Carbohydrate partitioning and metabolism during acclimatization of micropropagated Calathea

Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and compartmentation were studied during the acclimatization of tissue cultured Calathea plantlets. At transplantation plants were characterised by a heterotrophic metabolism with roots and stems as the main storage organs for carbohydrates. As acclimatization proceeded, a switch to autotrophic growth was observed: leaves became source organs, which was among others reflected by significant increases of invertase, sucrose synthase and sucrose-P synthase activities. Mobilization of reserves in roots and stems was also observed during the same period. Sucrose and starch accumulation in leaves was positively correlated with increasing light intensity.     

Photoinactivation in vivo of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa

Abstract The planktonic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa is particularly sensitive to photoinhibition by visible light, Photosystem II and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase activities being affected. Although the organism contains superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, these protective enzymes are also photoinactivated during the illumination of whole cells by visible light.     

Changes in activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase within cereal aphids in response to plant o-dihydroxyphenols

Abstract:  Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity was found in the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.). Among the aphid morphs studied, the highest activity of the antioxidant enzymes was noted for winged adults (alatae) and the lowest for wingless (apterae) ones. Higher activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase was observed in the polyphagous species R. padi that alternates between woody host plants and grasses. On some ocassions, activity of superoxide dismutase in cereal aphids was increased by twofold, when aphids were exposed to toxic plant o -dihydroxyphenols. An opposite tendency was observed in case of activity of the catalase that was strongly reduced within body of phenolics-treated insects. Among the plant allelochemicals studied, caffeic acid showed the strongest effect on the activity of the antioxidant enzymes of the cereal aphids. The experiments carried out indicate that antioxidant enzymes might play an important role in interactions between cereal aphids and their host plants.     

Possible accumulation of non-active molecules of catalase and superoxide dismutase in S. cerevisiae cells under hydrogen peroxide induced stress

The effect of hydrogen peroxide on the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in S. cerevisiae has been studied under different experimental conditions: various H₂O₂ concentrations, time exposures, yeast cell densities and media for stress induction. The yeast treatment with 0.25–0.50 mM H₂O₂ led to an increase in catalase activity by 2–3-fold. At the same time, hydrogen peroxide caused an elevation by 1.6-fold or no increase in SOD activity dependently on conditions used. This effect was cancelled by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis in eukaryotes. Weak elevation of catalase and SOD activities in cells treated with 0.25–0.50 mM H₂O₂ found in this study does not correspond to high level of synthesis of the respective enzyme molecules observed earlier by others. It is well known that exposure of microorganisms to low sublethal concentrations of hydrogen peroxide leads to the acquisition of cellular resistance to a subsequent lethal oxidative stress. Hence, it makes possible to suggest that S. cerevisiae cells treated with low sublethal doses of hydrogen peroxide accumulate non-active stress-protectant molecules of catalase and SOD to survive further lethal oxidant concentrations.     

Trace element concentrations and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in benign and malignant larynx tumors

The plasma and erythrocyte levels of zinc, copper, and magnesium and the activities of red-cell copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and catalase (CAT) were determined in patients with benign and malignant tumors of the larynx. Blood samples from patients and healthy controls were drawn using heparinized tubes. The erythrocyte Cu/Zn-SOD and CAT activities were determined spectrophotometrically and the zinc, copper, and magnesium concentrations were determined in erythrocyte and plasma by atomic absorption spectrometry. Variance analysis was employed in the statistical evaluation of the findings. There was a significant increase in red-cell Cu/Zn-SOD activity in the subjects with malignant and benign tumors compared to controls (p<0.001). The CAT activity increased only in the benign tumor group (p<0.01). The plasma zinc concentrations were significantly lower in the malignant tumor group (p<0.05) and significantly higher in the benign tumor group (p<0.01). The erythrocyte copper concentrations were significantly lower in both benign and malignant tumor groups (p<0.001). The plasma copper and magnesium and the erythrocyte magnesium concentrations did not show significant differences relative to controls (p>0.05). The increases in the activities of SOD and CAT activities and the changes in trace elements concentrations can indicate the presence of increased reactive oxygen species that might play a part in the pathogenesis larynx tumors. Presented at the IX Asian-Pacific Congress of Clinical Biochemistry, March 9–14, 2002, New Delhi, India.     

贝类毒素大田软海绵酸OA对小鼠肝脏还原型谷胱甘肽GSH、过氧化氢酶CAT、超氧化物岐化酶SOD的影响

为了探究腹腔注射贝类毒素OA对小鼠肝脏还原性谷胱甘肽（GSH）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的影响,采用对一月龄的小鼠腹腔注射不同浓度的OA,24h后取其小鼠肝脏测定还原性谷胱甘肽（GSH）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）各项指标。结果表明,测定注射OA毒素各剂量组的超氧化物歧化酶（GSH）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）3项指标均显著低于对照组。其中,GSH高剂量组和中剂量组差异性不显著。CAT高剂量组（96μg/h）、中剂量组（48μg／kg）、低剂量组（24μg/kg）各组变化显著,呈现一定的剂量-效应关系,SOD高中低各组差异性不显著。因此,在小鼠染毒OA24h后,还原性谷胱甘肽（GSH）,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）,过氧化氢酶（CAT）这3项指标均受到了显著性抑制作用,说明这3项指标对毒素OA较为敏感,其中CAT呈现了显著的剂量一效应关系。     

Effect of carnitine administration on levels of lipid peroxides and activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats

The effect of carnitine administration on levels of lipid peroxide and activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase was studied in rats administered isoproterenol to induce myocardial infarction. Levels of fatty acid were lower in rats pretreated with carnitine at the peak period and given isoproterenol than the levels in isoproterenoltreated control rats. Lipid peroxides were decreased in the heart at peak infarction in carnitine-treated rats compared to the levels in isoproterenol-treated controls. Activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase showed no change in carnitine-treated animals given isoproterenol compared to those in normal control rats, while they decreased in animals treated with isoproterenol alone.     

Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in purified Frankia vesicles

Superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1.) and catalase (EC 1.11.1.6.) activities of Frankia cells grown in the presence of ammonium were very high in comparison with those of other prokaryaotes and particularly Rhizobium . Furthermore, these activities were significantly enhanced under nitrogen-fixing conditions where vesicles were produced. By using a single-step sucrose gradient, Frankia vesicles were isolated and appeared intact and free of hyphal contamination. The contents of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the purified vesicles were similar to those in preparations containing both vesicles and hyphae. These results suggest an important role of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the protection of the overall nitrogen-fixation process against O₂ in Frankia vesicles. Beside the protective role played by the thick walls of the vesicles, the presence of specialized enzymes is emphasized.     

Orally available Mn porphyrins with superoxide dismutase and catalase activities

Superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetics, such as salen Mn complexes and certain metalloporphyrins, catalytically neutralize reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many serious diseases. Both classes of mimetic are protective in animal models of oxidative stress. However, only AEOL11207 and EUK-418, two uncharged Mn porphyrins, have been shown to be orally bioavailable. In this study, EUK-418 and several new analogs (the EUK-400 series) were synthesized and shown to exhibit superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities in vitro. Some also protected PC12 cells against staurosporine-induced cell death. All EUK-400 compounds were stable in simulated gastric fluid, and most were substantially more lipophilic than the salen Mn complexes EUK-189 and EUK-207, which lack oral activity. Pharmacokinetics studies demonstrate the presence of all EUK-400 series compounds in the plasma of rats after oral administration. These EUK-400 series compounds are potential oral therapeutic agents for cellular damage caused by oxidative stress. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

萝卜营养生长期超氧化物歧化酶活性和丙二醛含量的变化

研究了不同品种萝卜营养生长期其超氧化物歧化酶 ( SOD,EC1.15.1.1)活性及丙二醛( MDA)含量的变化。结果表明 :不同品种萝卜及同一品种萝卜在不同营养生长期其 SOD活性存在较大差异 ,SOD活性随叶龄的增大而升高 ,4 0 d时达最大峰值 ,随后下降 ;MDA含量在叶片展开后 4 0 d内缓慢上升 ,此后明显升高。SOD活性低的萝卜品种其丙二醛含量高 ,萝卜肉质根的 SOD活性高于叶片的 SOD活性。说明萝卜营养生长期存在活跃的活性氧代谢 ,SOD活性降低可能是引起 MDA含量升高的原因之一。     

Exogenous superoxide dismutase and catalase promote recovery of function in isolated rat heart after regional ischemia and may be transported from capillaries into myocytes

Summary The effects of infusing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) into the coronary circulation were investigated in isolated, working rat hearts prior to and during a 15 minute episode of regional ischemia followed by 30 minutes reperfusion. Aortic output, left ventricular pressure and dP/dT were recorded. Compared to untreated hearts, SOD and CAT significantly improved function during reperfusion, but had no effect during the pre-ischemic or the ischemic period. To investigate possible transport of SOD and CAT into rat myocytes, cryotome sections of isolated, Langendorff perfused rat hearts were exposed to rabbit antibody prepared against the exogenous SOD and CAT. Bound antibody was detected by the indirect-fluorescent antibody test. The interior of myocytes from rat hearts exposed to SOD and CAT bound antibodies prepared against these enzymes, whereas myocytes from rat hearts not exposed to exogenous SOD and CAT only bound the CAT antibodies. This indicates the anti-SOD we prepared is specific for exogenous SOD, and also suggests exogenous SOD can gain access to the cytoplasm of myocytes from the coronary circulation.     

Reduced susceptibility to waterlogging together with high-light stress is related to increases in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in sweet potato

We investigated the changes in antioxidative enzyme activities of two sweet potato cultivars under waterlogging and high-light conditions in the growth chamber. The activities of antioxidative enzymes were measured from leaf crude extract of sweet potato during the first five days of the treatments. Activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were consistently increased in Taoyuan 1 sweet potato over time under waterlogging and high-light conditions. However, decreases in both superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were observed for cultivar Yongtsai under waterlogging and high-light conditions. Waterlogging, together with high-light intensity, impairs superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the cultivar Yongtsai indicating its greater susceptibility to waterlogging and high-light stress. In contrast, the increase in activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in Taoyuan 1 indicated its greater ability to detoxify reactive oxygen species during the treatment and ensured its reduced susceptibility to waterlogging and high-light stress. The activities of peroxidase may be inactivated by high-light treatment and, therefore, may not be associated with tolerance of sweet potato plants to waterlogging and high-light stress. Differences in susceptibility to waterlogging and high-light conditions in the leafy vegetable Yongtsai and storage root Taoyuan 1 are discussed.     

Subcellular distribution and activities of superoxide dismutase,catalase, glutathione peroxidase,and glutathione reductase in the southern armyworm,Spodoptera eridania

In mid-fifth-instar larvae of the southern armyworm, Spodoptera eridania, the subcellular distribution of four antioxidant enzymes—superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPOX), and glutathione reductase (GR)—were examined. Two-thirds (4.26 units ·mg protein^?1) of the SOD activity was found in the cytosol, and one-thirds (2.13 units ·mg protein^?1) in the mitochondria. CAT activity was unusually high and not restricted to the microsomal fraction where peroxisomes are usually isolated. The activity was distributed as follows: cytosol (163 units) mitochondria (125 units) and microsomes (119 units). Similar to CAT, the subcellular compartmentalization of both GPOX and GR was unusual. No activity was detected in the cytosol, but in mitochondria and microsomes, GR levels were 5.49 and 3.09 units. Although GPOX activity exhibited 14–16-fold enrichment in mitochondria and microsomes, respectively, over the 850g crude homogenate, the level was negligible (mitochondria = 1.4 × 10^?3 units; microsomes = 1.6 × 10^?3 units), indicating that this enzyme is absent. The unusual distribution of CAT has apparently evolved as an evolutionary answer to the absence of GR from the cytosol, and the lack of GPOX activity.     

Isoenzyme pattern of superoxide dismutase in different varieties of citrus plants

Superoxide dismutases (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) in leaves from different cultivars of citrus plants were characterized using isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. The plants studied included Citrus limonum R. (cvs Verna, Fino, and Eureka), C. paradisi Mac (cvs Red Blush and Marsh), C. aurantium L. (cv. Comun), C. sinensis L. Osbeck (cvs Navel, Valencia, and Salustiano), and C. reticulata B. (cv. Satsuma). The three molecular forms of SOD were distinguished from each other by their different sensitivity to cyanide and H₂O₂. In C. limonum leaves, four Cu,Zn-SODs, three Fe-SODs and two Mn-SODs were present. However, in leaves from different varieties of C. sinensis, C. paradisi, C. aurantium and C. reticulata the activity and number of Fe-SOD isoenzymes were lower than in lemon leaves, whereas the number of MN-SOD isozymes was increased. Cu,Zn-SODs did not show significant variations in the different species and cultivars. The identification of Fe-SODs in several species of the plant family Rutaceae extends the small number of higher plants where the presence of these Fe-containing metalloenzymes has been demonstrated. Results obtained may be useful from an evolutionary viewpoint and also in mineral nutrition studies using SOD isozymes as markers of functional metals.     

Changes in malondialdehyde content and in superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase activities in sunflower seeds as related to deterioration during accelerated aging

Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) seeds progressively lost their ability to germinate at 25°C, the optimal temperature for germination, after accelerated aging was carried out at 45°C (a temperature too high to permit germination) in water or at 76 or 100% relative humidity (RH). The deleterious effects of the high-temperature treatment increased with increasing seed moisture content. Incubation of seeds at 45°C in water resulted in electrolyte leakage, which indicated a loss of membrane integrity. A relationship between leakage and loss of seed viability could not be assumed, since no increase in electrolyte efflux occurred after aging al 100% RH. Accelerated aging induced accumulation of malondialdehyde, suggesting that seed deterioration was associated with lipid peroxidation. However, there was no direct relationship between lipid peroxidation and deterioration in membrane integrity. Loss of seed viability was also associated with a decrease in superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase activities. Finally, the results obtained suggest that sunflower seed deterioration during accelerated aging is closely related to a decrease in the activities of detoxifying enzymes and to lipid peroxidation.     

Effects of aluminum sulphate and citric acid ingestion on lipid peroxidation and on activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in cerebral hemisphere and liver of developing young chicks

Effect of oral administration of aluminum sulphate (200 and 400 mg/kg body wt/day) without or with citric acid (62 mg/kg body wt/day) to day-old White Leghorn male chicks (n = 5 per group) for 30 days was studied on the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, and level of lipid peroxidation in cerebral hemisphere and liver. A 400 mg dose of Al in the presence of citric acid inhibited cytosolic total and CN^--sensitive superoxide dismutase activities of the cerebral hemisphere in 7- and 30-day treated chicks, whereas in 15-day treated chicks the enzyme activities were decreased in response to both doses in the presence of citric acid. In case of liver, activities of these enzymes significantly decreased after 7, 15 and 30 days of treatment with 200 and 400 mg Al together with citric acid, whereas 400 mg Al alone inhibited the enzyme activities after 15 and 30 days of treatment. Cerebral catalase activity decreased in response to 400 mg Al when the chicks were also fed with citric acid for 7 and 30 days, but in 15-day treated chicks the enzyme activity was depleted following treatment with 200 and 400 mg Al combined with citric acid. 400 mg Al treatment for 7 days in combination with citric acid inhibited hepatic catalase activity and extension of the treatment period to 15 and 30 days also produced reduction in its activity even in response to the lower Al dose mixed with citric acid. CN^--insensitive SOD activity of cerebral hemisphere and liver was unaffected by Al. Al also failed to induce lipid peroxidation in both the tissues throughout the course of exposure. Activities of SOD and catalase of cerebral hemisphere and liver of 30-day old chicks were observed to be inhibited by in vitro incubation with different concentrations of Al. Our in vivo study demonstrates that only CN^--sensitive SOD is susceptible to Al. Further, responses of SOD and catalase to Al is tissue specific. The observed inhibition of antioxidant enzyme activities by A1 is suggestive of a prooxidant state. Induction of such an oxidative condition of the tissues may be attributed to a direct effect of the metal on enzyme molecules or in their synthesis.     

Ontogeny of human fetal catalase superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidation: A comparative study

A comparative study on the activity profile of catalase and superoxide dismutase, the two scavenging enzymes, as well as the developmental profile of lipid peroxidation in the human fetal brain, liver and kidney have been done for gestation periods ranging from 12 weeks to 28 weeks and beyond. The activity of the scavenging enzymes increase gradually in_all the tissues with the advancement of pregnancy. Brain is an exception in case of catalase where the activity remains more or less same throughout the developmental period except in the case of fetuses, 28 weeks and above where significant decrease in the catalase activity is observed. A high level of lipid peroxidation is observed during early stages of development which declines thereafter.     

Isoenzymes of cuprozinc superoxide dismutase from Pisum sativum

Two cyanide-sensitive and organic solvent-inactivated superoxide dismutase isoenzymes were purified from pea leaves, Pisum sativum, cv Thomas Laxto     

Differential activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase in seedlings and in vitro micropropagated oak (Quercus robur L.)

 Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity profiles were examined by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in different tissues of seedlings and microcuttings of oak (Quercus robur L.) initiated from crown material (NL100A) and from basal epicormic shoots (NL100R), which differ in rooting ability. Two CAT isoforms were differentially active in seedlings and microcuttings; in particular, CAT-2 was activated in the basal callus of rooted microshoots. SOD isoenzymes, Mn-SOD and at least four Cu/Zn-SODs were found to be present, with Mn-SODs particularly active in microcuttings. No differences were found between the electrophoretic profiles of the two lines despite their different ontogenetic origin. The strong activity of CAT-2 in rooted microshoots indicates that this isoform is a protein specifically related to rooting. Received: 21 February 2000 / Revision received: 18 October 2000 / Accepted: 18 October 2000