抗增殖蛋白2：一种线粒体和细胞核之间的重要媒介

抗增殖蛋白2 (prohibitin2, PHB2)是抗增殖蛋白(prohibitin, PHB)家族中的重要成员,是主要定位于线粒体内膜的多功能蛋白质,对维持线粒体形态和功能的稳定具有重要作用,同时也是细胞内稳态和细胞分化的重要调节因子。随着对PHB2的深入研究,已发现PHB2是一种线粒体和细胞核之间重要的媒介。PHB2是细胞中必不可少的,它直接参与多种细胞进程并发挥重要作用,如调节转录因子的转录活性、调节细胞的分化与凋亡、维持线粒体形态和功能的稳定、调节姐妹染色单体的结合、神经细胞的修复和再生、轴突的发育形成和增强细胞氧化应激耐受性。近年来,PHB2在病理生理学中的作用及其在疾病治疗中的药靶地位受到高度重视。本文对PHB2研究的最新进展进行综述。     

肥大细胞在动脉粥样硬化形成中的作用

动脉粥样硬化,是冠心病的病理基础,被认为是一种慢性炎症性疾病,涉及如巨噬细胞和T淋巴细胞等许多炎性细胞。肥大细胞是一种重要的免疫细胞,其功能主要是在超敏反应方面的作用。有病理学研究表明:肥大细胞在动脉粥样硬化斑块周围表达增加,这表明肥大细胞可能与疾病的进展有关。最近的研究表明,肥大细胞在动脉粥样硬化中确实起着重要的作用。本文通过总结肥大细胞在动脉粥样硬化形成中的作用,为在疾病进程中,通过调节肥大细胞功能来改善动脉粥样硬化的这种治疗方式的可能性提供依据。     

Notch信号通路对干细胞分化的影响

干细胞的增殖分化受到自身或外在、远程或近程多种信号通路的调控,而细胞之间的相互通讯在此过程中起到重要作用。Notch通路就是通过相邻细胞之间相互通讯调控细胞分化的重要信号通路之一,众多研究显示,该通路的活化在干细胞分化过程中发挥了重要调节作用,本文就此相关研究进展作一简要综述。     

缺氧环境下自噬对肠黏膜屏障的影响

肠黏膜屏障是机体屏障系统的重要组成部分,可有效阻止肠道寄生菌及其毒素向肠腔外组织移位,防止机体受内源性微生物及其毒素的侵害.自噬在各种生命活动中发挥着重要作用.在缺血缺氧等应激状态下,自噬对细胞存活、清除细胞内衰老细胞器等起重要作用.缺氧可诱导自噬.多数情况下自噬被认为是细胞的一种保护作用,然而在某些条件下细胞过度自噬也能导致细胞凋亡.肠黏膜屏障损伤的研究是目前医学研究领域的一个重要课题,本文就自噬在缺氧环境下对肠黏膜屏障的影响做一综述.     

肥大细胞在动脉粥样硬化形成中的作用

动脉粥样硬化,是冠心病的病理基础,被认为是一种慢性炎症性疾病,涉及如巨噬细胞和T淋巴细胞等许多炎性细胞。肥大细胞是一种重要的免疫细胞,其功能主要是在超敏反应方面的作用。有病理学研究表明：肥大细胞在动脉粥样硬化斑块周围表达增加,这表明肥大细胞可能与疾病的进展有关。最近的研究表明,肥大细胞在动脉粥样硬化中确实起着重要的作用。本文通过总结肥大细胞在动脉粥样硬化形成中的作用,为在疾病进程中,通过调节肥大细胞功能来改善动脉粥样硬化的这种治疗方式的可能性提供依据。     

From growth to cell cycle control.

How does a quiescent cell decide to re-enter the cell cycle and start replicating its DNA? What controls cell proliferation? These are fundamental questions that have to be solved in order to understand the mechanisms of oncogenesis. Some recent data have provided clues about how signal transduction pathways may be connected to the cell cycle. A protein kinase cascade starting from the membrane growth factor receptor is thought to be involved in transducing extracellular stimuli to the master switches of the cell cycle control machinery. The recently identified extracellular-signal regulated kinases (ERKs) appear to play an important role in this pathway. Expression of cyclins, which are regulatory subunits of the universal cell cycle oscillator cdc2, may also be controlled through this kinase cascade. The products of tumor suppressor genes Rb and p53 also play an important role in regulating cell proliferation by interfering with the cell cycle pathway. Here, I will review and discuss the importance of these different new results.     

ICE, neuronal apoptosis and neurodegeneration

Significant progress has recently occurred in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms mediating vertebrate programmed cell death, or apoptosis. New advances in this field have stemmed from the identification of ICE (caspase-1) as the founding member of the mammalian caspase cell death family. Apoptotic cell death plays an important role in neuronal cell death. Both in vitro and in vivo evidence implicates ICE as an important factor in neuronal apoptosis, especially under pathological conditions. In addition, other caspases, such as caspase-3, have also been shown to be activated and may play a role in pathological neuronal loss. Understanding the basic mechanisms mediating cell death in neurodegenerative disease may lead to the development of novel approaches for the treatment of diseases featuring apoptosis.     

The Maurer's clefts of Plasmodium falciparum: parasite-induced islands within an intracellular ocean

It is suggested that Maurer's clefts, membranous structures observed within the cytoplasm of Plasmodium-falciparum-infected human erythrocytes, play an important role in trafficking virulence proteins from the parasite to the surface of the host cell. How they fulfil this role, however, still is unclear. A recent study by Bhattacharjee et al. now suggests that the clefts function as the major conduit through which parasite-encoded proteins pass before entering the host cell. In this article we comment on the significance of this information in our understanding of the novel 'extracellular' secretory pathway of this important human pathogen.     

P13K—Akt—mTORC1信号途径在细胞生长增殖中的调控作用

P13K-AKT—mTORCl信号途径在细胞生长增殖中起重要调控作用,P13K-Akt—mTORl信号途径能够调节细胞周期相关蛋白基因的表达来调控细胞的增殖;同时,P13K—Akt-mTORl信号途径也能够调控细胞的生长和大小;P13K-Akt-mTORCl信号途径的异常活化与肿瘤发生紧密相关。就P13K—AKT-mTORCl信号途径在细胞生长增殖中的作用作一综述。     

Role of p62 in the regulation of cell death induction

p62 is a multifunctional adaptor protein implicated in various cellular processes. It has been found to regulate selective autophagy, cell survival, cell death, oxidative stress, DNA repair and inflammation, and to play a role in a number of diseases, such as tumourigenesis, Paget’s disease of bone, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, and obesity. Cell death induction is an important cellular process. The dysregulation of cell death induction is involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration diseases, and diabetes. In this review, we discuss the functional role of p62 in inducing cell death in response to multiple stimuli, and we summarize the potential signaling pathways that contribute to this regulation. Given the important role of p62 in regulating cell death, p62 is considered to be a reasonable target for managing cell death dysregulation-related pathogenic conditions. A better understanding of the role of p62 and its related mechanisms in regulating cell death is necessary for the more precise utilization of p62 as a target for treating relevant diseases.     

Apoptosis: a mitochondrial perspective on cell death

Mitochondria play an important role in both the life and death of cells. The past 7-8 years have seen an intense surge in research devoted toward understanding the critical role of mitochondria in the regulation of cell death. Mitochondria have, next to their function in respiration, an important role in apoptotic signaling pathway. Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death important in the development and tissue homeostasis of multicellular organisms. Apoptosis can be initiated by a wide array of stimuli, including multiple signaling pathways that, for the most part, converge at the mitochondria. Although classically considered the powerhouses of the cell, it is now understood that mitochondria are also "gatekeepers" that ultimately determine the fate of the cell. Malfunctioning at any level of the cell is eventually translated in the release of apoptogenic factors from the mitochondrial intermembrane space resulting in the organized demise of the cell. These mitochondrial factors may contribute to both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent processes in apoptotic cell death. In addition, several Bcl-2 family members and other upstream proteins also contribute to and regulate the apoptosis. In this review, we attempt to summarize our current view of the mechanism that leads to the influx and efflux of many proteins from/to mitochondria during apoptosis.     

酵母过氧化物酶体的形成机制

过氧化物酶体是细胞中一种重要的细胞器.过氧化物酶体在细胞功能的发挥和人体健康方面有着重要作用.目前,以酵母过氧化物酶体为模型,研究过氧化物酶体的形成机制是研究热点.从过氧化物酶体起源、生成方式介绍最新研究进展,总结在酵母细胞中参与过氧化物酶体形成的必需基因(pex),及其编码Peroxin蛋白在过氧化物酶体形成过程中的...     

BAFF在自身免疫性疾病方面的研究进展

自身免疫性疾病的特征是B细胞耐受丧失,B细胞激活因子（B cell activating factor belonging to theTNF family,BAFF）通过与受体结合,对B细胞的增殖、存活起重要作用。BAFF转基因小鼠易出现自身免疫性疾病。因此,拮抗或抑制BAFF的表达可能是治疗自身免疫性疾病的靶点。本文主要对BAFF在自身免疫性疾病方面的研究进展进行综述。     

The Hippo pathway: a renewed insight in the craniofacial diseases and hard tissue remodeling

The Hippo pathway plays an important role in many pathophysiological processes, including cell proliferation and differentiation, cell death, cell migration and invasion. Because of its extensive functions, Hippo pathway is closely related to not only growth and development, but also many diseases, including inflammation and cancer. In this study, the role of Hippo pathway in craniofacial diseases and hard tissue remodeling was reviewed, in attempting to find new research directions.     

卵磷脂与细胞周期

卵磷脂作为哺乳动物细胞膜结构组成的重要成分,在细胞增殖过程中表现出周期性的变化.卵磷脂生物合成和分解代谢中关键酶的共同作用调节卵磷脂的变化规律,尤其是CTP:磷酸胆碱胞苷转移酶和非钙依赖的磷脂酶A2在其中起着非常重要的调节作用.在简述卵磷脂在细胞周期中的变化规律的基础上,详细阐述了卵磷脂周期性变化规律的调节机理,并就卵磷脂和细胞周期的关系及其重要生物学意义与相关疾病发生关系进行了探讨.     

转录因子与造血调控

血细胞生成是一个极其复杂的过程,转录因子在这个过程中起到了重要的调控作用。而转录因子的表达具有阶段和细胞系特异性。在造血干细胞的增殖和分化、髓系和淋巴系细胞等的成熟过程中,众多转录因子既相互作用又表现出各自的特异性。转录因子数目较多,该文仅就一些与造血细胞分化、成熟相关的转录因子近年来的研究进展作一介绍。     

TCR基因重排在蕈样肉芽肿诊断中的应用

T细胞在成熟过程中通过T细胞表面受体基因重排,从而具有特异性识别抗原的能力,在这一过程中的任何失调都会导致疾病。蕈样肉芽肿是由于淋巴细胞的恶性增殖所导致的,病变组织表现出T细胞受体基因重排克隆性。通过Southern印迹分析技术和PCR技术来检测T细胞受体基因重排。T细胞受体基因重排的检测在蕈样肉芽肿的诊断的应用上有重要的参考价值。     

Conserved Ser/Arg-rich motif in PPZ orthologs from fungi is important for its role in cation tolerance

PPZ1 orthologs, novel members of a phosphoprotein phosphatase family of phosphatases, are found only in fungi. They regulate diverse physiological processes in fungi e.g. ion homeostasis, cell size, cell integrity, etc. Although they are an important determinant of salt tolerance in fungi, their physiological role remained unexplored in any halotolerant species. In this context we report here molecular and functional characterization of DhPPZ1 from Debaryomyces hansenii, which is one of the most halotolerant and osmotolerant species of yeast. Our results showed that DhPPZ1 knock-out strain displayed higher tolerance to toxic cations, and unlike in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Na(+)/H(+) antiporter appeared to have an important role in this process. Besides salt tolerance, DhPPZ1 also had role in cell wall integrity and growth in D. hansenii. We have also identified a short, serine-arginine-rich sequence motif in DhPpz1p that is essential for its role in salt tolerance but not in other physiological processes. Taken together, these results underscore a distinct role of DhPpz1p in D. hansenii and illustrate an example of how organisms utilize the same molecular tool box differently to garner adaptive fitness for their respective ecological niches.