidiospores from Sporotrichum pulverulentum and some CEL(-) mutants have been obtained. Crossing of mycelium from single basidiospore cultures of wild-type and CEL(-) mutants will eventually give rise to much better CEL(-) mutants than those which have been used in the past. An understanding of which enzymes are the most important for lignin degradation to take place is also beginning to develop. This review discusses present knowledge and future possibilities in this field. 相似文献
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Yong Chen Chongwen Zhao Wenhui Zeng Wenjing Wu Shijun Zhang Dandan Zhang Zhiqiang Li 《Insect Science》2023,30(1):185-196
Termites have physiological and behavioral immunities that make them highly resistant to pathogen infections, which complicates biocontrol efforts. However, the stimuli that trigger the pathogen-avoidance behaviors of termites are still unclear. Our study shows that workers of Coptotermes formosanus exposed to the conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae exhibited a significantly higher frequency and longer duration of allogrooming behaviors compared with untreated termites. Volatile compounds in the cuticle of control termites and termites previously exposed to a suspension of M. anisopliae conidia were analyzed and compared using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Our results showed that the amount of ergosterol differed between the fungus-exposed and control termites. Choice tests showed that termites significantly preferred to stay on filter paper treated with ergosterol (0.05, 0.1, or 1.0 mg/mL) compared with control filter paper. In addition, termites exposed to ergosterol followed by M. anisopliae conidia were allogroomed at a significantly higher frequency and for a longer duration than termites exposed to alcohol (the solvent used with the ergosterol in the ergosterol trials) alone followed by M. anisopliae conidia. These results showed that ergosterol may enhance the allogrooming behavior of termites in the presence of entomopathogenic fungi. 相似文献
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Amino acid concentration and distribution of lysozyme and protease activities in the guts of higher termites 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract The distributions of lysozyme and protease activities and of amino acids was measured in the guts of five species of higher termites, Macrotermes annandalei, Odontotermes formosanus, Pericaproitermes nitobei , Termes comis and Nasutitermes takasagoensis . Lysozyme activity was found only in M. annandalei, P. nitobei and N. takasagoensis. Protease activity was high in the midgut of all species but negligible elsewhere in the gut. Amino acid concentration was highest in the midgut of all species of workers. 相似文献
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Joel Park Osman Radwan Bruce Martin Henry T Wilkinson Hanafy M Fouly 《Journal of Phytopathology》2011,159(4):317-320
Take‐all disease is caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis, (Sacc.) Arx & D. Olivier, a soil‐borne fungus, which colonizes the root and crown tissue of many members of the Poaceae plant family. This fungus is able to grow along the surface of roots as darkly pigmented runner hyphae, which has the ability to penetrate the root. Here, we describe a genetic transformation of G. graminis var. graminis by using polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐based protoplast transformation. Fungus cells were transformed with a plasmid, pHPG, containing the gusA reporter gene that codes for β‐glucuronidase (GUS) and the hph gene for hygromycin resistance as the selectable marker. A de novo transformant selection assay was developed to identify the putative transformants that were expressing the hph gene. In addition, the transformed cells maintained the ability to infect the plant tissues. The GUS‐expressing fungus can be used to study fungal infection processes including fungal penetration, colonization and the role(s) of melanin during pathogenesis. Thus, this study is the first report of G. graminis var. graminis transformed with a visibly detectable reporter gene that provides a useful tool to a better understanding of host–Gaeumannomyces interactions. 相似文献