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1.
Summary Electrical stimulation (five minutes) of the olfactory tract in Clarias batrachus results in total degranulation of the neurons of the pars magnocellularis (PMC), while a ten-minute treatment is required for degranulation of the entire nucleus preopticus (NPO). The preoptico-neurohypophysial tract (PNT) and neurohypophysis (NH) of these animals are feebly stained. By 15 minutes of stimulation the neurosecretory material (NSM) is depleted from the entire system; only a few granules may be present in the PNT and NH. A delay for 30 minutes after a 15-minute stimulation causes restoration of NSM in the NH and PNT, while a 60-minute delay results in a higher degree of accumulation of NSM.
Zusammenfassung Eine 5 min dauernde elektrische Stimulierung des Tractus olfactorius von Clarias batrachus bewirkt eine vollständige Entgranulierung der sekretorischen Neurone der Pars magnocellularis nuclei praeoptici (PMC), während für die Entgranulierung des ganzen Nucleus praeopticus (NPO) eine Stimulierungsdauer von 10 min erforderlich ist. Die Neurosekretfärbung des Tractus praeoptico-neurohypophyseus (PNT) und der Neurohypophyse (NH) fällt bei diesen Versuchstieren mäßig aus. Nach 15 minütiger Stimulierung ist das färbbare Material (NSM) im ganzen neurosekretorischen System weitgehend abgebaut; nur noch wenige Granula finden sich im PNT und in der NH. Eine Ruhephase von 30 min, die auf eine 15 minütige Stimulierung folgt, führt zum Wiederauftreten des NSM in der NH und im PNT, während nach einer 60 minütigen Pause die Menge des NSM weiter zunimmt.相似文献
2.
Two neurosecretory centers, nucleus preopticus (NPO) and nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT), are distinguished in the hypothalamus of Clarias batrachus L. The cell bodies of NPO are grouped into nucleus preopticus magnocellularis (NPM) and nucleus preopticus parvocellularis (NPP). The NLT is recognised into three divisions: pars rostralis, pars medialis and pars ventrolateralis. The neurons of both the NLT and NPO are aldehyde-fuchsin (AF) positive. The axons from NPO run into four or five bundles ventrolaterally and caudally for some distance before all of them from either side join ventromedially into a single thick cord of neurosecretory fibers which finally enters the pars intermedia to form the neurointermediate lobe. The fibers from NLT, which are separate from the neurosecretory fibers of the NPO, anastomose in the region of the pars distalis. The neurosecretory material (NSM) of NPO is transported by axonal route whereas that of NLT is by axonal as well as ependymovascular pathways. Hypophysectomy results in the increase of AF-positive material in the neurons of NPO shortly after the operation, but later on, the material begins to deplete in them. The AF-positive material at the cut end of neurosecretory fibers, however, accumulates. The AF-positive material in the cell bodies of NLT is also depleted, but the nuclei increase in size, after hypophysectomy. 相似文献
3.
The annual reproductive cycle of the catfish, H. fossilis (Bloch) is divided into the preparatory period (February-April), the prespawning period (May-June), the spawning period (July-August) and the postspawning period (September-January). During the early postspawning period (September-November), the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-ovarian system shows a gradual regression. In January, the hypothalamic nuclei, the pars magnocellularis (PMC), the pars parvocellularis (PPC) of the nucleus preopticus (NPO), and the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) show renewed activity, as shown by a significant increase in their nuclear diameters and an accumulation of neurosecretory material (NSM) in their cell bodies. The hypophysis and the ovary remain quiescent. During the preparatory period, all the hypothalamic neurons studied indicate decreased activity but simultaneously show an accumulation of NSM in their cell bodies. The number of granulated basophils in the proximal pars distalis (PPD) of the hypophysis remains low but ovarian weights increase, presumably due to the multiplication of oogonia. In the prespawning period, there is a marked accumulation of NSM in the cell bodies of the hypothalamic neurons and at the same time the number of granulated basophils in the PPD of the hypophysis dramatically increases with concomitant increase in vitellogenic activity in the ovary. During the spawning period, the hypothalamic neurons continue to store NSM in their cell bodies and simultaneously there is a tremendous increase in the number of granulated basophils in the PPD of the hypophysis and the ovary has a large proportion of yolky primary oocytes. Spawning is associated with a significant degranulation of the granulated basophils in the PPD of the hypophysis. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to the environmental and hormonal regulation of seasonal ovarian activity. 相似文献
4.
The hypothalamoneurohypophysial complex of Clarias batrachus maintains an appreciable quantity of neurosecretory material (NSM) under normal conditions. Stress caused by the injection of formalin depletes 70-90% of the stainable NSM from all the component parts of the neurosecretory system, namely the nucleus preopticus (NPO) the neurosecretory tract, and the neurohypophysis. Formalin apparently releases the NSM and stimulates the neurons of the NPO. Chlorpromazine (CPZ) treatment seems to cause quantitative increase of NSM throughout the neurosecretory complex. Simultaneous injection of CPZ and formalin showed that the formalin-induced depletion of NSM could be inhibited by CPZ. 相似文献
5.
The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial (HN) complex of Macrognathus aculeatus is described with the help of in situ staining technique and tissue sections. Bulk stained preparations provide a three-dimentional view of the entire HN complex. The nucleus preopticus (NPO) which is oval in the ventral view appears boat-shaped in the cross sectional view of the in toto stained brain. But it is in the form of an inverted L in median parasagittal section. Both pars magnocellularis and parvocellularis contribute fine fibers towards the formation of the right and the left main tracts which are composed of groups of loosely set bundles of axons. Unlike the earlier reported cases the main tract in this species runs lateral to the pituitary axis and independently enters it at the level of the proximal pars distalis without forming a common neurosecretory tract which is a feature not yet well known. In situ demonstration of the neurosecretory system in M. aculeatus has clearly revealed certain complex features which are difficult or impossible to understand through reconstruction studies of tissue sections. Extension of such in situ staining techniques to other species of teleosts may provide a wide variety of variations in the distributional patterns of their neurosecretory tracts which might throw additional light on the function and evolution of this system. 相似文献
6.
Summary The horseradish-peroxidase (HRP) technique was used to visualize the cell bodies of axons projecting to the goldfish pituitary. Following intravenous injections of HRP, HRP reaction products were observed in axons of the rostral pars distalis, proximal pars distalis, neurointermediate lobe, pituitary stalk and in axons coursing from the pituitary into the hypothalamus. HRP-labelled cells in the brain were localized in two regions only — the nucleus preopticus (NPO) pars magnocellularis and pars parvocellularis, and the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) of the hypothalamus. These observations suggest that the NPO and NLT are the source of the neurosecretory innervation of the goldfish pituitary. 相似文献
7.
Summary The nucleus praeopticus (NPO) is located on both sides of the preoptic recess and is composed of a pars parvocellularis and a pars magnocellularis. Only in the rainbow trout does the pars magnocellularis consist of separately located medium-sized cells and very large cells. Cytologically, three cell types can be distinguished: 1) unipolar cells ending in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 2) bipolar cells also ending in the CSF and forming an axon, and 3) multipolar cells which generally do not have a direct connection with the ventricle.Axons originate from the cell bodies forming the paired preopticohypophysial tract that runs along the border of the diencephalon and the optic tract. A considerable number of NPO fibers leading to the hypophysis makes close contact with the cell bodies of the pars lateralis of the nucleus lateralis tuberis, indicating a functional relationship. Most NPO fibers terminate in the caudal part of the neurohypophysis, around blood capillaries and at the basal lamina of the pars intermedia. Far fewer fibers appear to terminate near the boundary of the neurohypophysis and the rostral and proximal pars distalis.The nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) is located in the caudal hypothalamus, beginning at the rostral end of the horizontal commissure and extending caudally beyond the hypophysial stalk. It consists of the partes rostralis, medialis, lateralis and ventrolateralis. In both species the p. rostralis contains small subependymal neurons and some larger ones. Only in the p. medialis of the Atlantic salmon are large cells present. In both species the most prominent part is the p. lateralis, which consists solely of large cells. Cells situated between the p. medialis and the p. lateralis are grouped in the p. ventrolateralis. It was impossible to trace the axons originating in the NLT, since the cyto- and axoplasm could not be stained specifically.The structure of the NPO and NLT in the two salmonid species is compared with that of other teleosts. 相似文献
8.
N N Vasilevski? T P Shliafer Z Z Tel' 《Zhurnal evoliutsionno? biokhimii i fiziologii》1975,11(1):77-83
Vocal reactions of hens are realized via nucleus intercollicularis, nucleus mesencephalicus, nucleus isthmi (pars principalis magnocellularis), nucleus isthmi (pars principalis parvocellularis), formatio reticularis and other midbrain structures. These findings indicate a widespread representation of vocal centre in the midbrain of hens. Functional properties of these structures are different. Intercollicular and dorsal mesencephalic nuclei exhibit higher excitability as compared to isthmic nuclei and the reticular formation. Vocal reactions depend on the parameters of the electrical stimuli. The increase in the amplitude and frequency of stimulation facilitates vocal reaction and changes its pattern. 相似文献
9.
Dr. H. J. Th. Goos R. de Leeuw C. de Zoeten-Kamp J. Peute S. Blähser 《Cell and tissue research》1985,241(3):593-596
Summary The distribution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) immunoreactivity was studied in the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, by means of immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques. Immunoreactive neurons were found throughout the preoptic nucleus (NPO). However, only a portion of the secretory perikarya in the NPO showed a positive reaction by use of an anti-LHRH serum. Numerous immunoreactive fibres were found to enter the pituitary and to terminate in its proximal pars distalis, the site of concentration of the gonadotropic cells. Since GnRH is present in the brain and pituitary of the African catfish, the lack of spontaneous ovulation in captivity is apparently due to an insufficient release of GnRH. 相似文献
10.
Summary Cells immunoreactive with an anti-LHRH serum were visualized in the brain of the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, by means of the PAP technique. Positive cells were found in a periventricular position in the nucleus praeopticus pars magnocellularis, the nucleus dorsomedialis thalami, the nucleus ventromedialis thalami, the nucleus periventricularis posterior, and in the periventricular dorsomedian tegmentum. These cells were frequently observed to contact the CSF. 相似文献
11.
The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial complex of Ailia coila is well demonstrated with the help of in situ staining procedure. Both pars magnocellularis and pars parvocellularis components of the nucleus preopticus contribute to the formation of the right and the left main neurosecretory tracts. Anterior one third of these tracts are loosely set and posteriorly they became more compact. From the posterior two thirds of the main tracts several pairs of lateral tracts were given off which join at the midline to form the paired median tracts. The median and the main tracts jointly enter the pituitary as the common tract. The common tract on entering the pituitary often divides into two or more branches and enter the pars intermedia independently. The rostral pars distalis is least innervated by the neurosecretory axons. Since the proximal pars distalis has varying amount of AF-positive cells, and the pars intermedia has the bulk of the neurosecretory axons both these regions are stained dark in the in situ preparations. Bulk preparations provide a clear topographic picture of the entire neurosecretory system, which is very difficult to visualise in tissue sections and in their reconstructions. 相似文献
12.
Masafumi Amano Nanami Mizusawa Kataaki Okubo Noriko Amiya Kanta Mizusawa Hiroaki Chiba Naoyuki Yamamoto Akiyoshi Takahashi 《Cell and tissue research》2014,356(1):243-251
The stress-related corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) was first identified by isolation of its cDNA from the brain of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. CRH cDNA encodes a signal peptide, a cryptic peptide and CRH (41 amino acids). The sequence homology to mammalian CRH is high. Next, the distribution of CRH-immunoreactive (ir) cell bodies and fibers in the brain and pituitary were examined by immunohistochemistry. CRH-ir cell bodies were detected in several brain regions, e.g., nucleus preopticus pars magnocellularis, nucleus preopticus pars gigantocellularis and formatio reticularis superius. In the brain, CRH-ir fibers were distributed not only in the hypothalamus but also in various regions. Some CRH-ir fibers projected to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) cells in the rostral pars distalis of the pituitary and also the α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) cells in the pars intermedia of the pituitary. Finally, the neuroanatomical relationship between the CRH neurons and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons was examined by dual-label immunohistochemistry. CRH-ir fibers were found to be in close contact with GnRH-ir cell bodies in the hypothalamus and in the midbrain tegmentum and GnRH-ir fibers were in close contact with CRH-ir cell bodies in the nucleus preopticus pars magnocellularis. These results suggest that CRH has some physiological functions other than the stimulation of ACTH and α-MSH secretion and that reciprocal connections may exist between the CRH neurons and GnRH neurons in the brain of the Japanese eel. 相似文献
13.
Abstract
- 1 The hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system in the Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) has been studied with special reference to changes during the period prior to fall migration.
- 2 In September the supraoptic and paraventricular cells were found to be considerably larger with substantial amounts of aldehyde fuchsin positive neurosecretory material (NSM) accumulating in the perikaryon. Large amounts of the NSM were found also in the anterior median eminence and pars nervosa.
- 3 Towards migration time (November), the cells in the hypothalamic nuclei contained very little NSM. A marked decline in the amount of NSM was also seen in the anterior median eminence and probably in the pars nervosa too.
- 4 The release of NSM toward migration time has been discussed as an important event in the sequence of events that control and regulate migratory activity.
14.
The distribution of galanin (GAL)-like immunoreactivity was investigated in the brain and pituitary of the "four-eyed" fish, Anableps anableps. GAL-immunoreactive (GAL-ir) perikarya were located in the area ventralis telencephali pars supracommissuralis, nucleus preopticus periventricularis, nucleus preopticus pars parvocellularis, nucleus preopticus pars magnocellularis, nucleus lateralis tuberis ventralis, nucleus lateralis tuberis lateralis, and nucleus lateralis tuberis posterior. A few scattered, GAL-ir neurons were also observed in or adjacent to the nucleus recessus lateralis, nucleus recessus posterioris and lobus facialis (VII). GAL-ir fiber networks were widespread in the brain, with a comparatively higher density in the ventral telencephalic, preoptic and infundibular regions. The neurohypophysis showed GAL-ir innervation and there were GAL-ir cells in the adenohypophysis. The presence of GAL-ir cells in the hypothalamus and in the pituitary is an important asset for the supposed role of GAL-like peptide in neuroendocrine regulation of brain and pituitary functions. 相似文献
15.
Summary Immunoreactivity to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotropic hormone (GTH) was studied at the light-microscopical level in the brain and pituitary of rainbow trout at different stages of the first reproductive cycle using antisera against synthetic mammalian GnRH and salmon GTH. GnRH perikarya were localized exclusively in the preoptic nucleus, both in the pars parvicellularis and the pars magnocellularis. A few somata contacted the cerebrospinal fluid. Not all neurosecretory cells were GnRH-positive, indicating at least a bifunctionality of the preoptic nucleus. We recorded no differences between sexes or stages of gonadal development in the location of GnRH perikarya, whereas gradual changes were found in staining intensity during the reproductive cycle. GnRH fibres ran from the partes parvicellularis and magnocellularis through the hypothalamus and merged into a common tract at the transverse commissure before entering the pituitary. In the pituitary, GnRH was localized in the neural tissue of the neurointermediate lobe and, to a lesser extent, in the neural protrusions penetrating the proximal pars distalis. The bulk of GTH-positive cells was situated in the proximal pars distalis. Some cells were found more rostrally amidst prolactin cells or in the neurointermediate lobe. Only a limited number of GTH cells appeared to be in close contact with GnRH-positive material. 相似文献
16.
燕雀上纹状体腹侧尾核对发声和呼吸的调制效应及其纤维联系 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
在乌拉坦麻醉的鸣禽燕雀(Fringillamontifringilla)上,观察电刺激上纹状体腹侧尾核(HVc)对发声和呼吸的影响,随后在HVc内注入CB-HRP溶液,研究HVc的中枢联系。结果如下:(1)电刺激HVc的不同区域都引起鸣叫反应。(2)长串电脉冲刺激HVc,产生明显的呼吸易化效应,表现为增频增幅的呼吸。(3)吸气期用短串电脉冲刺激HVc,产生吸气切断效应;刺激落位于呼气相,可使该呼气时程明显延长,以配合鸣叫,然后转变为增频增幅的呼吸。(4)CBHRP法表明,HVc投射到古纹状体粗核和嗅叶X区,HVc接受新纹状体前部大细胞核内侧部、新纹状体中部界面核、端脑听核-L区、丘脑葡萄形核及脑桥蓝斑核的传入投射。提示HVc除控制发声外,尚参与呼吸易化的调制。HVc对发声及呼吸的特异性影响,可能在鸣叫与呼吸的协调机制中起重要作用。 相似文献
17.
Specific, fluorescent, subependymal perikarya were found in the pars anterior of the paraventricular organ (PVOpa), in the nucleus recessus lateralis (NRL) and in the nucleus recessus posterioris (NRP). No fluorescent perikarya were present in the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT). Fluorescent nerve tracts connect the PVOpa and the NRL with the NRP, and interconnect the paired NRP. The nucleus preopticus (NPO) and the NLT receive a large input of aminergic nerve fibers. The monoaminergic nuclei are well vascularized, and their vascular plexes seem to be connected. A capillary plexus is situated dorsal to the NRP and exhibits no contact with the pituitary. It is surrounded by the prominent fluorescent tracts connecting the aminergic nuclei. 相似文献
18.
To ascertain the role of neuropeptides on the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of a fish in osmotically different environments,
an immunohistochemical study of oxytocin (OXT), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was carried
out on the anadromous salmonoid fish,Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis, commonly known as Ayu. River fish caught were acclimatized in a freshwater aquarium, half of them being subsequently kept
as a control group and the remainder being transferred to a sea water aquarium, through 1/3 diluted sea water, as an experimental
group. OXT-like immunoreactivity as demonstrated in the neurosecretory pathway, having the same pattern was that shown by
aldehyde fuchsin staining. Noticeably, a mass of nucleus preopticus (NPO) and a marginal portion of the pars nervosa in the
control group became strongly immunoreactive, whereas a very weak reaction was obtained in the sea water-retained fish, suggesting
the release of the labelled substance. In the latter, NPY-like substance was widely distributed in the brain without NPO,
with the positive substance being dense in the terminal rami of the pars nervosa bordering the pars distalis. However, no
remarkable difference in GnRH-like and NPY-like immunoreactivities in the hypothalamo-hypophysial system was apparent between
the two groups. These results suggested that OXT (probably isotocin)-like substance may play a role in osmoregulation. 相似文献
19.
Fornai F Lenzi P Gesi M Soldani P Ferrucci M Lazzeri G Capobianco L Battaglia G De Blasi A Nicoletti F Paparelli A 《Journal of neurochemistry》2004,88(1):114-123
Mice treated with the psychostimulant methamphetamine (MA) showed the appearance of intracellular inclusions in the nucleus of medium sized striatal neurones and cytoplasm of neurones of the substantia nigra pars compacta but not in the frontal cortex. All inclusions contained ubiquitin, the ubiquitin activating enzyme (E1), the ubiquitin protein ligase (E3-like, parkin), low and high molecular weight heat shock proteins (HSP 40 and HSP 70). Inclusions found in nigral neurones stained for alpha-synuclein, a proteic hallmark of Lewy bodies that are frequently observed in Parkinson's disease and other degenerative disorders. However, differing from classic Lewy bodies, MA-induced neuronal inclusions appeared as multilamellar bodies resembling autophagic granules. Methamphetamine reproduced this effect in cultured PC12 cells, which offered the advantage of a simple cellular model for the study of the molecular determinants of neuronal inclusions. PC12 inclusions, similar to those observed in nigral neurones, were exclusively localized in the cytoplasm and stained for alpha-synuclein. Time-dependent experiments showed that inclusions underwent a progressive fusion of the external membranes and developed an electrodense core. Inhibition of dopamine synthesis by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alphaMpT), or administering the antioxidant S-apomorphine largely attenuated the formation of inclusions in PC12 cells exposed to MA. Inclusions were again observed when alphaMpT-treated cells were loaded with l-DOPA, which restored intracellular dopamine levels. 相似文献
20.
C. D. Notenboom J. C. Garaud J. Doerr-Schott M. Terlou 《Cell and tissue research》1981,214(2):247-255
Summary With the aid of an indirect immunofluorescence technique neurones containing a gastrin-like substance were identified in the brain of Salmo gairdneri. The perikarya of these neurones appear to be located along the periventricular part of the nucleus lateralis tuberis between the hypophysial stalk and the most rostral tip of the saccus vasculosus. The fibres of these perikarya run rostrally toward the hypophysis, where they can be followed in the protrusions of the neurohypophysis into the proximal pars distalis. Here the bundle of immunoreactive fibres divides into numerous smaller bundles and into single fibres. Immunohistochemical specificity tests have shown this immunoreactive substance to belong to the gastrin group, sharing an antigenic determinant with cholecystokinin (CCK) and pentagastrin (common aminoacid sequence Trp-Met-Asp-Phe). A possible function of these gastrin (or CCK)-containing neurones in the rainbow trout is discussed. 相似文献