凋落物分解及其影响机制

为系统了解中国凋落物分解及其影响机制的研究进展,基于当前常用的4个学术期刊数据库(中国知网、ISIWebof Science、Science Direct和Springer Link),检索1986–2018年的相关文献并进行计量分析。中国凋落物分解研究以森林生态系统为主(占65%),且多集中于易于观测的地上凋落物部分,未来应加强地下部根系凋落物分解研究。凋落物分解研究对象通常选取当地优势种或主要组成物种(约占68%),考虑到混合效应的存在,仅依据单一凋落物分解研究结果来反映自然界中混合凋落物的实际分解特征具有局限性。目前中国凋落物分解研究主要集中在碳、氮、磷3种元素上,应更多关注影响分解的重要化学组分(如钾、铁、锰、木质素、单宁等)和环境污染相关重金属元素的迁移转化及调控机理。未来需将植物-凋落物-土壤作为一个整体,结合生态化学计量学,系统研究各元素的生物地球化学循环过程、机制及耦合关系。氮沉降和气候变化对凋落物分解的影响是当前研究热点,特别是氮、磷等多因子交互作用对凋落物分解的影响,以及气候变暖背景下凋落物分解的温度敏感性、冻土区凋落物分解驱动机制的研究。     

青海高寒区不同林分类型凋落物养分状况及化学计量特征

凋落物是森林生态系统物质循环和能量流动的纽带,在土壤改良、幼苗更新以及水源涵养等方面具有十分重要的作用,凋落物的碳、氮、磷化学计量特征更是其中的关键。本研究比较了青海高寒地区立地条件和林龄基本相同的华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)、青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)、青海云杉-华北落叶松混交林、青海云杉-白桦(Betula platyphylla)混交林、白桦林等5种林分凋落物的养分状况及化学计量特征。结果表明:随着凋落物分解层次加深,5种林分中凋落物的有机碳含量、速效磷含量、碳氮比和碳磷比均呈减小趋势。青海云杉纯林凋落物的铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷3种速效养分含量均高于其他4种林分类型。阔叶林与针阔混交林地表凋落物的氮含量均显著高于针叶林及针叶混交林,阔叶林地表凋落物氮含量是针叶林的1.23倍,而磷含量则相反,针叶林凋落物磷含量是阔叶林的1.26倍。通过青海高寒区5种林分地表凋落物的化学计量特征比较,可以得出,该地区阔叶林与针阔混交林的凋落物在分解过程中主要受磷元素限制,而针叶林与针叶混交林则受氮、磷两种元素共同限制。     

退化红壤丘陵区森林凋落物初始化学组成与分解速率的关系

通过小盆+凋落袋控制试验,研究了我国南方退化红壤丘陵区8种森林凋落物和4种混合凋落物初始化学组成与分解速率的关系.结果表明:阔叶凋落物中的氮、磷、钾、镁含量显著高于针叶凋落物,木质素、碳含量显著低于针叶凋落物;凋落物分解速率与凋落物初始氮、磷、钾、镁含量呈显著正相关,与凋落物初始碳、木质素含量以及木质素/氮、木质素/磷和碳/磷值呈显著负相关;木质素含量解释了凋落物分解速率变异的54.3%,是影响分解速率的最关键因子,凋落物碳、氮、磷含量也与分解速率密切相关,它们与木质素含量一起可解释分解速率变异的81.4%.在退化红壤丘陵区植被恢复过程中,低木质素含量、高氮磷含量的阔叶物种的引入有利于加速凋落物的分解速率和土壤肥力的恢复进程.     

内蒙古草原凋落物分解对生物多样性变化的响应

生物多样性与生态系统功能紧密相关。凋落物分解作为生态系统重要功能之一, 对植物群落的物种组成和多样性具有反馈作用。本研究在内蒙古草原通过功能群去除产生不同的多样性梯度, 应用分解网袋法, 研究了草原生态系统的生物多样性变化对凋落物分解过程的影响。实验分为相互补充的三个部分, (1)分解微生境实验: 研究了由于功能群多样性改变引起的分解微生境变化对凋落物分解的影响; (2)凋落物组成实验: 研究了4个功能群的优势物种羊草(Leymus chinensis)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)、细叶葱(Allium tenuissimum)、刺穗藜(Chenopodium aristatum)的单种及不同组合的混合凋落物在相同的分解微生境下物种间的相互作用对凋落物分解过程的影响; (3)综合分解微生境和凋落物组成两种影响因素, 将收集的凋落物的单种及其混合物放回原样方进行分解。结果表明, 功能群多样性高的样方中, 其微生境有利于凋落物的分解; 混合凋落物的分解具有非加和性效应。混合凋落物的分解速率与其初始碳含量呈负相关, 与其初始氮、磷含量呈正相关; 当混合凋落物在功能群多样性不同的微生境中分解时, 重量降解速率与微生境中的功能群多样性没有显著的相关关系, 氮流失与功能群多样性呈正相关。我们的研究表明, 群落中凋落物组成和凋落物的功能群多样性相比, 前者是影响凋落物分解的决定性因素; 与地上存活植株所参与的生物学过程相比, 凋落物分解受生物多样性的影响较小; 在生物多样性更高的区域, 氮的循环加速, 有利于提高群落的生产力。     

长白山苔原带凋落物生态化学计量特征及其对模拟氮沉降的响应

长白山苔原是我国乃至欧亚大陆东部独有的高山苔原,根据前人调查植被以灌木苔原为主要类型。在全球变暖背景下,近30年来,长白山岳桦林下的草本植物侵入苔原带,原生灌木苔原分化为灌木苔原、灌草苔原和草本苔原,形成了灌木、灌草混合和草本3种不同类型的凋落物,凋落物数量和质量发生显著改变。与此同时长白山苔原氮沉降量也在逐年增加,导致了土壤中氮的累积,势必影响凋落物的分解。凋落物作为连接植物和土壤的纽带,其分解过程中碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）等化学组分和化学计量比的变化直接和间接影响着土壤养分有效性和植物养分利用策略。为揭示氮沉降增加对长白山苔原带不同类型凋落物化学组分及生态化学计量特征早期变化的影响,开展了为期8个月的模拟氮沉降室内凋落物分解实验。在苔原带采集灌木优势种牛皮杜鹃和草本优势种小叶章的凋落物带回实验室,模拟灌木牛皮杜鹃群落、灌草混合的牛皮杜鹃-小叶章群落和草本小叶章群落的3种不同类型凋落物,设置三个施氮处理：对照（CK,0 g N m^-2 a^-1）、低氮（LN,10 g N m^-2 a^-1）、高氮（HN,20 g N m^-2 a^-1）。研究表明：（1）不施氮处理时,3种凋落物的C、P均呈释放状态,木质素（Li）呈先累积再略有降解趋势;牛皮杜鹃凋落物的N元素富集而其余两种凋落物N元素呈释放状态;灌草混合和草本凋落物比原生的灌木凋落物C和N元素释放快、Li累积少;而灌木凋落物的P释放略快于灌草和草本凋落物。3种植被类型凋落物的C/N、C/P、Li/N大小表现为：牛皮杜鹃凋落物>牛皮杜鹃-小叶章混生群落凋落物>小叶章凋落物;N/P表现为：小叶章凋落物>牛皮杜鹃凋落物>牛皮杜鹃-小叶章混生群落凋落物。（2）氮沉降促进3种类型凋落物分解过程中C、N和P化学组分的释放,且氮浓度越高促进作用越显著。在牛皮杜鹃凋落物分解过程中,氮素添加到达某一阈值后,其C/N、C/P、N/P、Li/N的降幅最大,后续若再增加氮素,其对化学计量比的影响均会减弱;本实验中的氮素添加量增加促进了小叶章凋落物的C/N、Li/N下降。（3）草本植物入侵引起凋落物类型的变化带来凋落物分解加快,将导致长白山苔原带养分循环的变化;氮沉降增加对小叶章凋落物化学组分的释放及C/N、Li/N的下降更为促进,小叶章凋落物内难分解化合物减少,分解受到促进。高氮沉降加快了小叶章凋落物与土壤、草本植物之间的养分循环。因此,随着未来苔原带氮沉降量的增加,将更有利于小叶章在与牛皮杜鹃的竞争中获胜,使苔原带呈现草甸化趋势。     

茂兰喀斯特原生林不同坡向及分解层的凋落物现存量和养分特征

以茂兰喀斯特原生林3种坡向林下凋落物为研究对象,通过野外调研采样和室内分析测试相结合的方法,探讨了不同喀斯特原生林生态系统下坡向和分解层的凋落物现存量、主要营养元素含量、储量及元素释放率的分布特征。结果表明:1)阴坡凋落物现存总量((0.568±0.024)kg·m~(-2))高于阳坡((0.504±0.03)kg·m~(-2))和半阴坡((0.295±0.02)kg·m~(-2)),不同坡向林下凋落物现存量在各分解层均表现为:未分解层(L层)半分解层(F层)全分解层(Y层);2)不同坡向林下凋落物各营养元素平均含量表现为:C((388.7±11.2)g·kg-1)N((24.90±3.49)g·kg-1)K((9.78±1.82)g·kg-1)P((1.53±0.32)g·kg-1),在各分解层的含量表现不同,碳含量和钾含量:LFY,氮含量和磷含量:YFL;3)3种坡向林下凋落物的碳、氮、钾元素总储量表现为:阴坡阳坡半阴坡,磷元素总储量表现为:阳坡阴坡半阴坡;4)凋落物营养元素储量在L层占总储量的37.1%~64.2%,并随分解加剧而减少;L层和F层的元素释放率均表现为:阴坡半阴坡阳坡,且碳、钾元素释放率高于氮、磷元素。在喀斯特原生林凋落物分解的养分释放过程中,坡向对林下凋落物的理化性质及分解速率有较大影响,且阴坡林下凋落物分解较快、营养元素内部循环周期较短。     

食碎屑动物通过摄食更多高质量的凋落物促进混合分解效应

为探究凋落物混合对凋落物分解速率的影响以及食碎屑动物在凋落物混合分解中的作用,利用室内微宇宙试验,研究了食碎屑动物(等足类)对化学质量差异较大的两种凋落物(香樟和白兰)混合分解的影响。结果表明：经过100 d的分解,凋落物混合分解的平均分解率为52.1%,小于白兰凋落物的平均分解率(62.6%),显著大于香樟凋落物的平均分解率(33.6%)。添加等足类动物显著提高了凋落物的分解速率,香樟凋落物、白兰凋落物及两者混合的分解率分别提高14.4%、20.1%、22.1%。没有等足类动物参与凋落物混合分解时,混合分解效应不显著,等足类动物的参与显著促进了凋落物的混合分解效应,混合效应值为8.6%。食碎屑动物不仅提高了凋落物分解速率,还通过摄食更多化学质量更高的凋落物促进凋落物的混合分解效应。     

基于混合演化算法的乌梁素海芦苇凋落物分解模拟及预测

以乌梁素海湖滨植被带建群植物—芦苇(Phragmites australis)的凋落物为研究对象,基于野外分解袋法对芦苇凋落物进行分解实验,通过混合演化算法(HEA)建模。旨在揭示和预测芦苇凋落物在湖水中的分解过程,并结合阈值和敏感性分析,探讨凋落物分解释放的氮、磷元素与环境影响因子之间的关系。研究结果表明:(1)混合演化算法的最佳模型预测值与实际测量值之间拟合度高(r²=0.90—0.99),质量损失模型(ML-model)的拟合效果最好(r²=0.99)。(2)芦苇凋落物的质量损失(ML)随水温(WT)增高而增加;凋落物中的N元素先累积后释放,且pH较低(pH<8.326)时,促进N元素释放;凋落物中的P元素在整个过程中以释放为主,且WT较高(WT>=16.978℃)时,凋落物中P元素与溶解氧(DO)呈负相关; WT较低时, P元素与WT呈负相关。进一步证明,混合演化算法模型能够模拟和预测湖泊芦苇凋落物水中分解过程,识别和量化凋落物分解与环境因子的生态关系和阈值数据,可为浅水草型湖泊内源污染防治提供理论支撑。     

辽东落叶松人工混交林凋落物混合分解特征

凋落物分解过程中的养分释放对土壤质量、养分平衡和生产力的可持续维持发挥着重要作用。2015年5月,以辽东山区日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)-红松(Pinus koraiensis)和日本落叶松-赤杨(Alnus japonica)人工混交林为研究对象,采用凋落物网袋法将落叶松分别与红松、赤杨叶片凋落物以75∶25、50∶50和25∶75比例混合,研究不同类型、不同比例的混合凋落物对其分解速率以及养分动态变化的影响。结果表明:在单一植物凋落物的分解过程中,赤杨叶片质量损失最高,分解最快;而红松叶片质量损失最低,分解最慢。凋落物混合分解对氮素释放的影响中,3种比例的落叶松与赤杨叶片的混合凋落物均表现出抑制作用,而落叶松与红松叶片混合凋落物(以25∶75比例混合)表现出促进作用。因此,落叶松在与红松、赤杨混合分解时产生了"非加和效应",并且其分解过程中氮和磷的养分释放状况受混合比例影响。     

Soil burial has a greater effect on litter decomposition rate than nitrogen enrichment in alpine grasslands

高寒草地土壤掩埋对凋落物分解速率的影响大于氮素富集 由于高寒草地退化、鼠害严重、大风频繁等原因,凋落物被频繁掩埋在土壤中。但凋落物的位置变化和氮富集对高寒草原凋落物分解速率和养分动态影响的认识尚不清楚。为了研究凋落物 位置变化(地表、掩埋10 cm和悬空60 cm)和氮富集对高寒草原优势植物凋落物分解的影响,本研究依托2009年在新疆天山巴音布鲁克高寒草原设置的长期模拟氮沉降研究平台,以对照和氮富集处理样方的优势植物羊茅(Festuca ovina)和赖草(Leymus tianschanicus)凋落物为试验材料,测定分解过程中凋落物质量损失和碳氮磷含量的变化特征。研究结果表明,掩埋凋落物分解速率显著快于地表凋落物,悬空处理凋落物分解速率慢于地表凋落物。氮富集显著影响凋落物质量,进而影响凋落物分解。而凋落物质量残留在对照与氮富集土壤掩埋之间无显著差异。这些结果表明,氮富集通过凋落物质量而不是通过土壤环境因素,影响短期凋落物分解。不同处理的所有试验凋落物均有碳和磷的释放现象。对照处理的凋落物,凋落物氮以累积为主,而氮富集处理的凋落物,凋落物氮以释放为主。这表明凋落物分解可能受到氮元素限制,氮富集改变了凋落物分解调控的氮循环过程。本研究提供了直接证据,掩埋处理的凋落物有更快的质量损失和碳元素释放,土壤掩埋是旱地凋落物分解速率比模型预测的快的一个候选解释。     

Effects of leachate from understory medicinal plants on litter decomposition and soil enzyme activities of Betula albo-sinensis and Eucommia ulmoides

Aims Forest litter decomposition is an important factor affecting nutrient cycling and ecosystem stability. In a complex system with forest and understory medicinal plants, leachate from the medicinal plants enriched in plant secondary metabolites (PSM) may inhibit litter decomposition and soil enzyme activity of forest trees. Thus, inspection on whether or not this phenomenon exits is one important basis for selecting understory medicinal plants.Methods In this paper, typical forest species Betula albo-sinensis and Eucommia ulmoides and six species of common medicinal plants (Corydalis bungeana, Mentha haplocalyx, Houttuynia cordata, Nepeta cataria, Gynostemma pentaphyllum and Prunella vulgaris) in Qinling Mountains area were taken as objects, and the litter decomposition experiment was carried out. The leachate (water-extraction solution) from the stems and leaves of the medicinal materials were sprayed onto the litter in order to study the effects of leachate from understory plants on forests litter decomposition, nutrient release (carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus) and soil enzyme activity.Important findings For litter of B. albo-sinensis, the decomposition half-life and the turnover period were extended by 76% and 4.3 times, respectively, under H. cordata leachate treatment and the inhibitory effects on the release of carbon and nitrogen were also significant. While under G. pentaphyllum leachate treatment, the half-life of litter decomposition and turnover period were extended by 35% and 2.7 times, respectively, and the inhibitory effects on the release of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were all significant. The leachate from these two species of medicinal plants displayed significant inhibitory effects on seven kinds of soil enzymes (invertase, carboxymethyl cellulase, β-glucosidase, dehydrogenase, polyphenol oxidase, protease and phosphatase) activity. For litter of E. ulmoides, the decomposition half-life and the turnover period were extended by 1.7 times and 4.2 times respectively, under H. cordata leachate treatment; while they were extended by 1 times and 9 times respectively, under G. pentaphyllum leachate treatment. The leachate from these two species of medicinal plants displayed significant inhibitory effects on the release of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from litter decomposition and the activities of all seven kinds of soil enzymes. Therefore, results suggested that H. cordata and G. pentaphyllum should not be planted under B. albo-sinensis and E. ulmoides forests, or the interplanting density must be low to reduce the inhibitory effects of litter decomposition.     

Effects of streams on lignin degradation during foliar litter decomposition in an alpine forest

AimsStreams are widely distributed in alpine forests, and litter decomposition in which is an important component of material cycling across the forest landscape. The leaching and fragmenting effects as well as the unique environmental factors in streams may have significant impacts on lignin degradation during litter decomposition, but studies on this are lacking.
Methods Using litterbag methods, we investigated the dynamics of lignin mass remaining and concentration (percent litter mass, %) during the decomposition of four foliar litters, which varied significantly in the initial litter chemical traits, from the dominant species of Salix paraplesia, Rhododendron lapponicum, Sabina saltuaria, and Larix mastersiana under different habitats (forest floor, stream, and riparian zone) in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River.
Important findings After two year’s incubation, litter lignin mass remaining for a specific litter species varied significantly (p < 0.05) among habitats, with an order of stream < riparian zone < forest floor. Lignin was degraded substantially in the early stage of litter decomposition process, and the lignin concentration first decreased and then increased with the proceeding of litter decomposition, but varied significantly (p < 0.05) among different litter species. Lignin mass showed a general trend of decrease across the 2-year decomposition course. In addition, habitat type, decomposition period and microenvironmental factors (e.g., temperature, pH value and nutrient availability) showed substantial influences on lignin degradation rate. These results suggest that the traditional view that lignin was relatively recalcitrant with an increase of concentration in the early stage of litter decomposition is challenged, but the loss of lignin in the early phrase is in line with recent findings about the fate of lignin during litter decomposition. Moreover, the significant differences of lignin degradation rates among different decomposition period and habitat types indicated that local-scale environmental factors can play a significant role in litter decomposition and lignin degradation processes.     

亚热带不同树种凋落叶分解对氮添加的响应

为探究不同质量凋落物对氮(N)沉降的响应, 该研究采用尼龙网袋分解法, 在亚热带福建三明格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)自然保护区的米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)天然林, 选取4种本区常见的具有不同初始化学性质的树种凋落叶进行模拟N沉降(N添加)分解实验(施N水平为对照0和50 kg·hm ^-2·a ^-1)。研究结果表明: 在2年的分解期内, 对照处理的各树种凋落叶的分解速率依次为观光木(Michelia odora, 0.557 a ^-1)、米槠(0.440 a ^-1)、台湾相思(Acacia confusa, 0.357 a ^-1)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata, 0.354 a ^-1); N添加处理凋落叶分解速率依次为观光木(0.447 a ^-1)、米槠(0.354 a ^-1)、杉木(0.291 a ^-1)、台湾相思(0.230 a ^-1), 除杉木凋落叶外, N添加显著降低了其他3种凋落叶分解速率。N添加不仅使4种树木凋落叶分解过程中的N释放减慢, 同时还抑制凋落叶化学组成中木质素和纤维素的降解; N添加在凋落叶分解过程中总体上提高β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)和酸性磷酸酶活性, 对纤维素水解酶的活性影响不一致, 而降低β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性和酚氧化酶活性。凋落叶分解速率与凋落叶中的碳获取酶(βG)活性以及其化学组分中的可萃取物含量极显著正相关, 与初始碳浓度、纤维素和木质素含量极显著负相关, 与初始N含量没有显著相关性。凋落物类型和N添加的交互作用虽未影响干质量损失速率, 但对木质素和纤维素的降解具有显著效应。综上所述, 化学组分比初始N含量能更好地预测凋落叶分解速率, 而N添加主要通过抑制分解木质素的氧化酶(如PHO)来降低凋落叶分解速率。     

Advances in the effect of nitrogen deposition on grassland litter decomposition

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition has increased in the last several decades due to anthropogenic activities and global changes. Increasing nitrogen deposition has become an important factor regulating carbon cycle in grassland ecosystems. Litter decomposition, a key process of carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, is the main source of soil carbon pool and the basis of soil fertility maintenance. Elevated nitrogen deposition could affect litter decomposition by raising soil nitrogen availability, increasing the quantity and quality of litter inputs, and altering soil microorganism and soil conditions. Litter decomposition are complex biological, physical and chemical processes, which were affected by abiotic, biological factors and their interactions. The effects of nitrogen deposition on litter decomposition and the underlying mechanisms were discussed in this paper, including the aspactes of soil nitrogen availability, litter production, litter quality, microclimate, soil microorganism and enzyme activities. The main research contents, directions, methods and existing problems of litter decomposition in grasslands were discussed. We also discussed the prospect of future directions to study the interaction and feedback between nitrogen deposition and grassland ecosystem carbon cycling process.     

When will litter mixtures decompose faster or slower than individual litters? A model for two litters

Litter mixtures often decompose at a different rate than the average of the individual litters, but, so far, the underlying mechanisms are not understood. We propose here an explanation based on a model with two litters. The model describes the carbon and nitrogen mineralisation of the litters. The decomposition rates of the litters become linked because the growth efficiency (production‐to‐assimilation ratio) of the decomposers responds to the amount of inorganic nitrogen (initial plus mineralised) in the surrounding environment. The model shows that, when in a mixture, one litter decomposes always faster and the other one always slower compared to when they decompose on their own. The relative changes in decomposition rates are also equal and consequently the decomposition rate for the whole mixture can be expected to lie between the rates of the two individual litters. The mixture decomposes faster than the average of the two litters separately when the litter of the higher quality also mineralises nitrogen fastest. If the litter of the higher quality instead has the smallest nitrogen mineralisation rate, the mixture decomposes slower. The model predictions are consistent with observations from 23 published experimental litter‐mixture studies.     

Leaf decomposition and nutrient release of dominant species in the forest and lake in the Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve,China

AimsLitter decomposition is an important ecological process in nutrient cycling and productivity of ecosystems. Our objective is to quantify the differences of litter decomposition and nutrient release (N and P) under the forest and in an alpine lake among the dominant tree species in the Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve.
Methods Fresh leaf litters of Abies ernestii, Pinus tabulaeformis, Betula albo-sinensis, and Salix cupularis were collected and placed in bags under the forest and in an alpine lake for a year.
Important findings The mass remaining ratio (MR) of the leaf litters was well predicted with Olson’s decay model (r > 0.93, p < 0.01). The time for 99% decomposition was the shortest for S. cupularis (6.80 a), followed by B. albo-sinensis (10.34 a), A. ernestii (18.88 a), and P. tabulaeformis (27.21 a). These values were 1.48-, 1.55-, 1.80-, and 1.65-folds of the corresponding values in the lake, respectively. Both MR and nitrogen remaining ratio (NR) had significantly negative correlations with the leaf initial N concentration, but significantly positive correlations with the initial C:N. The nutrient release was significantly different among the four species and between the two sites (i.e., forest and alpine lake). The N release of S. cupularis was consistent between forest and the lake (i.e. directly released in the beginning of decomposition), while other species had an obvious N enrichment process before it released. The release of P among was similar among the four species and between the two sites, with a release—enrichment—release pattern. Overall, the leaf litter decomposition appeared as an intricate process that was affected by the litter chemistry and and the environment. The fast litter decomposition in the lake may have a profound influence on the water quanlity in the Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve.     

Effects of seasonal snow cover on decomposition and carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus release of Picea schrenkiana leaf litter in Mt. Tianshan,Northwest China

季节性雪被下显著的冻融格局差异可能对干旱区山地森林凋落叶分解过程产生重要影响, 但一直未见深入研究。2015年10月至2016年10月, 采用凋落物分解袋法, 研究了天山典型树种雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana)凋落叶在季节性雪被覆盖下的3个关键时期(冻融期、深冻期、融冻期)以及生长季(生长季早期和生长季末期)的分解动态和碳、氮、磷释放特征。结果表明: (1)经过一年的分解, 不同雪被厚度下雪岭云杉凋落叶分解率为24.6%-29.2%, 且存在显著性差异。分解系数k值厚雪被覆盖最大, 无雪被覆盖最小。(2)冬季雪被覆盖期雪岭云杉凋落叶分解对当年分解总量的贡献达46.0%- 48.5%, 其中对冻融期凋落叶分解影响较为明显。(3)随着凋落叶的分解, 雪岭云杉凋落叶氮含量总体呈增加趋势; 碳含量和碳氮比大致呈下降趋势, 在深冻期和生长季末期不同雪被处理下碳含量呈显著性差异; 而凋落叶磷含量呈不规则变化趋势, 且在冻融期和融冻期不同雪被厚度下呈显著性差异。(4)整个雪被覆盖季节凋落叶氮元素表现为富集, 碳和磷元素表现为释放; 其中, 在融冻期薄雪被和中雪被处理下碳元素富集率最大, 在冻融期薄雪被、中雪被和厚雪被处理下, 融冻期无雪被和厚雪被下以及生长季早期中雪被和厚雪被下氮元素富集率最大, 而雪被对凋落叶磷释放的影响不显著。     

Review of mixed forest litter decomposition researches

The litter plays an important role in forest ecosystems. Decomposition of mixed leaf litters has recently become an active research area because it mimics the natural state of leaf litters in most of forests. Many studies reported effects of mixing litters on their decomposition, ranging from positive, negative to neutral. In this paper decomposition mechanisms of mixed litters concluded by researchers were summarized. Firstly, plant litter quality had been recognized as an important factor to affect decomposition rate. Some studies showed a positive significant correlation between initial N, P concentration and non-additive effect in litter mixture decomposition. Secondly, it has been suggested that litter mixture could increase abundance and diversity of fauna and microbial decomposers, especially fungi. Thirdly, compared with single litter decomposition, the nutrient exchange between different litter species is often considered as one of main non-additive effects observed in litter mixture. Some results showed that the active transport of nutrients by fungal hyphae derived positive effect on the decomposition of litter mixture. The multiple factors such as, leaf litter species, investigation method and plot, were also analyzed. In conclusion, it is necessary to enhance a further research on factors in mixed litter decomposition and an interaction between various factors due to the complex relationship. We are looking forward to using these theories of mixed litter decomposition to direct practical forest management.     

Review of mixed forest litter decomposition researches

The litter plays an important role in forest ecosystems. Decomposition of mixed leaf litters has recently become an active research area because it mimics the natural state of leaf litters in most of forests. Many studies reported effects of mixing litters on their decomposition, ranging from positive, negative to neutral. In this paper decomposition mechanisms of mixed litters concluded by researchers were summarized. Firstly, plant litter quality had been recognized as an important factor to affect decomposition rate. Some studies showed a positive significant correlation between initial N, P concentration and non-additive effect in litter mixture decomposition. Secondly, it has been suggested that litter mixture could increase abundance and diversity of fauna and microbial decomposers, especially fungi. Thirdly, compared with single litter decomposition, the nutrient exchange between different litter species is often considered as one of main non-additive effects observed in litter mixture. Some results showed that the active transport of nutrients by fungal hyphae derived positive effect on the decomposition of litter mixture. The multiple factors such as, leaf litter species, investigation method and plot, were also analyzed. In conclusion, it is necessary to enhance a further research on factors in mixed litter decomposition and an interaction between various factors due to the complex relationship. We are looking forward to using these theories of mixed litter decomposition to direct practical forest management.     

Spatial characteristics in decomposition rate of foliar litter and controlling factors in Chinese forest ecosystems

凋落物分解是森林生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分。建立中国森林凋落叶分解速率数据库, 分析凋落叶分解速率与其主要影响因素之间的关系, 对精确地预测中国森林生态系统碳收支具有重要意义。该研究通过收集已报道的中国森林凋落叶分解常数(k)及其相关变量, 分析探讨地理因素(纬度、经度和海拔)、气候因素(年平均气温和年降水量)、凋落叶质量(氮、磷、钾、木质素、木质素:氮和碳氮比)和叶特性(常绿与落叶、阔叶与针叶)对中国森林凋落叶分解速率的影响。结果表明, 在国家尺度上, k随年平均气温、年降水量、氮、磷和钾的增加而增加, 随纬度、经度、海拔、碳氮比、木质素和木质素:氮的增大而减小, 叶特性对k的影响不显著。气候与地理因素(年平均气温、年降水量和纬度)能解释k值变异的34.1%, 凋落叶质量(氮、钾、木质素和木质素:氮)能解释k值变异的21.7%, 它们能共同解释k值变异的74.4%。了解森林凋落叶分解速率在国家尺度上的格局和主控因素可为中国森林生态系统碳循环相关模型提供基础参数。