神农架常绿落叶阔叶混交林碳氮磷化学计量比

生态化学计量学是研究生态过程中化学元素平衡的科学,碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量比是生态系统过程及其功能的重要特征。该研究测定了神农架常绿落叶阔叶混交林植物器官、凋落物及土壤的C、N、P含量,利用生物量加权法计算其化学计量比,并分析该生态系统不同组分间及不同器官间化学计量比的差异。研究结果发现:在不同组分之间,C含量、C:N及C:P表现为植物凋落物土壤; N、P含量及N:P表现为凋落物植物土壤。在不同植物器官间, C含量的差异较小,其变异系数相对N、P含量较低且保持稳定; N、P含量为叶片最高且变异系数最低; N:P为树皮最高,而枝的变异系数最低。常绿与落叶树种的叶片N、P含量差异显著。与不同森林类型的化学计量比相比,该常绿落叶阔叶混交林植物群落的C:P及N:P较低,凋落物的C:P及N:P较高,土壤的C、N、P化学计量比与亚热带常绿阔叶林基本一致,生态系统的C:N相对较低。利用生物量加权法计算得到的该森林生态系统不同组分的C、N、P化学计量比的大小关系与前人利用枝叶取样算术平均的结果存在较大差异。C、N、P含量及其化学计量比在不同器官的分配及内稳性与器官的生理功能关系密切。     

神农架常绿落叶阔叶混交林凋落物养分特征

凋落物是联结陆地生态系统植物与土壤养分的重要媒介,了解凋落物养分特征有助于理解陆地生态系统物质循环的机理。该研究于2015年收集了神农架地区常绿落叶阔叶混交林的新鲜凋落物及现存凋落物,测定其不同器官中大量元素(C、N、P、K、Ca、Mg)的含量,据此分析其养分含量、养分归还量、养分储量及化学计量比的特征。结果发现:该常绿落叶阔叶混交林新鲜凋落物的C、K养分含量显著高于现存凋落物,N、P、Ca、Mg养分含量显著低于现存凋落物;其凋落物大量元素的养分归还量及养分储量大小顺序均为C Ca N Mg K P,分别为1569.84、52.44、34.82、6.24、5.24、1.30 kg hm~(-2) a~(-1)及1835.29、87.87、51.17、12.12、3.90、1.95 kg hm~(-2) a~(-1);其新鲜凋落物及现存凋落物的C∶N∶P分别为1307.33∶27.73∶1及976.48∶26.77∶1,新鲜凋落物的C∶N、C∶P显著高于现存凋落物,N∶P无显著区别。研究表明,新鲜凋落物与现存凋落物养分含量之间的差异与不同元素在分解过程中的可淋溶性及生物固持等因素有关。该地区常绿落叶阔叶混交林凋落物养分归还量及养分储量相对于亚热带阔叶林平均水平较低;且显著低于喀斯特地区同类型森林,主要与其凋落物产量、降水量及植被类型有关。该森林生态系统新鲜凋落叶与中国及全球范围内阔叶树种凋落叶相比C∶N较低,C∶P、N∶P较高,这可能是由于该地区N沉降及P限制现象较为严重所致。     

辽东山区不同森林类型生态化学计量特征

森林生态系统化学计量对于阐明养分元素在生态系统中的供应状况及其耦合关系,揭示影响森林结构与功能恢复的限制性因子具有重要作用。本研究以辽东山区主要森林类型——次生阔叶混交林、柞树林、油松林和落叶松人工林、红松人工林为研究对象,通过测定叶片、凋落物和土壤的C、N、P含量,分析了不同林型的化学计量特征及差异。结果表明:1)不同林型的C、N、P含量差异显著,且各林型叶片和凋落物C、N、P含量均大于土壤;其中阔叶混交林土壤N含量最高,而柞树林土壤N含量最低。2)5种林型C∶N和C∶P变化趋势均为凋落物叶片土壤,N∶P为叶片凋落物土壤;其中叶片N∶P平均值为12.16,表明该地区植物生长可能存在N限制。阔叶混交林和柞树林与油松林、落叶松林和红松林N∶P差异显著,前者受N、P共同限制,后者受N限制。3)辽东山区森林植被叶片与凋落物的N、P、C∶N和N∶P均表现为正相关关系,土壤与叶片和凋落物N、C∶N均呈负相关关系。本研究表明,理解养分元素在"植物-凋落物-土壤"之间的生态化学计量特征,对于揭示整个森林生态系统的养分状况和生物化学循环过程极为重要。     

福建三种常绿阔叶林碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

为探明福建三种常绿阔叶林生态系统的养分循环状况及其主要影响因素,采用样地调查采样法,研究了福建武夷山自然保护区甜槠（Castanopsis eyrei）林、天宝岩自然保护区刨花润楠（Machilus pauhoi）林和虎伯寮自然保护区薄叶润楠（Machilus leptophylla）林的植物、凋落物和表层土壤（0-10 cm）碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）含量、化学计量特征及其与环境因子的相关性。结果表明：（1）比较3个样点同组分C、N和P含量,除了乔木层的N含量外,虎伯寮植物和凋落物层C、N和P含量均显著高于天宝岩和武夷山;武夷山表层土壤的C和N含量显著高于虎伯寮和天宝岩,P含量排序为天宝岩>武夷山>虎伯寮。（2） P是福建天然林植物生长的主要限制因子,土壤P的缺乏是影响福建常绿阔叶林养分循环的重要因素。（3）植物叶片与凋落物中的养分含量及化学计量比呈极显著正相关,与表层土壤呈极显著负相关,可见福建常绿阔叶林生态系统养分循环过程中,土壤养分消耗速率超过了凋落物的养分供给速率,导致生态系统养分循环缓慢。（4）气温和土壤C ∶ N是影响常绿阔叶林生态系统养分循环的关键环境因子。     

中国四种森林类型主要优势植物的C:N:P化学计量学特征

为了评价不同森林类型的生态化学计量特征的差异, 以吉林长白山温带针阔混交林、广东鼎湖山亚热带常绿阔叶林、云南西双版纳热带季雨林和江西千烟洲亚热带人工针叶林为研究对象, 通过对2007年4月-2008年5月4种典型区域森林植物叶片和凋落物的碳(C)氮(N)磷(P)元素质量比与N、P再吸收率的分析, 探讨了4种森林类型N、P养分限制和N、P养分再吸收的内在联系。结果表明: 1)从森林类型上看, 温带针阔混交林叶片的C : N : P为321 : 13 : 1, 亚热带常绿阔叶林叶片的C : N : P为561 : 22 : 1, 热带季雨林叶片的C : N : P为442 : 19 : 1, 亚热带人工针叶林叶片的C : N : P为728 : 18 : 1; 凋落物的C : N : P也是亚热带人工林最高, 达1 950 : 27 : 1, 温带针阔混交林的最低, 为552 : 14 : 1, 热带季雨林的为723 : 24 : 1, 亚热带常绿阔叶林的为1 305 : 35 : 1, 不同森林类型凋落物的C : N : P的计量大小关系与叶片的结果一致; 2)从植物生活型上看, 常绿针叶林叶片的C : N均显著高于常绿阔叶林及落叶阔叶林; 叶片C : P与森林类型的关系并不十分密切; 常绿阔叶林叶片的N : P最高, 常绿针叶林次之, 落叶阔叶林最低; 3)植物叶片的N : P与月平均气温有显著的负相关关系, 但叶片的C : P基本不受月平均气温影响, 叶片的C、N、P计量比与降水的线性关系不显著; 4)高纬度地区的植物更易受N元素限制, 而低纬度地区植物更易受P元素的限制; 但受N或P限制的植物并不一定具有高的N或P再吸收率。研究结果表明, 不同类型森林的叶片与凋落物的化学计量特征具有一致性, 但是环境因子对不同类型植物化学计量比的影响并不相同。     

中亚热带植被恢复阶段植物叶片、凋落物、土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

为揭示植被恢复过程中生态系统的养分循环机制及植物的生存策略, 根据亚热带森林群落演替过程, 采用空间代替时间方法, 以湘中丘陵区地域相邻、环境条件基本一致的檵木(Loropetalum chinensis) +南烛(Vaccinium bracteatu) +杜鹃(Rhododendron mariesii)灌草丛(LVR)、檵木+杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata) +白栎(Quercus fabri)灌木林(LCQ)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana) +柯(Lithocarpus glaber) +檵木针阔混交林(PLL)、柯+红淡比(Cleyera japonica) +青冈(Cyclobalanopsis Glauca)常绿阔叶林(LCC)作为一个恢复系列, 设置固定样地, 采集植物叶片、未分解层凋落物和0-30 cm土壤样品, 测定有机碳(C)、全氮(N)、全磷(P)含量及其化学计量比, 运用异速生长关系、养分利用效率和再吸收效率分析植物对环境变化的响应和养分利用策略。结果表明: (1)随着植被恢复, 叶片C:N、C:P、N:P显著下降, 而叶片C、N、P含量和土壤C、N含量、C:P、N:P显著增加, 其中LCC植物叶片C、N含量, 土壤C、N含量及其N:P, PLL植物叶片P含量, 土壤C:P显著高于其他3个恢复阶段, 各恢复阶段植物叶片N:P > 20, 植物生长受P限制; 凋落物C、N、P含量及其化学计量比波动较大。(2)凋落物与叶片、土壤的化学计量特征之间的相关关系较弱, 叶片与土壤的化学计量特征之间具有显著相关关系, 其中叶片C、N、P含量与土壤C、N含量、C:N (除叶片C、N含量外)、C:P、N:P呈显著正相关关系; 叶片C:N与土壤C、N含量、C:P、N:P, 叶片C:P与土壤C含量、C:N、C:P, 叶片N:P与土壤C:N呈显著负相关关系。(3)植被恢复过程中, 叶片N、P之间具有显著异速生长关系, 异速生长指数为1.45, 叶片N、P的利用效率下降, 对N、P的再吸收效率增加, LCC叶片N利用效率最低, PLL叶片P利用效率最低而N、P再吸收效率最高。(4)叶片N含量内稳态弱, 而P含量具有较高的内稳态, 在土壤低P限制下植物能保持P平衡。植被恢复显著影响叶片、凋落物、土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比, 叶片与土壤之间C、N、P含量及化学计量比呈显著相关关系, 植物通过降低养分利用效率和提高养分再吸收效率适应土壤养分的变化, 叶片-凋落物-土壤系统的N、P循环随着植被恢复逐渐达到“化学计量平衡”。     

中亚热带植被恢复阶段植物叶片、凋落物、土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

为揭示植被恢复过程中生态系统的养分循环机制及植物的生存策略,根据亚热带森林群落演替过程,采用空间代替时间方法,以湘中丘陵区地域相邻、环境条件基本一致的檵木(Loropetalumchinensis)+南烛(Vacciniumbracteatu)+杜鹃(Rhododendron mariesii)灌草丛(LVR)、檵木+杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)+白栎(Quercus fabri)灌木林(LCQ)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)+柯(Lithocarpus glaber)+檵木针阔混交林(PLL)、柯+红淡比(Cleyera japonica)+青冈(Cyclobalanopsis Glauca)常绿阔叶林(LCC)作为一个恢复系列,设置固定样地,采集植物叶片、未分解层凋落物和0–30 cm土壤样品,测定有机碳(C)、全氮(N)、全磷(P)含量及其化学计量比,运用异速生长关系、养分利用效率和再吸收效率分析植物对环境变化的响应和养分利用策略。结果表明:(1)随着植被恢复,叶片C:N、C:P、N:P显著下降,而叶片C、N、P含量和土壤C、N含量、C:P、N:P显著增加,其中LCC植物叶片C、N含量,土壤C、N含量及其N:P,PLL植物叶片P含量,土壤C:P显著高于其他3个恢复阶段,各恢复阶段植物叶片N:P 20,植物生长受P限制;凋落物C、N、P含量及其化学计量比波动较大。(2)凋落物与叶片、土壤的化学计量特征之间的相关关系较弱,叶片与土壤的化学计量特征之间具有显著相关关系,其中叶片C、N、P含量与土壤C、N含量、C:N (除叶片C、N含量外)、C:P、N:P呈显著正相关关系;叶片C:N与土壤C、N含量、C:P、N:P,叶片C:P与土壤C含量、C:N、C:P,叶片N:P与土壤C:N呈显著负相关关系。(3)植被恢复过程中,叶片N、P之间具有显著异速生长关系,异速生长指数为1.45,叶片N、P的利用效率下降,对N、P的再吸收效率增加, LCC叶片N利用效率最低, PLL叶片P利用效率最低而N、P再吸收效率最高。(4)叶片N含量内稳态弱,而P含量具有较高的内稳态,在土壤低P限制下植物能保持P平衡。植被恢复显著影响叶片、凋落物、土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比,叶片与土壤之间C、N、P含量及化学计量比呈显著相关关系,植物通过降低养分利用效率和提高养分再吸收效率适应土壤养分的变化,叶片-凋落物-土壤系统的N、P循环随着植被恢复逐渐达到"化学计量平衡"。     

中国四种森林类型主要优势植物的C∶N∶P化学计量学特征

为了评价不同森林类型的生态化学计量特征的差异,以吉林长白山温带针阔混交林、广东鼎湖山亚热带常绿阔叶林、云南西双版纳热带季雨林和江西千烟洲亚热带人工针叶林为研究对象,通过对2007年4月-2008年5月4种典型区域森林植物叶片和凋落物的碳(C)氮(N)磷(P)元素质量比与N、P再吸收率的分析,探讨了4种森林类型N、P养分限制和N、P养分再吸收的内在联系.结果表明:1)从森林类型上看,温带针阔混交林叶片的C∶N∶P为321∶13∶1,亚热带常绿阔叶林叶片的C∶N∶P为561∶22∶1,热带季雨林叶片的C∶N∶P为442∶19∶1,亚热带人工针叶林叶片的C∶N∶P为728∶18∶1;凋落物的C∶N∶P也是亚热带人工林最高,达1950∶27∶1,温带针阔混交林的最低,为552∶14∶1,热带季雨林的为723∶24∶1,亚热带常绿阔叶林的为1305∶35∶1,不同森林类型凋落物的C∶N∶P的计量大小关系与叶片的结果一致;2)从植物生活型上看,常绿针叶林叶片的C∶N均显著高于常绿阔叶林及落叶阔叶林;叶片C∶P与森林类型的关系并不十分密切;常绿阔叶林叶片的N∶P最高,常绿针叶林次之,落叶阔叶林最低;3)植物叶片的N∶P与月平均气温有显著的负相关关系,但叶片的C∶P基本不受月平均气温影响,叶片的C、N、P计量比与降水的线性关系不显著;4)高纬度地区的植物更易受N元素限制,而低纬度地区植物更易受P元素的限制;但受N或P限制的植物并不一定具有高的N或P再吸收率.研究结果表明,不同类型森林的叶片与凋落物的化学计量特征具有一致性,但是环境因子对不同类型植物化学计量比的影响并不相同.     

浙江天童常绿阔叶林、常绿针叶林与落叶阔叶林的C:N:P化学计量特征

以浙江天童常绿阔叶林、常绿针叶林和落叶阔叶林为对象, 通过对叶片和凋落物C:N:P比率与N、P重吸收的研究, 揭示3种植被类型N、P养分限制和N、P重吸收的内在联系。结果显示: 1)叶片C:N:P在常绿阔叶林为758:18:1, 在常绿针叶林为678:14:1, 在落叶阔叶林为338:11:1; 凋落物C:N:P在常绿阔叶林为777:13:1, 常绿针叶林为691:14:1, 落叶阔叶林为567:14:1; 2)常绿阔叶林和常绿针叶林叶片与凋落物C:N均显著高于落叶阔叶林; 叶片C:P在常绿阔叶林最高, 常绿针叶林中等, 落叶阔叶林最低, 常绿阔叶林和常绿针叶林凋落物C:P显著高于落叶阔叶林; 叶片N:P比也是常绿阔叶林最高、常绿针叶林次之, 落叶阔叶林最低, 但常绿阔叶林凋落物N:P最低; 3)植被叶片N、P含量间(N为x, P为y)的II类线性回归斜率显著大于1 (p < 0.05), 表明叶片P含量的增加可显著提高叶片N含量; 凋落物N、P含量的回归斜率约等于1, 反映了凋落物中单位P含量与单位N含量间的等速损耗关系; 4)常绿阔叶林N重吸收率显著高于常绿针叶林与落叶阔叶林, 落叶阔叶林P重吸收率显著高于常绿阔叶林和常绿针叶林。虽然植被的N:P指示常绿阔叶林受P限制, 落叶阔叶林受N限制, 常绿针叶林受N、P的共同限制, 但是N、P重吸收研究结果表明: 受N素限制的常绿阔叶林具有高的N重吸收率, 受P限制的落叶阔叶林并不具有高的P重吸收率。可见, 较高的N、P养分转移率可能不是植物对N、P养分胁迫的一种重要适应机制, 是物种固有的特征。     

贵州高原型喀斯特次生林C、N、P生态化学计量特征与储量

选取贵州高原型喀斯特次生常绿落叶阔叶混交林为对象,对其生态系统各组分碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）生态化学计量特征进行了研究,并全面估算了其生态系统C、N、P储量。结果表明,N、P含量在各树种和各器官（干、皮、枝、叶）之间表现出较大的变异,而C含量在各树种和各器官之间变异较小。C/N和C/P表现为叶片最高,树干（乔木）/枝干（灌木）最低,N/P在各器官间差异不显著（P > 0.05）。凋落物和木质残体的N/P显著（P < 0.01）高于植物活体。土壤C、N、P含量均随土壤深度的增加而降低,最表层（0-10 cm）土壤的C、N、P含量及N/P显著（P < 0.05）高于深层土壤;C/N和C/P在各土层间差异不显著（P > 0.05）。高原型喀斯特次生常绿落叶阔叶混交林的生态系统C、N、P储量分别为172.42 Mg/hm²、5.24 Mg/hm²和1.19 Mg/hm²。大部分森林C（54.69%）、N（84.46%）、P（97.26%）存储于土壤中。与非喀斯特森林相比,喀斯特森林植物叶片N、P含量低,土壤C含量高,生态系统C、N、P储量低。     

Stoichiometric characteristics of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus of Sibiraea angustata shrub on the eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

Aims Little is known about the stoichiometric characteristics of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in plateau shrubs across China. Sibiraea angustata is a typical and representative shrub species on the eastern Qinghai- Xizang Plateau, and exploring its C, N and P distribution patterns and stoichiometric properties in different organs (including root, shoot, leaf, twig and fruit) would help us better understand the mechanisms of C, N and P cycling and balance in the S. angustata dominated shrub ecosystem.
Methods Sixteen sampling sites were selected on the eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau by the stratified sampling method. The height and coverage of the dominant shrubs, latitude, longitude and altitude of the sites were recorded. Three 5 m × 5 m plots were selected at each site. At least 128 biological samples of plant organs of S. angustata were collected and measured, respectively. The C and N concentrations of plant samples were analyzed using an elemental analyzer (2400 II CHNS). The P concentration was analyzed using the molydate/ascorbic acid method after H₂SO₄-H₂O₂ digestion.
Important findings The C, N and P concentrations of different organs followed the order of: shoot (495.07 g·kg^-1) > twig (483.37 g·kg^-1) > fruit (480.35 g·kg^-1) > root (468.47 g·kg^-1) > leaf (466.33 g·kg^-1); leaf (22.27 g·kg^-1) > fruit (19.74 g·kg^-1) > twig (7.98 g·kg^-1) > shoot (4.54 g·kg^-1) > root (4.00 g·kg^-1) and fruit (2.85 g·kg^-1) > leaf (1.92 g·kg^-1) > twig (0.96 g·kg^-1) > root (0.52 g·kg^-1) > shoot (0.45 g·kg^-1), respectively. The ranges of the coefficient of variation (CV) for C, N and P concentrations were 1.71%-4.44%, 14.49%-25.50% and 11.46%-46.15%, respectively. Specifically, the C concentration was relatively high and stable, and the maximum CV values for N and P were found in roots. The N:P value of different organs varied from 7.12-12.41 and the minimum CV for N:P was found in twig, which indicated that N:P in twig had higher internal stability. In addition, correlation analysis indicated that the C concentration was significantly negatively correlated with N and P concentrations and correlation coefficients were -0.407 and -0.342, respectively. However, N concentration had dramatically positive correlation with P concentration and the correlation coefficient was 0.814. These results also could indicate that the C, N and P stoichiometric characteristics in the S. angustata shrub accorded with the homeostatic mechanism and growth rate hypothesis to some extent, the distributions of C, N and P concentrations were closely related to the function of the organs and it should be prudent to use ecological stoichiometric ratios to judge the condition of nutrient limitation at the species level.     

Impacts of nitrogen addition on foliar nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Mount Wuyi

Aims Our purpose was to explore the effects of nitrogen addition on foliar nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and N:P stoichiometry and to assess their differences among different species and functional groups.
Methods N addition experiment has been conducted in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Mount Wuyi, Fujian Province since 2011. Foliar concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were measured and foliar stoichiometry was estimated in tree, shrub, herb, fern and moss species following the N addition treatments from 2013 to 2015.
Important findings Generally, foliar N increased for almost all species and herbaceous plants are much more sensitive than trees and shrubs under N addition. Foliar N of Castanopsis carlesii, Amomum villosum, Woodwardia japonica increased significantly under N addition. Foliar P for most species was sensitive to the N addition. Foliar P of herbaceous plants increased significantly but foliar P of Leucobryum chlorophyllosum decreased significantly. The results showed the subtropical evergreen forest in Mount Wuyi was mainly limited by P and mean foliar N:P ratios enhanced from 18.67 to 19.72 under N addition, indicating that the strength of P limitation was enhanced by N addition. N:P ratios of the dominant arboreal species in the communities tended to be stable, while N:P ratios of herbaceous plants and shrubs increased. The changes in N:P ratios were mainly determined by P dynamics instead of N dynamics under N addition, and our results confirmed that increasing N availability can affect P cycling.     

C:N:P stoichiometry in forest floor litter of evergreen broad-leaved forests at different successional stages in Tiantong,Zhejiang, eastern China

地表凋落物在森林物质循环中起着重要作用, 但是目前缺乏对其不同分解层次中碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)演替动态的研究。该文以浙江天童常绿阔叶林为研究对象, 用空间代替时间序列的方法, 通过测定5个演替阶段地表凋落物不同分解层次的凋落物量、有机碳库和氮磷养分库的储量及C:N:P化学计量特征, 探讨地表凋落物特征的演替动态。结果表明: 1)随着演替的进行, 地表凋落物量和有机碳储量呈现下降的趋势。2)在各演替阶段, 有机碳含量在各分解层表现出未分解层(L) > 半分解层(F) > 已分解层(Y)的趋势; 有机碳储量均表现为Y < F。3)演替前期群落氮含量和储量显著低于演替中后期群落; 不同分解层的氮含量在各演替阶段皆表现为: Y > F > L, 且各层氮含量随着演替的进行均趋于升高。4)磷含量在演替中期群落最低, 各演替阶段不同分解层的磷含量皆表现为Y > F > L。磷储量的演替趋势不明显。L层磷储量随着演替进行趋于降低。5)随着演替进行, 凋落物C:N、C:P和N:P皆趋于下降(p < 0.05)。在各分解层之间, C:N和C:P皆表现为Y < F < L, N:P差异不显著。总之, 随着演替进行, 天童常绿阔叶林地表凋落物量降低, 有机碳库及氮磷养分库的含量趋于升高, 储量趋向降低, C:N:P趋于下降, 体现了生态系统碳和养分循环随着演替进行在不断优化。     

青海森林生态系统中灌木层和土壤生态化学计量特征

灌木层作为森林生态系统的重要组成部分, 了解其生态化学计量特征将有助于揭示森林生态系统物质周转和养分循环等生态功能。该研究选取青海省7种主要优势林分——白桦(Betula platyphylla)林、毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)林、红桦(Betula albosinensis)林、青扦(Picea wilsonii)林、山杨(Populus davidiana)林、圆柏(Sabina chinensis)林、云杉(Picea asperata)林为研究对象, 采用野外取样和室内实验分析相结合的方法, 研究了不同林分林下灌木层不同器官(叶、枝干、根)及其表层(0-10 cm)土壤的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其相关性。结果表明: 7种林分间灌木(叶、枝干、根) P含量、C:P均没有明显差异性; 山杨林、圆柏林、云杉林的林下灌木(叶、枝干、根) N含量、N:P高于白桦林、毛白杨林、红桦林和青扦林, C:N则相反。圆柏林的林下灌木生长受P限制, 其余6种林分的林下灌木生长受N限制。7种林分间土壤有机碳(SOC)和总氮(TN)含量呈现出明显差异性, 而总磷(TP)含量则差异不明显。相关性分析表明, 林下灌木(叶、枝干、根) N含量、C:N、N:P与土壤TN含量、C:N、N:P呈极显著相关性, 而P含量、C:P与土壤TP含量呈显著相关性。冗余分析表明, 林下灌木层植被C、N、P含量及生态化学计量特征受到土壤化学计量特征及各环境因子的共同影响, 其中土壤C:N、海拔、年平均气温、年降水量为主要影响因子。     

C,N and P stoichiometry in different organs of Vitex rotundifolia in a Poyang Lake desertification hill

Aims The objectives were to clarify the responses of C, N and P stoichiometry of Vitex rotundifolia to desertification, and determine the C, N and P stoichiometric relationships among the organs.
Methods In this study, different organs (e.g. flowers, leaves, twigs, creeping stems, fine roots) of V. rotundifolia were sampled along a desertification gradient in a typical Poyang Lak sandy hill. Subsequently, C, N and P contents of various organs were measured.
Important findings The results showed nutrient contents in different organs ranged from 386.28 to 449.47 mg·g^-1 for carbon, 11.40 to 25.37 mg·g^-1 for nitrogen and 0.89 to 1.54 mg·g^-1 for phosphorus, respectively. C, N and P contents differed significantly among the five organs. The maximum N and P content were found in flowers, whereas the minimums were observed in twigs and creping stems. Moreover, desertification intensity only significantly affected C, N and C:P. C:N and N:P ratios maintained relatively stable. Except N:P, the other nutrient elements and associated stoichiometry significantly differed among the organs. Hence, organs, rather than desertification intensity mainly controlled the C, N and P content and their stoichiometry variability. Although there was a positive correlation between mass-based N content (N_mass) and P content (P_mass) across the three desertification zones, the N_mass-P_mass relationship in V. rotundifolia did not shift. Irrespective desertification intensity and organs, N:P stoichiometry of V. rotundifolia was well constrained. In addition, significant correlations of C, N and P contents among organs were mainly found in the above-ground parts, especially between twigs and creeping stems.     

Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentration and the empirical regulations in dominant woody plants of shrublands across southern China

Aims Understanding the changes in N and P concentration in plant organs along the environmental gradients can provide meaningful information to reveal the underline mechanisms for the geochemical cycles and adaptation strategies of plants to the changing environment. In this paper, we aimed to answer: (1) How did the N and P concentration in leaves of evergreen and deciduous woody plants change along the environmental gradients? (2) What were the main factors regulating the N and P concentration in leaves of woody plants in the shrublands across southern China?
Methods Using a stratified random sampling method, we sampled 193 dominant woody plants in 462 sites of 12 provinces in southern China. Leaf samples of dominant woody plants, including 91 evergreen and 102 deciduous shrubs, and soil samples at each site were collected. N and P concentration of the leaves and soils were measured after lapping and sieving. Kruskal-Wallis and Nemenyi tests were applied to quantify the difference among the organs and life-forms. For each life-form, the binary linear regression was used to estimate the relationships between leaf log [N] and log [P] concentration and mean annual air temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP) and log soil total [N], [P]. The effects of climate, soil and plant life-form on leaf chemical traits were modeled through the general linear models (GLMs) and F-tests.
Important findings 1) The geometric means of leaf N and P concentrations of the dominant woody plants were 16.57 mg·g^-1 and 1.02 mg·g^-1, respectively. The N and P concentration in leaves (17.91 mg·g^-1, 1.14 mg·g^-1) of deciduous woody plants was higher than those of evergreen woody plants (15.19 mg·g^-1, 0.89 mg·g^-1). The dependent of leaf P concentration on environmental (climate and soil) appeared more variable than N concentration. 2) Leaf N and P in evergreen woody plants decreased with MAT and but increased with MAP, whereas those in deciduous woody plants showed opposite trends. With increase in MAP, leaf P concentration decreased for both evergreen and deciduous woody plants. 3) Soil N concentration had no significant effect on both evergreen and deciduous woody plants. However, leaf P concentration of the tow increased significantly with soil P concentration. (4) GLMs showed that plant growth form explained 7.6% and 14.4% of variation in leaf N and P, respectively. MAP and soil P concentration contributed 0.8% and 16.4% of the variation in leaf P, respectively. These results suggested that leaf N was mainly influenced by plant growth form, while leaf P concentration was driven by soil, plant life-form, and climate at our study sites.     

Plant nutrient dynamics and stoichiometric homeostasis of invasive species Spartina alterniflora and native Cyperus malaccensis var. brevifolius in the Minjiang River estuarine wetlands

Aims Stoichiometric homeostasis is an important mechanism in maintaining ecosystem structure, function, and stability. The invasion of exotic species, Spartina alterniflora, has largely threatened the structure and function of native ecosystems in the Minjiang River estuarine wetland. However, how S. alterniflora invasion affect plant stoichiometric homeostasis is largely unknown. This could enhance our understanding on wetland ecosystem stability and expand the applications of ecological stoichiometry theory.
Methods Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents of plant organs and soils in the S. alterniflora, Cyperus malaccensis var. brevifolius, and S. alterniflora-C. malaccensis var. brevifolius mixture were measured, and the homeostatic index (H) was calculated according to the stoichiometric homeostasis theory.
Important findings Our results showed that the invasion of S. alterniflora significantly increased soil N:P ratio (p < 0.05), but did not affect soil N or P contents. The N and P contents of leaf and stem were the highest for S. alterniflora, and those of the stem were the highest for C. malaccensis var. brevifolius. At the ecosystem level, the average of homeostatic index (H) of N (H_N, 25.31) was larger than those of P (H_P, 10.33) and N:P (H_N:P, 2.50). At the organ level, root H_N was significantly larger than stem H_N (p < 0.05) and sheath H_N:P was greater than root H_N:P (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference for H_P among root, stem, leaf, and sheath (p > 0.05). As for species, root H_N of S. alterniflora was significantly larger than that of C. malaccensis var. brevifolius in the mixture community (p < 0.05). In the monoculture, stem H_N:P of S. alterniflora was significantly higher than that of C. malaccensis var. brevifolius (p < 0.05). Furthermore, root H_N, leaf H_N and sheath H_N of S. alterniflora in the mixed community was significantly larger than that of S. alterniflora in the monoculture (p < 0.05), suggesting that S. alterniflora invasions increased their stoichiometric homeostasis. Meanwhile, the stoichiometric homeostasis of invasive and native plants were influenced by multiple factors, such as nutrients, organs, vegetation, and invasion. However, larger homeostasis was found in S. alterniflora than in C. malaccensis var. brevifolius in some particular organs either in mixture or monoculture communities. Therefore, the successful invasion of S. alterniflora may result from higher homeostatic index than the native species, C. malaccensis var. brevifolius.     

Leaf litter carbon,nitrogen, and phosphorus stoichiometric patterns as related to climatic factors and leaf habits across Chinese broad-leaved tree species

Our understanding of how climate and leaf habit (evergreen vs. deciduous) drive leaf litter carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stoichiometric patterns is largely limited but is particularly important for broad-leaved forests, since the forest is sensitive to climate change. Here, we investigated leaf litter C, N, and P stoichiometric ratios of broad-leaved tree species in relation to climate and leaf habit using previous publications and our additional samplings across China. We found that mean leaf litter C:N across Chinese broad-leaved tree species was within the range of the global flora, whereas C:P was lower and N:P higher. Evergreen species displayed higher leaf litter C:N, C:P, and N:P than their deciduous counterparts. Both leaf litter C:P and N:P for all species pooled were negatively correlated with latitude, driven by mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual temperature, respectively, while leaf litter C:N displayed no clear latitudinal trend. The direction and magnitude of leaf litter C, N, and P stoichiometric ratios in response to climate diverged between leaf habits. For example, evergreen leaf litter C:N was negatively correlated with MAP, while deciduous counterparts did not respond significantly to MAP. We conclude that leaf litter C, N, and P stoichiometric ratios shifted along the climatic gradient, and the strength of such shifts differed between leaf habits. Therefore, leaf litter stoichiometric patterns across leaf habits suggest that any climate change-driven shift in species distribution may potentially alter the ecosystem’s nutrient cycling processes of evergreen- and deciduous-dominated broad-leaved forests differentially.