黄海和东海营养盐分布及其对浮游植物的限制

根据1997～1999年黄海和东海4个季节的现场调查资料,分析探讨了黄海、东海的营养盐分布特征及其对浮游植物生长的限制状况．结果表明,在长江口以东及其东北部海域终年存在一个范围很大的营养盐高值区．分析表明,这些营养盐主要来自长江冲淡水的扩展及苏北沿岸流的输送．此外,还获得了1998年长江流域特大洪水期间,迄今被观测到的长江冲淡水中营养盐的最大扩展范围,计算并研究了黄海、东海上层水中Si／N／P比值,结果表明,黄东海上层水中Si／N比值较高,Si不会成为黄东海浮游植物生长的限制因子;但在南黄海南部尤其是西南部、东海近岸及长江口以东海域,N／P比值很高(>30),说明与一般海洋环境的情况不同,黄海、东海有很大一部分海域浮游植物的生长受磷限制,而不是受氮限制．     

Copepod communities related to water masses in the southwest East China Sea

The East China Sea is characterized by a complex hydrographic regime and high biological productivity and diversity. This environmental setting in particular challenged a case study on the use of mesozooplankton community parameters as indicators of water masses. In order to reveal spatial patterns of zooplankton communities during summer, a large scale oceanic transect study was conducted. Two transects were taken in the southwest East China Sea region, covering for the first time the China shelf, slope, and the estuaries of the Yangtze river and of the Minjiang river, the northern Taiwan Strait, and the Kuroshio Current region. A total of 77 copepod species were quantified. Copepod abundance was significantly higher in the estuary of the Yangtze River runoff mixture waters and lowest at the Kuroshio Current Region. The calanoid Parvocalanus crassirostris was the most frequently occurring and abundant species retrieved from 27 samples of a total of 39 samples. The use of multivariate cluster analysis separated the Mainland China Shelf from the northern Taiwan Strait and the Kuroshio Current Region at the first hierarchical level. The use of an indicator value method (IndVal) associated with each cluster of stations revealed characteristic species assemblages. Two hierarchical levels defined 4 assemblages within geographical sectors representing copepod assemblages of the Kuroshio Current Region, of the northern Taiwan Strait and the southern China Shelf near the estuary of the Minjiang River and northern stations near the estuary of the Yangtze River. Overall, there was a strong correspondence between the distribution of certain copepod species and water masses. Differences between the Mainland China shelf, the northern Taiwan Strait and the Kuroshio Current Region were characterized by differences in species composition and abundance. Water mass boundaries in the study area were exclusively indicated by distinct differences in species composition, emphasizing a correlation between copepod communities and water masses of the southwest East China Sea in summer.     

Production studies in the Mackenzie River — Beaufort Sea estuary

Summary Production studies were carried out in the Mackenzie River/Beaufort Sea estuary during the summer of 1986. Results indicate that there were two plankton communities. One was located near the river mouth and was characterized by high dissolved organic carbon, high bacterial activity and a community of amphipods. The second community was associated with high phytoplankton production off shore and with a community of copepods, hydromedusae and ctenophores. The offshore marine/oceanic community was quantitatively much more productive than the near shore bacterial community during the summer months.     

Zooplankton distribution and diversity in a frontal area of the Aegean Sea

This study was carried out in the northern Aegean Sea during late summer and spring. The aim was to examine the spatial and temporal distribution of the zooplankton community across a dynamic frontal area and to investigate how the oceanographic heterogeneity structures the composition of the zooplankton assemblages. The low-salinity and cold Black Sea water coming from the Dardanelles Strait is modified by mixing with the underlying warm and saline Aegean water. These hydrological features result in a pronounced thermohaline front in the northern Aegean Sea throughout the year. In both seasons, zooplankton was collected using both 45 and 200 µm mesh plankton nets. A high abundance of zooplankton was observed in the surface layer at the stations closest to the Dardanelles Strait on the stratified side of the front. The zooplankton distribution and community structure in the northern Aegean Sea were strongly influenced by the hydrological features. The frontal structure acts as a boundary for the zooplankton community. The surface layer at the stratified stations had the lowest copepod diversity, from where it increased with depth and horizontally as the stratification weakened outside of the front. The total abundance of zooplankton collected with the 200 µm net was between two and 20 times lower than samples taken with the 45 µm net. The most pronounced differences were observed for the adults and copepodids of the small genera Oithona, Oncaea and Microsetella. Thus, to manage and understand the transfer of primary production up the food chain in the Aegean Sea, the smaller fraction of copepods should be taken into account in future investigations.     

Taxonomy, biology and abundance of icefishes, or noodlefishes (Salangidae), in the Yellow River estuary of the Bohai Sea, China

Four species of icefishes were sampled in the Yellow River estuary of the Bohai Sea from April 1984 to April 1985 and from February 1988 to June 1989. Morphological analysis showed that they belonged to three subfamilies of Salangidae: one species from Protosalangicae, Protosalanx chinensis ; two species from Salanginae, Salanx ariakensis and Salanx prognathus ; and one species, Neosalanx andersoni , from Salangichthyinae, a new subfamily. External morphological characteristics, population composition, growth, maturity, food habits, longevity, fecundity, abundance and distribution of these icefishes are described. Based on these analyses, a clear outline of taxonomy, zoogeography aod biology of icefishes in the Yellow River estuary of the Bohai Sea was established.     

渤海江豚种群现状初探

渤海是黄渤海江豚种群的重要分布区,但是有关该区域江豚的种群数量的资料极其匮乏。2015年至2016年,采用截线抽样法在渤海水域开展了6个航次的目视调查,收集了渤海江豚的分布数据,首次评估了区域内的江豚种群数量,为制定有效的渤海江豚种群生态保护策略提供了基础资料。调查结果显示,在2015年8月、2016年5~7月、9月和11月进行的6个调查航次共计8972 km的有效航程中,发现江豚87次、136头次。江豚在渤海各海湾和中部水域都可观察到;14:00-18:00时段、离岸15~35km范围内较易观察到江豚;黄河口外、秦皇岛东北侧老龙口和莱州外沿岸河口水域,江豚出现频次较多。各季节中,以5月在黄河口外20~40km范围内发现江豚的频次和数量最多。采用Distance 7.0软件估算渤海江豚种群数量,其中探测概率分别取值0.399、0.85和1时,渤海江豚种群数量估算值分别为7883头（CV=0.21）、3701头（CV=0.21）和3124头（CV=0.21）,对应的种群密度分别为1.441头/km2、0.066头/km²和0.056头/km²,均低于已报道的南黄海和日本海江豚种群相应值。受海上天气、调查条件和经验所限,本文估值可能存在偏差,但限于渤海江豚历史资料缺乏的现状,本文的结果对于认识渤海江豚的种群状况仍具有重要参考意义。     

2008年浒苔大暴发末期黄海小型底栖动物现存量及空间分布

在2008年夏季浒苔暴发末期,对黄海33个站位(其中冷水团中22个,浒苔暴发区域9个)进行了小型底栖动物现存量、分布及沉积环境研究.结果表明:在浒苔灾害严重的南黄海区域,沉积物中的粉砂-粘土含量较往年(2007年)有明显增加;沉积物中叶绿素a和脱镁叶绿素a含量在大多区域较2007年变化不大,但在苏南至长江口近岸海域的含量有明显降低.所获的16个小型底栖动物类群的垂直分布及各类群对现存量的贡献较往年未见明显差异.小型底栖动物平均丰度为(1375±793)ind·10 cm-2,生物量为(1203±707)μg·10cm-2.黄海小型底栖动物总体现存量较2007年低约1/3,并在浒苔暴发区域下降尤为明显,而南黄海冷水团海域则略有上升,由此导致南黄海的小型底栖动物现存量分布呈现从中央冷水区向外围减小的反常现象;相较于此,在浒苔灾害影响较小的北黄海则呈从冷水区向外围增加的趋势.统计分析显示,浒苔暴发区域的小型底栖动物丰度与盐度呈正相关,与叶绿素a含量不相关.浒苔的暴发对近岸的小型底栖生物现存量产生了明显的抑制,但导致小型底栖动物现存量降低的主要因素并非缘于饵料匮乏,而更可能是浒苔暴发后的沉积与降解过程产生的影响所致.     

A comparison of reproduction in co-occurring chthamalid barnacles, Chthamalus stellatus (Poli) and Chthamalus montagui Southward

Reproduction in Chthamalus montagui Southward and Chthamalus stellatus (Poli) has been compared along gradients of wave exposure and tidal height. The proportion of barnacles carrying egg masses was greatest at low shore levels in both species, although the difference between levels was more pronounced in C. stellatus. Both species were found to breed between the beginning of May and the end of September. The mean number of broods released per season in both species ranged from 1.0 to 2.1 at high shore levels, from 2.2 to 3.2 at mid shore levels, and from 2.6 to 4.4 at low shore levels. C. stellatus predominated low on the shore at an intermediately exposed site and on the mid and low shore at the most exposed site. At these places it produced more broods per year than C. montagui. Development of the embryos of the two species was complete after 3 wk in vivo at 15°C. Eggs containing embryos of C. stellatus were larger than those of C. montagui, and within each species, larger barnacles produced larger eggs. Egg masses of C. stellanus included more eggs than those of C. montagui. Brood size in both species was greatest in shelter and least in exposure. Egg production was, however, similar in the two species when adjusted for differences in body mass. Egg production per unit body mass was greatest at an intermediately exposed site.     

北海区海洋生态灾害的主要类型及分布现状研究

本文将海洋生态灾害定义为局部海域一种或少数几种海洋生物数量过度增多引起的海洋生态异常现象,包括赤潮、绿潮、水母旺发和外来种入侵等,根据相关研究及调查资料,探讨了北海区赤潮、绿潮、水母、外来生物入侵等生态灾害发生特点及趋势。结果表明,北海区赤潮和绿潮灾害频发,影响面积较大,渤海北部秦皇岛附近海域赤潮灾害严重,黄海西部山东半岛近岸海域浒苔绿潮灾害严重;水母灾害呈上升趋势,对人体健康威胁较大,北海区滨海城市都曾发生过水母蛰伤致死案例;黄河三角洲区域米草和泥螺入侵扩展速度较快。面对这些海洋生态灾害巨大威胁,北海区亟需加强海洋生态灾害防控研究。     

黄海生态区保护空缺分析

黄海生态区是世界自然基金会筛选出来的全球最优先保护的43个海洋生态区之一。目前, 我国已在黄海生态区内建立多处海洋保护地, 有效保护了其海洋生态系统及生物多样性。然而我国海洋保护地管理和建设中仍有许多问题, 存在较多保护空缺区域。因此, 完善黄海生态区内的海洋保护地建设是非常关键的。本文利用空缺分析法研究了黄海生态区内的重要滨海湿地、关键物种以及重点海域, 以识别保护空缺理论图斑, 从而提出新建保护地的提议。根据空缺分析结果, 黄海生态区内的主要保护空缺为辽河口湿地、曹妃甸海草床、天津塘沽和黄骅湿地、胶东半岛湿地、舟山群岛等。建议优化整合黄河口海洋保护地, 扩大或新建斑海豹(Phoca largha)、勺嘴鹬(Eurynorhynchus pygmeus)保护地, 并加强对东亚江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri)以及小须鲸(Balaenoptera acutorostrata)的调查研究, 以形成更有效的海洋保护地网络。     

Morphology and germination characteristics of the cysts of Chattonella ovata (Raphidophyceae), a novel red tide flagellate in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

To elucidate the mechanism of bloom outbreaks of Chattonella ovata (Raphidophyceae), we investigated the cysts of C. ovata and succeeded in finding them from the bottom sediments of Hiroshima Bay. The morphology of the cysts was mostly hemispherical in shape, with a diameter of ca. 30 μm and height of ca. 20 μm. The cysts were usually adhering to solid materials, such as diatom frustules, yellow-greenish in color and had several dark brown grains. The cyst wall was smooth and had no ornamentation. Because the morphological characteristic of the cysts was in general agreement with those of Chattonella antiqua and Chattonella marina, it was difficult to differentiate the cysts of these three species. Germination of the cysts of C. ovata was observed at temperatures from 17.5 to 30 °C, but not at 15 °C or below. The number of the germinated cysts increased with increasing temperature and the optimum temperature for germination was 30 °C. Although cysts of C. antiqua and C. marina germinated at temperatures from 15 to 30 °C, optimum temperature of germination was 22.5 °C. The lower limit and optimum temperatures for germination of C. ovata cysts was higher than for C. antiqua and C. marina. The role of cysts in the population dynamics of C. ovata is discussed.     

Spatial, seasonal and species variations of harmful algal blooms in the South Yellow Sea and East China Sea

The occurrences of harmful algal blooms (HABs), in terms of frequency and area in the Chinese coastal waters, have been increasing since 1980s and caused considerable economic losses. In the present study, we have analyzed spatial and seasonal characteristics of HAB events in the southern Yellow Sea and East China Sea along Chinese coast from 1933 to 2004. With a total 435 HAB records, the most frequent HAB occurrence area (FHA) is off the Yangtze River mouth and another two FHA areas are located south of the Yangtze River estuary along about isobaths of 30–60 m coastal water in the East China Sea. The time of HAB occurrence shifted during our study period: from autumn (August–October) before 1980s to July–August in 1980s, during May–July in 1990s, and May–June for the period of 2000–2004. Causative species were found to be different: Noctiluca scintillans and Skeletonema costatum were dominant causative species prior to 2000; and Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu was dominant from 2000 to 2004 and also caused large blooms in May. Trichodesmium sp. caused many HABs in autumn (August–October) prior to 1980s with only one HAB between 1980 and 2004. The changes of the dominant HAB species may have affected the timings of HAB occurrence, as well as the increasing HAB-affected areas in recent years.     

春季赤潮频发期东海微型浮游动物摄食研究

2002年4～5月在东海长江口及其邻近水域的8、11、14、23和28号5个典型站位采样。用现场稀释法对春季东海水域浮游植物的生长率和微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力等方面进行了研究．结果表明,微型浮游动物的摄食行为在东海赤潮过程起到关键作用．各站位微型浮游动物主要以急游虫、红色中缢虫和夜光藻为主,在种类上砂壳纤毛虫是主要的类群．微型浮游动物的摄食速率范围在0．28～1．13d-1,对浮游植物现存量的摄食压力范围在35．14％～811．69％。对浮游植物潜在初级生产力的摄食压力范围在74．04％～203．25％,对浮游植物碳的摄食率范围在9．58～97．91μg·L-1·d-1,靠近岸边的站位,微型浮游动物的摄食速率、对浮游植物现存量的摄食压力和对浮游植物碳的摄食率相对较高。而远离岸边的站位对浮游植物潜在初级生产力的摄食压力却较高．与世界其它海区比较此水域微型浮游动物摄食压力处于较高水平．急游虫是控制东海主要赤潮原因生物具齿原甲藻生长的关键种类．     

黄海夏季虾类群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

根据2014年8月在黄海进行的渔业资源和环境综合调查数据,应用相对重要性指数、生物多样性指数和多元统计分析等方法对黄海夏季虾类群落结构及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究.结果表明： 本次调查共捕获虾类20种,隶属于3目10科16属.各调查站点虾类相对资源丰度为13～45047 g·h^-1,平均资源丰度为6838 g·h^-1.优势种为脊腹褐虾,常见种为中华安乐虾,偶见种为戴氏赤虾、葛氏长臂虾、口虾蛄.各站点多样性指数(H)变化范围为0.007～1.538,平均值为0.391;丰富度指数(D)变化范围为0.101～1.138,平均值为0.374;均匀度指数(J)变化范围为0.006～0.947,平均值为0.298.等级聚类分析(Cluster)与非度量多维标度分析(MDS)表明,调查范围基本以45 m等深线为界将所有站点分成两个组群：冷水团组群(Ⅰ)和沿岸组群(Ⅱ),ANOSIM分析表明两组群差异极显著.BIOENV分析表明,影响黄海夏季虾类群落空间结构的最主要环境因子是底层水温与底层盐度.黄海夏季虾类群落以冷水团组群占绝对优势,黄海冷水团对黄海夏季虾类群落的分布格局具有决定性的影响.     

Fish assemblage structure in the East China Sea and southern Yellow Sea during autumn and spring

Based on bottom trawl surveys in autumn 2000 and spring 2001, the fish assemblage structure in the southern Yellow Sea and the continental shelf of the East China Sea was analysed. Four groups of fishes were identified for each season by the two-way indicator species analysis (TWIA). Although seasonal migration caused a slight difference in fish assemblages between autumn and spring, two major groups of fishes, corresponding to the Yellow Sea and East China Sea were identified. Inshore and offshore groups were subsequently separated. Changes in water depth may be most important in the separation of the groups in the offshore waters of the East China Sea. Temperature affected the groupings between north and south, particularly in the central part of the Yellow Sea. Here, the cold water mass affected the species composition which was low in diversity and different from the other areas.     

Trace fossils as indicators of environmental change in Holocene sediments of the Archipelago Sea, northern Baltic Sea

Biogenic structures in Holocene sediments from the Archipelago Sea, northern Baltic Sea, were characterized through the analysis of X-ray images of four cores collected from water depths between 32 and 66 m. In the area, initial colonization of endobenthic invertebrates occurred at 7800 ± 80 calendar years BP. The trace assemblage at this level is low-diversity, small-diameter, shallowly tiered, and Palaeophycus-dominated; rare Arenicolites are also observed. Early colonization coincides with increasing marine influence in the post-glacial lacustrine setting just before the dramatic onset of brackish-water conditions established after 7600 BP. The post-incursion brackish-water assemblage possesses a higher diversity of traces (Planolites, Arenicolites, Lockeia, Teichichnus), which is taken to reflect the enhanced salinity and trophic state of the basin. The shift from Palaeophycus-mottling to a Planolites-dominated fabric represents changed behavioural patterns in the endobenthic community due to changed substrate properties. The ethology of the succeeding trace assemblage also represents a switch from domicile-based activities, such as predation, scavenging and interface-dominated deposit feeding to shallow-tier deposit feeding. Finally, traces are excluded from thinly laminated intervals, demonstrating that seafloor oxygen deficiency commonly reached levels that were detrimental to colonization of the sediment substrate.     

Larval fish production in the tidal River Elbe 1985–1986

In 1985 and 1986 ichthyoplankton composition was studied during seven sampling series at 37 stations along the tidal Elbe and its tributary rivers between Hamburg harbour and the North Sea. The highest larval density was observed in May and April. No, or very few, larvae occurred from late summer to early spring. Smelt (59% on average of all samples) and twaite shad (20%) dominate in the freshwater region. Herring/sprat (17%) dominate in the estuary. All major spawning grounds are located along the southern shore. Smelt spawn further upstream 1 month earlier than twaite shad. Three percent of all larvae found were flounder. Most of them occurred upstream from the estuary in the R. Este and in other tributary rivers. It is not clear whether flounders are able to spawn in freshwater. Attention is drawn to the fact that an unknown but probably very high percentage of the ichthyoplankton is entrained by local power plants.     

黄渤海甲壳类的分类多样性

为了解黄渤海甲壳类的分类多样性特征, 我们统计了2010-2015年中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所调查捕获的黄渤海甲壳类(软甲纲: 十足目与口足目)物种名录。结合历史文献, 进一步系统整理得到黄渤海甲壳类物种总名录。基于这2个名录, 应用分类阶元包含指数(the inclusion index at taxonomic level, TINCL_i)、平均分类差异指数(average taxonomic distinctness index, Δ⁺)和分类差异变异指数(variation in taxonomic distinctness index, Λ⁺)研究了其分类多样性特征。结果显示: 2010-2015年调查名录中, 甲壳类共93种, 隶属于2目39科66属, 其中10种为新分布种; 对虾科、藻虾科、长臂虾科、梭子蟹科和弓蟹科的物种数最多, 合计占总物种数的38.71%; TINCL_i分别为1.41种/属和2.38种/科; Δ⁺和Λ⁺分别为50.25和35.20。总名录中, 甲壳类共228种, 隶属于2目53科123属, 其中藻虾科、豆蟹科、对虾科、弓蟹科和鼓虾科的物种数最多, 合计占总物种数的30.70%; TINCL_i分别为1.85种/属和4.30种/科, Δ⁺和Λ⁺分别为50.18和30.87。对虾科的相对丰富度指数(the relative richness index, R_r)最高(100), 其次是梭子蟹科(71.43)和长臂虾科(62.50), 豆蟹科最低(6.25)。黄渤海甲壳类的平均分类差异指数(Δ⁺)明显小于鱼类(P < 0.05)。2010-2015年调查的Δ⁺计算值高于理论值, 且在理论值的95%置信区间内, 说明黄渤海甲壳类群落正处在中等程度的干扰中。     

黄海特定断面夏秋季大型底栖动物生态学特征

根据2001年8月和2002年8、9、10月共4个航次,在黄海特定断面的10个站采集到的大型底栖动物样品,采用相对重要性指数、物种多样性指数、物种均匀度指数、物种丰度指数,Bray-Curtis相似性系数聚类分析和MDS标序等方法,分析了该区域大型底栖动物的生态学特性。调查共得到定量样品36个,经分析鉴定有大型底栖动物182种,其中多毛类环节动物54种,软体动物29种,甲壳动物66种,棘皮动物17种,其它类群生物16种。相对于邻近海区,物种丰富度指数较小,物种多样性指数相似,均匀度指数较高;各航次中4、5号站种数明显较少,而生物量和栖息密度没有表现出一定的规律性。通过该断面大型底栖动物的研究发现,可将研究区域的大型底栖动物群落分为沿岸广温性群落、温带性群落和暖水性群落,各群落结构保持相对稳定性;主要底栖动物种类组成在2001年和2002年出现较大变化,而在2002年的8、9、10月的种类组成保持相对稳定。     

Molecular analysis of green-tide-forming macroalgae in the Yellow Sea

In the summer of 2008, free-floating green algae bloomed in the Yellow Sea. Samples were collected in a wide area (119°32′-122°00′E, 32°25′-36°49′N). We calculated the sequence divergences of nuclear ITS, chloroplast rbcL, and psbA data of free-floating samples collected from the Yellow Sea and Ulvaceae from Europe and Japan. In the ITS sequence, 19 out of the 21 Yellow Sea samples of 2008 were identical to those of a sample taken at Qingdao in 2007. A low divergence (0.2%) was found in remaining two samples. Similar evidence was shown by pairwise distances of rbcL and psbA gene sequence data, implying the uniformity of the Yellow Sea blooms in 2007 and 2008. The ITS sequence of the Yellow Sea samples differed 8.1-10.8% from free-floating Enteromorpha or Ulva reported worldwide. ITS-based molecular phylogenetic results and rbcL sequence data grouped the free-floating alga in the Yellow Sea into one clade with Enteromorpha procera, Enteromorpha linza and Enteromorpha prolifera. Furthermore, both morphological characteristics and ribotype network of the ITS sequences imply that the blooming algae in 2007 and 2008 were E. prolifera. The haplotypes of the Yellow Sea free-floating E. prolifera are closely related to those from the Japanese coast but less to European and American algae.