糖蜜发酵生产丙酮丁醇的研究

分离选育出４株丙酮丁醇发酵菌种,分别编号为：ＣＬＳ．００１,００２,００３,００４,都属厌氧核状芽孢杆菌,它们可利用糖蜜发酵产生丙酮和丁醇。经正交试验,选出最佳发酵条件。分离株ＣＬＳ．００４在糖蜜浓度１０￣１５ＢＸ、３５￣３８℃、ｐＨ６．８￣７．２条件下,发酵总溶剂的生成率和糖利用率分别可达到３０％和８５％以上。     

丙酮丁醇梭菌发酵菊芋汁生产丁醇

对丙酮丁醇梭菌Clostridium acetobutylicum L7发酵菊芋汁酸水解液生产丁醇进行了初步研究。实验结果表明,以该水解液为底物生产丁醇,不需要添加氮源和生长因子。当水解液初始糖浓度为48.36 g/L时,其发酵性能与以果糖为碳源的对照组基本相同,发酵终点丁醇浓度为8.67 g/L,丁醇、丙酮和乙醇的比例为0.58∶0.36∶0.06,但与以葡萄糖为碳源的对照组相比,发酵时间明显延长,表明该菌株葡萄糖转运能力强于果糖。当水解液初始糖浓度提高到62.87 g/L时,发酵终点残糖浓度从3.09 g/L增加到3.26 g/L,但丁醇浓度却提高到11.21 g/L,丁醇、丙酮和乙醇的比例相应为0.64∶0.29∶0.05,表明适量糖过剩有助于C.acetobutylicum L7胞内代谢从丙酮合成向丁醇合成途径调节;继续提高水解液初始糖浓度,发酵终点残糖浓度迅速升高,丁醇生产的技术经济指标受到明显影响。     

玉米黄浆水在丙酮-丁醇厌氧梭菌发酵中的应用

为降低丙酮-丁醇厌氧梭菌发酵生产丁醇的成本,研究了不同添加量玉米黄浆水对发酵的影响。与葡萄糖培养基相比,在发酵培养基中添加少量玉米黄浆水对发酵产量无显著影响。当添加体积分数为25％的玉米黄浆水时,丙酮、丁醇和乙醇的最终质量浓度分别是0．31、2．70和8．00g/L,总溶剂量为11．01g／L。通过成本核算,每生产1kg溶剂,添加体积分数25％的玉米黄浆水可比葡萄糖培养基节约成本2．11元。     

木薯发酵产丁醇的研究

对丙酮丁醇梭菌发酵木薯产溶剂进行研究,分别考察了N源、木薯含量、酶处理条件和培养基pH对发酵产丁醇的影响。结果表明：最佳的产丁醇发酵培养基为木薯粉120g／L,乙酸铵6g／L;木薯粉先用高温淀粉酶按酶量20U／g、90℃水解60min,再糊化30min;发酵初始pH为6．0,发酵96h。在此条件下,5L发酵罐中丁醇产量达到13．5g／L,总溶剂达到22．8g／L。     

高丁醇比丙酮丁醇梭菌的选育与应用

设计了专一性分离方法,从土样中分离了多株能产生溶剂的梭苗,经多次单细胞分离、纯化,再经亚硝基胍和甲基磺酸乙酯诱变和抗性筛选,获得几株高丁醇的丙酮丁醇梭菌。对高产菌株的性状稳定性、发酵过程、混合原料应用、温度的影响进行了研究。结果证明菌株性状稳定,丁醇产量为总溶剂的７０％;过程为典型的丙酮丁醇发酵,对温度可耐受到３９－４０℃;能利用玉米和薯干,玉米和高梁进行正常发酵。菌株已在百吨生产罐,连续应用一年     

丁酸胁迫耦联丙酮丁醇梭菌-酿酒酵母混合培养强化丁醇发酵性能

为改善丁醇发酵性能,提出丁酸胁迫与丙酮丁醇梭菌-酿酒酵母混合培养体系协同作用的新型丁醇发酵优化控制策略.7L发酵罐中,在溶剂生产期(24 h)添加4.0 g/L-broth的丁酸浓缩液和0.2 g-DCW/L-broth的酿酒酵母进行发酵,丁醇浓度、丁醇/丙酮比和总溶剂生产效率与对照相比分别提高35％、43％和79％,达到15.74 g/L、2.83和0.52 g/L/h的最高水平.若将精馏后溶剂混合物作为高效柴油添加剂,柴油添加剂中B∶A∶E比例可达74∶17∶9(w/w)的高水平,产品质量获得显著改善.试验及分析阐明该优化控制策略可大幅诱发赖氨酸的分泌及在梭菌中的吸收/利用,提高梭菌对高丁醇浓度环境的耐受能力,促进丁醇合成;可强化梭菌对底物利用的竞争能力、提高电子往复穿梭传递系统中还原力再生速率、产生更多用于丁醇合成的NADH.两者的协同作用大幅提高了丁醇发酵的整体性能.     

丙酮丁醇梭菌XY16丁醇发酵特性

以诱变选育的1株突变菌株丙酮丁醇梭菌XY16为对象,对影响该菌发酵特性的相关因素(N源、生长因子、热激)进行研究。结果显示:无机N源乙酸铵比其他N源更有利于丙酮丁醇的发酵,玉米浆或玉米蛋白可以直接替代生长因子进行丙酮丁醇发酵,热激可以提高总溶剂产量,最高可以达到21.28 g/L。该菌还可以同时利用葡萄糖和木糖,当葡萄糖利用完后,木糖才能被有效利用。     

添加有机酸对Clostridium acetobutylicum合成丙酮和丁醇的影响

为提高丙酮-丁醇梭菌厌氧发酵生产丙酮和丁醇的能力,在发酵过程中添加有机酸（乙酸和丁酸）,考察其对菌体生长、溶剂合成影响。实验表明：当添加1.5 g/L乙酸时能够促进菌体的生长,促进丙酮的合成,在600 nm处的最大OD值比参照值高出18.4%,丙酮的最终质量分数提高了21.05%,但不能促进丁醇的合成;当添加1.0g/L丁酸时能够促进菌体生长,促进丁醇的合成,在600 nm处的最大OD比参照值高22.29%,丁醇的最终质量分数比对照组提高了24.32%,但不能促进丙酮的合成。     

利用甜菜糖蜜补料发酵生产丁醇

从土壤中分离出1株适合利用甜菜糖蜜发酵生产丁醇的丙酮丁醇梭菌(Clostridium acetobutylicum)2N,通过优化发酵条件,得到最适发酵温度为33℃,玉米浆最适添加量为15g/L,发现甜菜糖蜜中还原糖质量浓度高于50g/L时影响菌株的生长和溶剂生产。以补料分批发酵方式降低底物抑制,33℃发酵48h后,丁醇和总溶剂的质量浓度分别达到14.15g/L和19.65g/L,丁醇质量分数超过70%。     

一株拜氏梭菌利用甘蔗废糖蜜发酵生产丙酮丁醇

以甘蔗废糖蜜作为原料,利用Clostridium beijerinckii DSM 6422菌株进行丙酮丁醇发酵的初步研究.结果表明:采用H2SO4预处理糖蜜,初糖质量浓度60 g/L,(NH4)2SO4 2g/L,CaCO3 10 g/L,温度30℃,pH 5.5～7.0,接种量6％(体积分数),在5L发酵罐中发酵培养96 h,总溶剂产量为16.17 g/L,其中丁醇质量浓度为10.07 g/L,总溶剂产率为30.2％,糖利用率为89.3％.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.