马尾松-栎类天然混交林群落最小面积确定及方法比较

用种面积曲线和群落系数面积曲线的方法对宜昌梅子垭地区一种主要植物群落类型的最小面积进行了研究。结果表明,对所研究的植被类型,样地布置为 １０ｍ ×１０ｍ 及２０ｍ ×２０ｍ 可满足不同研究精度的要求。群落系统面积曲线和种面积曲线一样,比较直观。虽然取样调查时工作量稍大,但运用群落系数面积曲线的方法可更多地包含种类组成及群落结构随面积而变化的信息,所确定的最小面积也能够真实地反映整个群落种类组成及结构的特征。     

Morphological patterns of the intraparietal sulcus and the anterior intermediate parietal sulcus of Jensen in the human brain

Distinct parts of the intraparietal sulcal cortex contribute to sensorimotor integration and visual spatial attentional processing. A detailed examination of the morphological relations of the different segments of the complex intraparietal sulcal region in the human brain in standard stereotaxic space, which is a prerequisite for detailed structure-to-function studies, is not available. This study examined the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the related sulcus of Jensen in magnetic resonance imaging brain volumes registered in the Montreal Neurological Institute stereotaxic space. It was demonstrated that the IPS is divided into two branches: the anterior ramus and the posterior ramus of the IPS, often separated by a submerged gyral passage. The sulcus of Jensen emerges between the anterior and posterior rami of the IPS, and its ventral end is positioned between the first and second caudal branches of the superior temporal sulcus. In a small number of brains, the sulcus of Jensen may merge superficially with the first caudal branch of the superior temporal sulcus. The above morphological findings are discussed in relation to previously reported functional neuroimaging findings and provide the basis for future exploration of structure-to-function relations in the posterior parietal region of individual subjects.     

基于“三类分区框架”的黄河流域生物多样性保护策略

黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展已上升为重大国家战略, 研究黄河流域的生物多样性保护策略具有重要意义。本文将“为实现生物多样性保护和可持续利用的全球三类分区”实施框架(简称“三类分区框架”)应用于黄河流域。该框架将国土空间分为城市与农田(C1景观)、共享景观(C2景观)和大面积荒野(C3景观)三类分区。基于该框架, 首先描述了黄河流域三类分区的空间格局; 进而基于文献研究, 识别了黄河流域三类分区中5类生物多样性的直接威胁因素, 包括栖息地丧失和退化、气候变化、污染、过度开发与不可持续的利用和外来物种入侵; 最后以系统性的思路从国土空间规划、自然保护地、生态城市、生态农业、生态工程和河流生态系统6个方面, 提出黄河流域的生物多样性保护策略。本文的分析框架也有潜力应用于其他区域的生物多样性保护策略研究。     

Allometric co-variation of xylem and stomata across diverse woody seedlings

Leaf stomatal density is known to co-vary with leaf vein density. However, the functional underpinning of this relation, and how it scales to whole-plant water transport anatomy, is still unresolved. We hypothesized that the balance of water exchange between the vapour phase (in stomata) and liquid phase (in vessels) depends on the consistent scaling between the summed stomatal areas and xylem cross-sectional areas, both at the whole-plant and single-leaf level. This predicted size co-variation should be driven by the co-variation of numbers of stomata and terminal vessels. We examined the relationships of stomatal traits and xylem anatomical traits from the entire plant to individual leaves across seedlings of 53 European woody angiosperm species. There was strong and convergent scaling between total stomatal area and stem xylem area per plant and between leaf total stomatal area and midvein xylem area per leaf across all the species, irrespective of variation in leaf habit, growth-form or relative growth rate. Moreover, strong scaling was found between stomatal number and terminal vessel number, whereas not in their respective average areas. Our findings have broad implications for integrating xylem architecture and stomatal distribution and deepen our understanding of the design rules of plants' water transport network.     

Organization of cortical processing for facial movements during licking in cats

We proposed that cortical organization for the execution of adequate licking in cats was processed under the control of two kinds of affiliated groups for face and jaw & tongue movements (Hiraba H, Sato T. 2005A. Cerebral control of face, jaw, and tongue movements in awake cats: Changes in regional cerebral blood flow during lateral feeding Somatosens Mot Res 22:307–317). We assumed the cortical organization for face movements from changes in MRN (mastication-related neuron) activities recorded at area M (motor cortex) and orofacial behaviors after the lesion in the facial SI (facial region in the primary somatosensory cortex). Although we showed the relationship between facial SI (area 3b) and area M (area 4δ), the property of area C (area 3a) was not fully described. The aim of this present study is to investigate the functional role of area C (the anterior part of the coronal sulcus) that transfers somatosensory information in facial SI to area M, as shown in a previous paper (Hiraba H. 2004. The function of sensory information from the first somatosensory cortex for facial movements during ingestion in cats Somatosens Mot Res 21:87--97). We examined the properties of MRNs in area C and changes in orofacial behaviors after the area C or area M lesion. MRNs in area C had in common RFs in the lingual, perioral, and mandibular parts, and activity patterns of MRNs showed both post- and pre-movement types. Furthermore, cats with the area C lesion showed similar disorders to cats with the area M lesion, such as the dropping of food from the contralateral mouth, prolongation of the period of ingestion and mastication, and so on. From these results, we believe firmly the organization of unilateral cortical processing in facial SI, area C, and area M for face movements during licking.     

On the International Code of Area Nomenclature (ICAN): a reply to Zaragüeta-Bagils et al.

In 2007 the Systematic and Evolutionary Biogeographical Association (SEBA) wrote and ratified the first draft of the International Code of Area Nomenclature (ICAN), which was posted subsequently on the SEBA website. The ICAN was published, along with an explanatory discussion, by Ebach et al. ( Journal of Biogeography , 35 , 2008, 1153–1157), an article that is the subject of criticism by Zaragüeta-Bagils et al. ( Journal of Biogeography , 36 , 2009, 1617–1618). We welcome discussion of the issues raised by these authors and respond to them briefly here. For many reasons, we reject the proposition that implementation of the ICAN be postponed until it is flawless. The ICAN has already been implemented. Further, it is the nature of nomenclatural codes to be proposed and then revised periodically to suit our applications. Most importantly, standardization of area names in biogeography is long overdue.     

Foliage Projective Cover,Effective Tool for Describing Structure of Plant Communities

Plant community coverage was often used as one of factors to describe the structure and importance of plant community.Usually it was estimated by sighting estimation in the field,and this procedure affected the accuracy of measurement of plant community.A useful concept,Foliage Projective Cover (FPC) that means the percentage of the land covered by foliage,was introduced,it had some ecological significances and was suitable for describing horizontal character of plant community.Using simple tool made by us,FPCs were measured at two sites in Xinjiang area.Through ecophysiological model of plant community developed using Stella model tool,we simulated the FPCs at those two sites.Compared with the measured data,we thought that FPC was a useful and an effective method and theory to describe the horizontal structure of plant community in arid area,and it may be used for measuring FPC for all plant communities.     

Measurement of surface area of stones

The surface area of stones can be quickly, accurately, and precisely estimated from linear regression equations of area on a two-dimensional term of the form (xy + yz + zx) where x, y, and z are either the axial dimensions or the axial perimeters of stones. Dimension measurements are made with calipers, and perimeters are measured with a tape measure or a mapping wheel. The best fit slopes for the equations are determined from a representative sample of stones whose surface areas are measured by mapping. Estimates of surface areas of river-worn cobbles by these methods had mean percentage absolute errors of about 4%, considerably better than other methods examined.     

Chitotriosidase,a prematurely orphan enzyme

Human Chitotriosidase (CHIT) is a member of the chitinase family and is synthesized by activated macrophages. Recently, a genetic polymorphism was found to be responsible for the common deficiency in CHIT activity, frequently encountered in different population. We analyzed the CHIT gene in some ethnic groups from Mediterranean and frican area, to evaluate whether the CHIT gene polymorphism correlates with the changes in environmental features and the disappearance of parasitic diseases. We evaluate the plasma CHIT activity and analyzed, by PCR, the Chit gene polymorphism in 100 Sicilian, 107 Sardinian and 99 Sub-Saharan subjects. We found an heterozygote frequency for a duplication of 24 base pair in exon 10 of 44,54% in Sicily and 32,71 % in Sardinia, whereas homozygous chit deficient were 5,45 % and 3,73%, respectively. On the contrary in Burkina Faso, a mesoendemic regio nforPlasmodium falciparum malaria and other intestinal parasites, a low incidence of CHIT mutation was found (heterozygous 2%) and any subject was homozygous for CHIT deficiency. Our results suggest that in sub-Saharan population the intact CHIT gene seems essential for sustaining resistance against chitin-coated parasitic disease, whereas the presence of CHIT gene polymorphism in Mediterranean population could be the result of a recent positive selection due to improved environmental conditions, which makes prematurely orphan this enzyme.     

全新世中国北方人群第一臼齿齿冠面积和齿尖相对面积的测量分析

通过对532枚中国北方地区新石器时代到青铜时代和铁器时代人类上、下颌骨第一臼齿(M1和M1)齿冠面积和齿尖面积的测量和分析, 得到以下关于中国北方近代人群牙齿尺寸的准确数据和变异情况的结果: 两性M1和M1齿冠面积存在显著性差异, 男性齿冠面积大于女性齿冠面积, 齿尖相对面积不存在性别差异; 从新石器时代到青铜时代男性M1和M1分别缩小了1.16%和4.96%, 女性分别缩小了5.68%和6.11%,青铜时代到铁器时代齿冠面积无明显变化; M1颊侧尖相对基底面积大于舌侧尖, 形成齿尖大小差异的原因很可能是在人类演化过程中, 齿冠面积整体缩小的趋势下, 为使咬合面最大化使用, 各齿尖朝着更利于扩大咬合面基底面积的方式进化的结果; 世界各地区近代人群M1和M1各齿尖大小顺序基本一致, 其中M1为原尖>前尖>后尖>次尖, M1下原尖最大, 下次小尖最小, 其他三个齿尖面积非常接近, 不存在明显大小变化。     

Relationships between foliage and conducting xylem in Picea abies (L.) Karst.

Summary The relationship of leaf biomass and leaf area to the conductive area of stems and branches was investigated in Picea abies. A total of 30 trees were harvested to determine if these relationships were different in different crown zones and in trees growing with and without competition for light. Two methods were compared. In the first, data were accumulated from crown zones situated at the top of trees to the bottom; in the second, data were used from individual crown zones. The results indicated that the latter method is much more sensitive in detecting differences in the relationship of leaf biomass or leaf area to conductive area. The analysis also indicated that ratios such as leaf area/sapwood area are frequently size-dependent. This size-dependency can in some cases result in the differences being abscured, but more often leads to the false impression that the relationship between the variables changes. The relationship between leaf biomass and leaf area and conductive area of stems or branches was different in different crown zones and under different growth conditions. The slopes of these regressions appear to increase with decreasing transpirational demand and decrease with increasing hydraulic conductivity. The intercepts are probably related to the amount of identified sapwood actually involved in water conductance.     

Ontogeny of respiratory area of a marine teleost, porgy,pagrus major

Relationships of respiratory areas (gill, body surface and fin areas) (A) to body mass (W) were determined with a marine teleost, the porgyPagrus major of 0.0002–1230 g (just after hatch to 3+ years old), based on the allometric formula A=αW^β. (1) Early larvae (0.0002–0.0003 g) did not have the secondary lamellae that were responsible for gas exchange at the gills. After this stage, a tetraphasic relationship was observed between lamellar area (total area of secondary lamellae, often called gill area) (GA_L) and boby mass. During the late larval and early juvenile stages, the GA_L-W relationship showed a triphasic positive allometry with β-values of 3.773, 1.561 and 1.111 corresponding to the first half of the late larval stage (0.00034–0.001g), the second half of the stage (0.001–0.01 g) and the early juvenile stage (0.02–0.1 g), respectively, During the squamated juvenile and later stages (0.1–1080g), there was a negative allometry with a β-value of 0.813. (2) A triphasic relationship was observed between the total cutaneous surface area (body surface area and fin area) (CA_b+f) and body mass. During the early larval stage, in which an increase of body mass was very small. from 0.0002 to 0.00025 g, CA_b+p/W increased with growth with a β-value of 3.986. After this stage, the CA_b+t W relationship showed a diphasic negative allometry with β-values of 0.562, during the late larval stage (0.00028–0.0045 g) and 0.652 during the early juvenile and later stages (0.0045–1230 g). (3) Based on these results, factors controlling the metabolism-size relationship are discussed.     

Age-related Patterns of Upper Arm Muscle and Fat Area in Turkish Children and Assessment of Nutritional Status

Anthropometric estimation of midarm muscularity and fatness was employed as a general index of nutritional status in developing countries. The present study attempts to evaluate the sex- and age-related pattern of regional muscle and fat area characteristics in Turkish children. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 1,068 10- to 14-year-old children (583 boys and 485 girls) from junior high schools in Ankara, the capital city of Turkey. According to general anthropometric protocols, weight, height, triceps skinfold thickness, and midarm circumference measurements were taken and socioeconomic data were collected. Arm muscle area (AMA) and arm fat area (AFA) were calculated and centile curves were evaluated using least median squares method. Results showed significant sexual dimorphism in muscle and fat patterning. AFA was found to be higher among girls and AMA among boys. The present findings suggest that the different levels of socioeconomic status (SES) appeared to be more prevalent on muscularity among boys (p < 0.05) and adiposity among girls (p < 0.001).     

A structural analysis of three Irish wooded wetlands

Abstract. Transect analyses emphasize the differences in tree species composition and structure of three different wooded wetland tracts in Co. Kerry, Ireland. These are variously dominated by Alnus glutinosa, Betula pubescens, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur and Salix cinérea ssp. oleifolia. Stand density ranged from 16 to 54 live trees per 100 m², tree height did not exceed 15 m, mean individual basal area ranged from 78 to 165 cm² and the average total basal area per hectare was between 3.6 and 4.1m². The sites were quite different in a number of the characteristics recorded. The Irish forests were smaller in stature and denser than others in both temperate zones (Continental Europe, North America, Japan) and the tropics. Crown area indices were also lower than for other areas, ranging from 1.15 to 1.79. The height: diameter relationships may reflect the state of sylvige-nesis of each stand. Death by blowdown appears to be less frequent in the younger stands than death by suppression. Gaps are therefore formed gradually, not suddenly, allowing neighbouring suppressed trees to develop into the spaces formed.     

边缘前脑内重要升、降压区调节血压的机制

边缘前脑在调节情绪和应激反应、水和电解质平衡中起重要作用。这些活动都伴有心血管活动的变化。边缘前脑内很多升、降压区参与这些活动。近年来随着脑干各区调节血压机制研究的深入,边缘前脑调节血压机制的研究也有很大进展。本文综述了边缘前脑各升、降压区间,以及它们及脑干各区间的机能联系及参与的递质和受体。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Picea</Emphasis> seedlings show apparent acclimation to drought with increasing altitude in the eastern Himalaya

Abstract We measured plant structural and physiological responses of two sympatric Picea species, Picea likiangensis (Franchet) E. Pritzel var. balfouriana and Picea asperata Masters var. retroflexa to altitude close to the treeline in the eastern Himalaya. Most measured tree characteristics differed between different altitudes, between different ages, and between shaded and un-shaded treatments. Both P. likiangensis and P. asperata had lower foliage area/stem cross-sectional area ratios, smaller specific leaf areas, higher root mass/foliage area ratios, and less negative ¹³C at 3,900 m than at 3,600 m altitude, and in the un-shaded treatment than in the shaded treatment. The 7- and 9-year-old seedlings also showed lower foliage area/stem cross-sectional area ratios, higher root mass/foliage area ratios and less negative ¹³C than younger seedlings. Shading resulted in an increase of biomass accumulation at all altitudes. A close relationship, independent of altitude, was observed between ¹³C and specific leaf area, suggesting that internal resistance could limit CO₂ diffusion to the site of carboxylation. The results indicate that, in spite of greater water availability, trees at higher altitudes show quite a number of apparent acclimations to drought.     

白洋淀和太湖地区鸟类绦虫区系的比较研究

本文对白洋淀和太湖地区鸟类绦虫区系进行了比较研究,并对太湖鸟类绦虫区系作了初步分析。结果表明,鸟类绦虫区系分布与宿主区系分布密切相关,亲缘关系相近的宿主有许多相同的或亲缘相近的绦虫,这种现象为研究宿主与寄生虫的演化提供了可靠途径;发现鸟的越冬地绦虫种类比迁徙地种类丰富,分析其原因,除温、湿度、中间宿主等生态条件之外,与鸟的迁徙有一定关系。太湖地区的绦虫具有北方型和随遇型,亦有世界性种类和东半球广布种,提出了两地区家禽和野生鸟类所寄生的共同种类的绦虫。     

柳杉凋落物在中国亚热带和热带的分解

柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)为我国特有种,具有很高的经济价值,而且在吸收二氧化碳和净化空气方面具有重要作用。为探究全球气候变暖对森林凋落物分解速率的影响,分别在中亚热带的千岛湖、南亚热带的鼎湖山和热带的尖峰岭,用分解袋法对柳杉凋落物进行分解实验,3个实验样地的主要差异为温度。结果表明:凋落物在3个样地的分解速率顺序为尖峰岭、鼎湖山、千岛湖,且不同样地之间的分解速率具有显著差异(P0.01)。在千岛湖样地分解速率常数k值与初始C/N呈显著相关(P0.05);在鼎湖山样地分解速率常数k值与初始碳含量呈极显著相关(P0.01);在尖峰岭样地,凋落物的分解速率常数k值与凋落物各初始化学元素含量相关性均不显著,推测可能是气候起主要作用。     

热带尖峰岭和亚热带千岛湖六种凋落叶的分解特征

选取亚热带6个树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla)、水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)、木荷(Schima superba)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)和苏铁(Cycas revoluta)的凋落物,在亚热带的千岛湖和热带的尖峰岭进行凋落物分解实验,研究不同气候带下凋落物的分解特征。两样地的年均气温和降水为主要差异,年均温差达3.0℃。结果表明:两个样地凋落物的分解速率顺序为:毛竹﹥木荷﹥青冈﹥马尾松﹥水杉﹥苏铁,尖峰岭样地6个树种95%分解所需的时间集中在3.22-8.81a,千岛湖样地95%分解所需的时间为4.61-14.27a。6种凋落物叶的分解速率尖峰岭显著大于千岛湖(P0.05)。用尖峰岭的气候条件来模拟千岛湖气候变暖后的状况,凋落物分解的分解速率将提高43.08%-95.65%,凋落物的95%分解时间将缩短30.15%-48.85%。凋落物分解的表观Q10在3.30-9.35之间。在千岛湖样地凋落物的分解速率(k值)与初始氮含量呈显著正相关(P0.05),与木质素含量呈显著负相关(P0.05);在尖峰岭样地,凋落物的分解速率与凋落物基质质量的各因子相关性均不显著。氮含量和木质素含量在中亚热带地区是预测凋落物分解和失重的良好指标,在热带地区气候因子对凋落物分解的控制作用较强于凋落物初始基质质量的控制作用。     

The Systematic Reconnaissance Flight (SRF) as a tool in assessing the ecological impact of a rural development programme in an extensive area of the Lowveld of South Africa

Land use cover and the current ecological condition of the natural resources of a 71,300 ha area were assessed quantitatively and qualitatively. The Systematic Reconnaissance Flight (SRF) was used to achieve the above within severe time constraints set by the terms of reference for the project. North–south grid lines, spaced 1 and 2 km apart, were flown using a helicopter. Changes in land use classes along flight transects were documented using a Global Positioning System. The co-ordinates were transformed within a Geographic Information System into land cover values. The SRF with sampling intensities ranging from 5.13 to 9.89% yielded a difference of only 0.2% between the estimated cover of sugar cane compared to the known area under sugar cane. The other land cover classes were considered adequately quantified. The qualitative assessment shows the natural resources to be under severe strain, in particular within the riparian zone. Recommendations as to future agricultural expansion are made. The SRF was highly cost-effective in achieving the stated objectives of the project.