斑衣蜡蝉若虫寄生蜂地理种群遗传差异及早期快速检测

【目的】明确不同地理种群斑衣蜡蝉Lycorma delicatula若虫寄生蜂种群遗传差异,实现若虫被寄生早期的快速准确检测,以评估其对斑衣蜡蝉种群的控制作用。【方法】利用DNA条形码技术获得不同地理种群斑衣蜡蝉若虫寄生蜂COI和28S rDNA序列,利用K2P模型计算不同地理种群间的遗传距离,以邻接(neighbor-joining,NJ)法构建系统发育树;基于COI序列设计种特异性PCR(SS-PCR)引物,利用SS-PCR对斑衣蜡蝉若虫DNA进行扩增,测定其体内是否有中华螯蜂Dryinus sinicus寄生;利用目测法观察和PCR扩增测定寄生蜂对不同采样点斑衣蜡蝉若虫的寄生率。【结果】经鉴定,不同地理种群斑衣蜡蝉若虫寄生蜂为中华螯蜂,该寄生蜂COI序列共检测到16个单倍型,28S rDNA序列共检测到4个单倍型。不同地理种群间中华螯蜂遗传距离在0.00691~0.01310之间。邻接法构建的系统发育树显示不同地理种群中华螯蜂均聚于一枝。基于COI序列设计的SS-PCR引物对中华螯蜂成虫、幼虫均具有良好的扩增效果,最低检测阈值为0.000005 ng/μL DNA。利用SS-PCR测定中华螯蜂对各采样点斑衣蜡蝉若虫的寄生率为22.54%~60.00%,显著高于目测统计的结果(5.63%~36.98%)。【结论】不同中华螯蜂地理种群间遗传差异较小;SS-PCR引物可用于不同地区中华螯蜂对斑衣蜡蝉早期寄生率的快速检测。     

长期不同施肥下水稻土甲烷氧化能力及甲烷氧化菌多样性的变化

稻田内源甲烷的氧化是稻田甲烷减排的重要途径。而甲烷氧化菌是土壤中甲烷氧化的主要施动者,在长期不同施肥条件下,土壤微生物群落的演变是否影响到土壤甲烷氧化菌群落结构及其活性,进而影响到田土壤CH4向大气的实际排放强度还不清楚。为此,选择太湖地区一个长期肥料试验的稻田土壤为研究对象,分析长期不同肥料施用对土壤甲烷氧化能力的影响及其与土壤中甲烷氧化菌群落结构变化的可能关系。结果表明,长期不同的施肥措施下稻田土壤对甲烷的氧化能力产生了明显差异,伴随着土壤中甲烷氧化菌（MOBI和MOBII）的基因群落多样性的显著变化。长期单一施用氮肥为主的化肥显著降低了土壤对甲烷的氧化能力,同时显著降低了稻田土壤甲烷氧化菌的多样性和丰富度;不同施肥下甲烷氧化菌多样性的变化与土壤的甲烷氧化能力的变化趋势相一致。因此,研究显示长期不同施肥处理下甲烷氧化菌群落结构的改变可能是引起水稻土甲烷氧化能力变化的一个主要因素,有机无机配合施用可以明显降低稻田土壤甲烷的大气释放潜能。但长期不同施肥处理下甲烷氧化菌活性的变化还有待于进一步研究。     

不同产地女贞子化学质量特征分析

通过分析不同产地女贞子化学质量特征,为女贞子质量控制标准的完善提供依据。本实验采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析了不同产地女贞子药材中女贞苷、特女贞苷和红景天苷的含量,建立了可以表征女贞子整体化学质量特征的HPLC指纹图谱,并利用相似度、主成分及聚类分析三种方法对指纹图谱特征进行分析。结果表明,不同产地女贞子中三种成分含量变化规律有差异。指纹图谱结果显示,虽然不同产地女贞子的化学成分种类一致,但整体质量特征具有一定差异,其中女贞苷、红景天苷及其他未知成分均作为主要因子参与了这种差异的表达。各产地女贞子的质量特征相互交叉,无明显区域性。因此,不同产地女贞子化学质量特征存在差异,现行的评价指标并不能真实反映其差异,其质量控制标准有待进一步完善。     

Heterogeneity of microtubules recognized by monoclonal antibodies to alpha-tubulin

A set of four monoclonal antibodies against tubulin (TU-01, TU-02, TU-03, and TU-04) were produced using pig brain microtubule protein as antigen. Their characterization shows that all recognize antigenic determinants located on the tubulin alpha-subunit. However, peptide mapping of isolated alpha-tubulin, followed by immunoblotting with the monoclonal antibodies, shows that the antigenic determinants are located on different peptide fragments in at least three cases. The immunoreactivity with tubulins from different cells and tissues, ranging from eukaryotic microorganisms to man, was studied by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. The antigenic determinants recognized by the antibodies are not uniformly distributed but, in some instances, are absent from tubulins of lower eukaryotic cells. These antibodies also make it possible to distinguish between different sets of microtubules within individual cells. Antigenically different microtubules are particularly evident in mouse spermatozoa and in some protozoa (T. vaginalis, H. muscarum, L. tropica, N. gruberi) possessing different sets of microtubules with different functions. These monoclonal antibodies can clearly identify the heterogeneity of tubulin or microtubules both from different organisms and within the same cell.     

Isopycnic banding of chromatin in chloral hydrate gradients

Chromatin from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells bands in chloral hydrate gradients at densities ranging from 1.40 to 1.60 g/cm³. The total chromatin after recovery from the gradient has a composition similar to that of native chromatin. Chloral hydrate does not dissociate the chromatin into its nucleic acid and protein components. The chloral hydrate is inert toward both the DNA and the histone, as indicated by the lack of influence either on the melting curves of the DNA, or on the electrophoretic patterns of the histones, when these substances are recovered from chromatin treated with chloral hydrate. The resolution of chromatin on the gradients reflects different buoyant densities of the chromatin, and this in turn, different protein to DNA ratios. Extraction of the histones from chromatin obtained from different regions of the gradients reveals differences in prevalence of at least two of the histone species, and provides evidence suggesting that different stretches of DNA in the genome may associate with different histones.     

Time-conditioned coordination of dehydrogenase activity in blood cells in infantile acute leukemia.

The correlation of enzymatic activities studied at different periods of time (lasting from several hours to several days) has been revealed in 39 children at different stages of acute leukemia and in 8 children suffering from other hematological diseases (Hodgkin's disease, Morbus Werlhof, reactive reticulosis). The correlation of activity of enzymes constituting different systems and arranged in different parts of cell organelles enables us to explain this phenomenon by a regulation on a higher level, viz. cytophysiological processes as a whole. The coordination of enzymes possible depends on the synchronism of enzymatic activity caused by the physiological process developing in the cell.     

Comparative evaluation of laser-based microarray scanners

Laboratories use different laser-based scanners to scan microarray images. To assess whether results from different scanners are comparable, and thus whether data from different laboratories can be compared, we scanned the same microarray slide with three commercial scanners that use different imaging techniques. After the acquisition of the microarray images produced by the three scanners, the images were quantified using a single imaging software package and protocol. The results were compared, and we found that the data obtained from the three scanners were comparable and that the variations caused by the use of different instruments were negligible, in spite of the fact that the scanners were based on different optical imaging techniques.     

泡囊丛枝（VA）菌根对玉米际磷酸酶活性的影响

以玉米为材料,利用三室隔网培养方法,研究了缺P土壤上施用植酸和卵磷脂时接种几种菌根真菌（Glomus mosseae,Glmous versiformea,Gigaspora margarita)对根际土壤酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的影响,玉米生长70d后,收获测定距根表不同距离土壤中的磷酸酶活性,结果表明,接种菌根真菌增加了根际土壤酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性,Gigaspora margarita菌根菌的作用大于其它2个菌极菌,不同P源对磷酸酶活性有明显影响。     

The Study of Surface Plasmon Resonance in Au-Ag-Au Three-Layered Bimetallic Nanoshell: The Effect of Separate Ag Layer

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties of Au-Ag-Au three-layered nanoshell are investigated theoretically using the quasi-static electricity. Triple-bands LSPRs have been observed in the absorption spectrum. Both the peak wavelength and intensity could be fine tuned by altering the thickness and radius of the separate Ag layer. The properties and physical origin of the LSPR in the Au-Ag-Au three-layered nanoshell is much different from that of Au-dielectric-Au three-layered nanoshell. The corresponding physical mechanism has been illustrated by plotting the local electric field patterns and analyzing the interaction of the surface charges from different metal interfaces. Although the LSPR of Au-Ag-Au three-layered nanoshell is affected by the plasmon hybridization from all metal surfaces, it has been found that the plasmon coupling in different metallic layer takes main effect on the LSPR properties of different absorption peaks. These results indicate that the different type of metallic layers appearing alternately in the multilayered nanoshells could create abundant tunable LSPR modes, which provides potential for multiplex biosensing based on LSPR.     

Heat-stable proteases from psychrotrophic pseudomonads: comparison of immunological properties.

A heat-stable extracellular protease from Pseudomonas fluorescens was purified by chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column and gel filtration on a Sephadex G100 column. The homogeneous enzyme preparation was used to prepare antiserum in rabbits. The rabbit antiserum was used to study the antigenic relatedness of proteases from 19 psychrotrophic pseudomonads isolated from raw milk. The inhibition of the proteases by the antiserum and the gel precipitin reactions revealed similar antigenic determinants in proteases from different isolates. Rabbit antiserum to the purified protease gave precipitin bands with antigens (proteases) from 10 different isolates. However, the same antiserum did not inhibit the protease activity in cell extracts of isolates T10, T13, and T24. By determining serological cross-reactions, proteases from psychrotrophic pseudomonads were shown to be different from one another.     

Heat-stable proteases from psychrotrophic pseudomonads: comparison of immunological properties

A heat-stable extracellular protease from Pseudomonas fluorescens was purified by chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column and gel filtration on a Sephadex G100 column. The homogeneous enzyme preparation was used to prepare antiserum in rabbits. The rabbit antiserum was used to study the antigenic relatedness of proteases from 19 psychrotrophic pseudomonads isolated from raw milk. The inhibition of the proteases by the antiserum and the gel precipitin reactions revealed similar antigenic determinants in proteases from different isolates. Rabbit antiserum to the purified protease gave precipitin bands with antigens (proteases) from 10 different isolates. However, the same antiserum did not inhibit the protease activity in cell extracts of isolates T10, T13, and T24. By determining serological cross-reactions, proteases from psychrotrophic pseudomonads were shown to be different from one another.     

泡囊丛枝(VA)菌根对玉米根际磷酸酶活性的影响

以玉米为材料,利用三室隔网培养方法,研究了缺P土壤上施用植酸和卵磷脂时接种几种菌根真菌(Glomus mosseae, Glmous versiformea, Gigaspora margarita)对根际土壤酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的影响.玉米生长70d后,收获测定距根表不同距离土壤中的磷酸酶活性.结果表明,接种菌根真菌增加了根际土壤酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性,Gigaspora margarita菌根菌的作用大于其它2个菌根菌.不同P源对磷酸酶活性有明显影响.     

Evaluation of a new body composition phantom for quality control and cross-calibration of DXA devices.

This study evaluated a new body composition phantom and its use for quality control and cross-calibration of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) instruments for measurements of body composition. We imaged the variable composition phantom (Lunar, Madison, WI) on eight different DXA devices. Deviations of up to 7% fat were observed when we compared the percent fat values measured by the different devices with the nominal values provided by the manufacturer. Absolute precision error of percent fat measurements for the phantom ranged from 0.6 to 0.8%. The phantom's percent fat values were also compared with whole body composition measurements from 130 female and male volunteers. The phantom detected differences in percent fat values that were similar to those found by comparing in vivo measurements with values from different DXA scanner models from the same manufacturer. When comparing different models of scanners from different manufacturers, such as the Hologic QDR-4500 and the Lunar DPX-IQ, the phantom showed a different relationship than was seen for patients. Therefore, corrections or comparisons based on the phantom data alone would be incorrect. In conclusion, the Lunar variable composition phantom is capable of accurately measuring the fat calibration of DXA devices and may be suitable for cross-sectional cross-calibration between scanners from the same manufacturer; however, for comparison of DXA scanners from different manufacturers, in vivo cross-calibration is still the only accurate method. The phantom may be used in longitudinal quality control to verify an instrument's temporal stability.     

Evaluation of two pairs of chiral stationary phases: effects from the length of the achiral spacers

Two pairs of chiral stationary phases (CSPs) with different C(2)-symmetric central parts were prepared and evaluated by chromatography of a series of structurally different racemates. Within each pair, the selectors on which the CSPs are based had different lengths of their achiral spacers. The CSPs based on selectors with short spacers showed higher enantioselectivity than the phases incorporating long spacers. On one pair of the phases, a study of the influence from different retention modifiers was performed for a series of benzodiazepinones. This demonstrated the importance of the polymer structure formed from the selectors with different spacer lengths for the enantiodiscriminating ability of the CSPs.     

Relevance of biofilm bacteria in modulating the larval metamorphosis of Balanus amphitrite

Natural microbial communities found on different substrata exposed to the marine environment, including barnacle shell surfaces, are reported to have varying influences on the settlement and metamorphosis of competent cypris larvae. Experiments were carried out to compare the influence of settlement-inducing compounds from the bacteria isolated from the shell surface of Balanus amphitrite on its larval metamorphosis. The effect of multispecies bacterial film was also assessed. The production of different molecules by the bacteria was influenced by the nutrient media under which they were grown. It was observed that the promotory multispecies bacterial film turned to inhibition mode in the presence of the adult extract of the barnacle, indicating that bacteria-adult extract interactions alter the synthesis of different compounds produced by bacteria. The studies also show that the waterborne and the surface-associated cues from the bacteria function differentially in mediating larval metamorphosis. Understanding the complexities involved in such interactions and identification of the factors governing them would be a step forward.     

Variation in the floral fragrance of Epidendrum ciliare (Orchidaceae)

Variation in floral fragrance compounds might be a pollination strategy that disrupts associative learning processes and inhibits pollinator's ability to recognize non-rewarding flowers. Floral fragrances of the nectarless, moth-pollinated Epidendrum ciliare (Orchidaceae) were obtained from plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Fragrances were collected by passive diffusion on tenax adsorbent and analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GUMS). The analysis was performed at six different levels: 1) by flower position on the same inflorescence; 2) by flower age on the same plant; 3) by position and age of the flower in the same plant; 4) by different shoots of the same plant; 5) by flowers from different plants; 6) and by plants from different populations. At no level of analyses were fragrances of sample pairs identical. The greatest similarity among fragrances was between flowers of the same plant. The most notable differences were between flowers of different populations. High levels of floral fragrance variation were consistent with the hypothesized deception pollination syndrome, but comparisons with reward-producing flowers remain to be done.     

草原地区不同生态类型的植物生理特性的比较研究

比较研究了４种不同水分生态型植物在不同水分胁迫下的光合作用、叶片含水量和气孔阻力等生理指标的反应。结果表明,不同水分生态型植物抵御干旱的机制是不同的。中生植物主要是通过增加气孔阻力限制蒸腾失水,而旱生植物则依靠高浓度的细胞原生质减少水分的散失,后者保水效率远高于前者。植物从中生种到旱生种,生理特性亦显示出规律性的种间差异,叶片含水量和气孔阻力水平降低,而单位叶面积的净光合速率增加。     

不同来源中国蜂胶水提物的化学组成及抗氧化性

本文研究了季节和地理来源对中国蜂胶水提物的化学成分和抗氧化性的影响。分别采集了来自山东、湖北和海南三个省份不同季节的蜂胶,采用改进的提取方法,得到蜂胶水提物(Water extract of propolis,WEP)。分光光度法测定了WEP的主要化学组成,普鲁士兰法和清除DPPH自由基活性法评价了WEP的抗氧化性。研究结果表明,中国WEP含有总酚和总黄酮等化学成分,具有较好的抗氧化性。季节对中国WEP化学成分和抗氧化性有显著影响。山东和湖北WEP化学成分比较接近,但同海南WEP有显著差异,抗氧化活性也显著强于海南WEP。不同产地和不同采收季节的中国WEP存在化学组成及生物活性多样性,在生产实践中需注意这一特性。     

Effects of 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP) intoxication on the nervous system of mammals and birds

The authors studied, for the first time, the effects of 3-acetylpyridine administration on the nervous system of birds. The results were compared with those obtained in a mammal not studied yet. The data achieved from the guinea-pig confirmed substantially those got from other mammals, particularly from the rat. They pointed out the constant toxic action caused by the above drug inoculation on the central nervous system. The effects on birds are quite different: 3-AP administration, even at different doses from those employed in mammals, seldom provokes lesions of the central nervous system and the appearance of alterations does not depend on the considered species.     

High-resolution gas chromatographic profiles of volatile organic compounds produced by microorganisms at refrigerated temperatures.

Three different strains of bacteria isolated from spoiled, uncooked chicken were grown in pure culture on Trypticase soy agar supplemented with yeast extract. The volatile organic compounds produced by each culture were concentrated on a porous polymer precolumn and analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatographic mass spectrometry. Twenty different compounds were identified. Both qualitative and quantitative differences in the chromatographic profiles from each culture were found.