采自东北地区的四个粉褶蕈属中国新记录种（英文）

本文报道了采自东北地区的4个粉褶蕈属Entoloma中国新记录种,双孢粉褶蕈E.bisporigerum,灰蓝粉褶蕈E.caesiellum,美丽粉褶蕈E.formosum以及浅盖粉褶蕈E.pallidocarpum。根据本文所研究的标本材料提供了它们的详细描述和显微结构图。     

碱紫漏斗伞——中国伞菌一新记录种（英文）

根据国内采集的标本,通过形态研究和ITS序列分析,鉴定确认了在我国分布的1个伞菌新记录种:Infundibulicybe alkaliviolascens[碱紫漏斗伞(新拟汉语学名)]。该种菌盖为黄褐色至褐色;菌褶长延生,具分叉,褶间具网纹;菌柄与菌盖同色或稍浅;担孢子7.0-9.0(-9.5)×4.5-5.0(-5.5)μm;与漏斗伞属其他近缘种的主要区别是其子实体组织遇KOH溶液呈紫色。文中对这个种的中国标本进行了详细描述,目前已明确在北京、青海、四川和云南均有分布,而其实际分布范围可能更为广泛。     

中国环柄菇类真菌新组合（英文）

在中国真菌志编研中,作者发现有必要对其中几种环柄菇类真菌进行必要的分类处理。根据形态特征和部分ITS和n LSU序列分析结果,本文提出6个新组合,即红鳞囊小伞Cystolepiota squamulosa、暗色锥鳞环柄菇Lepiota ompnera、黑鳞白环蘑Leucoagaricus atrosquamulosus、滴泪白环蘑Leucoagaricus lacrymans、雪白小白环蘑Leucoagaricus nivalis和紫红白环蘑Leucoagaricus purpureoruber。     

海南岛粉褶蕈属（粉褶蕈科，伞菌目）一新种

近漏斗形粉褶蕈Entoloma subinfundibuliforme为一新种,其显著特征是子实体中到大型,杯伞状,菌盖漏斗形,菌褶延生,担孢子4-5(-6)角,近等径,无囊状体和锁状联合。模式标本保存于广东省微生物研究所标本馆(GDGM)。     

云南省文山地区木腐菌真菌资源多样性研究（英文）

本研究于2017–2021年在云南省文山地区进行了5次实地调查,共采集木腐真菌标本2 923号。采用经典分类学方法开展了该地区采集标本的准确鉴定,并编制了木腐真菌完整名录。采用最大似然法、最大简约法和贝叶斯推理法对研究标本的ITS nrRNA基因序列构建系统发育树,剖析分类单元的聚类关系及物种间的系统发育关系。研究结果揭示该地区共报道木腐真菌104种,隶属于5目18科55属。其中多孔菌目为优势目(占总数的51.92%),多孔菌科为优势科(占总数的24.04%),木齿菌属为优势属(占总数的12.50%)。     

中国山西省大型木材腐朽菌多样性研究（英文）

2004–2016年对山西省8个保护区和森林公园天然林中的木材腐朽菌进行了真菌资源调查,共采集木生真菌标本1 000余号,基于对这些标本的研究,鉴定出木生真菌160种,分属于77个属,38个种为山西省首次报道。此外Antrodiella onychoides和Phlebiopsis pilatii为中国新记录种,本文提供了这2个种的详细描述、ITS序列和n LSU序列。     

西双版纳植物区系资料（1）

1.版纳柿 新种 图1 Diospyros xishuangbannaensis C. Y. Wu et H. Chu, sp. nov. Proxima D. martabanicae Clarke, sed flore (?) singulari, corolla breviore, staminibus 8, endospermio laevigato differt; a D. pilosula (A. DC.) Hiern foliis subtus persaepe dense pubescentibus, nervis lateralibus utrinsecus 10—15, tertiariis utrinque conspicuis, flore (?) 5-mero, flore (?) singulari, antheris attcnuatoovatis apice acutis differt.     

中国长喙天蛾属一新种及一新纪录种记述（鳞翅目：天蛾科）

记述产自海南、广西的长喙天蛾属Macroglossum Scopoli,1777 1新种:朱氏长喙天蛾Macroglossum chui Pan Han sp.nov.,以及1中国新纪录种:斜带长喙天蛾Macroglossum clemensi Cadiou,1998,提供了种的鉴别特征、成虫和外生殖器图。     

A cytolytic protein from the edible mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus

Aqueous extracts of the edible mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, contain a substance that is lytic in vitro for mammalian erythrocytes. The hemolytic agent, pleurotolysin, was purified to homogeneity and found to be a protein lacking seven of the amino acids commonly found in proteins. In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate it exists a monomers of molecular weight 12 050 whereas under non-dissociating conditions it appears to exist as dimers. It is isoelectric at about pH 6.4. The sensitivity of erythrocytes from different animals correlates with sphingomyelin content of the erythrocyte membranes. Sheep erythrocyte membranes inhibit pleurotolysin-induced hemolysis and the inhibition is time and temperature dependent. Ability of membranes to inhibit hemolysis is abolished by prior treatment of membranes with specific phospholipases. Pleurotolysin-induced hemolysis is inhibited by liposomes prepared from cholesterol, dicetyl phosphate and sphingomyelin derived from sheep erythrocytes whereas a variety of other lipid preparations fail to inhibit. It is concluded that sphingomyelin plays a key role in the hemolytic reaction.     

Utilization of lignocellulosic waste by the edible mushroom,Pleurotus

Lignocellulosic waste represents huge amounts of unutilized renewable resource. The use of the polysaccharides in the lignocellulosic complex is limited due to their high lignin content. White rot fungi are capable of selectively degrading lignin, thereby upgrading it. The focus of this article is on the potential utilization of edible mushrooms of the genus Pleurotus, via solid state fermentation, using cotton plant stalks as a substrate. This material poses agrotechnical problems since the stalks have a fibrous structure similar to that of hardwood. Potential uses for this material are as a fuel in rural areas, a substrate for mushrooms, an animal feed and substrate for paper making. In this study, degradation of cotton stalks by Pleurotus is described using chemical analyses and scanning electron microscopy. During four weeks of solid state fermentation, lignin content significantly decreased and in vitro digestibility was increased. The fermentation product was consumed by ruminants at a level of up to 40% of their diet.     

Renoprotective chemical constituents from an edible mushroom,Pleurotus cornucopiae in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity

Pleurotus cornucopiae (Pleurotaceae) is an edible and medicinal mushroom widely distributed in Korea, China, and Japan. The MeOH extract of the fruiting bodies of P. cornucopiae showed renoprotective effects against cisplatin-induced kidney cell damage. Chemical investigation of the MeOH extract led to the isolation and identification of 12 compounds including noransine (1), uridine (2), uracil (3), (3β, 5α, 6β, 22E, 24S) -ergosta-7, 22-diene-3, 5, 6, 9-tetrol (4), (22E,24S)-ergosta-7,22-diene-3β,5α,6β-triol (5), (22E,24R)-ergosta-8(14),22-diene-3β,5α,6β,7α-tetrol (6), cerebroside B (7), (2R) -N- [(1S, 2R, 3E, 7E) -1- [(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy) methyl] -2-hydroxy-8-methyl-3, 7-heptadecadien-1-yl] -2-hydroxy-heptadecanamide (8), cerebroside D (9), nicotinamide (10), 1,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-4,5-dimethoxybenzene (11), and benzoic acid (12). Among them, compounds 1 and 11 were isolated as naturally occurring products for the first time, though they were reported as synthetic products in previous papers. All of the compounds (except 8 and 11) abrogated cisplatin-induced LLC-PK1 cell damage in a dose-dependent manner. Of special note, compounds 2, 5, 6, and 12 ameliorated cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity to 80% of the control value at 10 μM. The protective effects of compounds 2, 5, 6, and 12 were mediated via the deactivation of JNK-caspase 3 apoptotic cascade. This study is the first to demonstrate that the chemical constituents of P. cornucopiae display renoprotective effects against anticancer drug-induced damage in kidney cells.     

Extracellular enzyme production during anamorphic growth in the edible mushroom,Pleurotus sajor-caju

Cultivation of mushrooms on lignocellulosic wastes represents a cost-effective organic recycling process. Pleurotus sajor-caju grown on cotton-waste produced relatively low levels of three components of the cellulase complex namely cellobiohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.91), CMCase (EC 3.2.1.4) and -glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) with specific activity values of 10.0, 71.4 and 21.6U (mg protein)–1 respectively after 15days. Higher specific activity was registered in alkali-treated cotton with 15.6, 83.4 and 56.1U (mg protein)–1 respectively after 20days. Lower levels were noted on rubber-tree sawdust substrate with specific activity values of 0.28, 0.62 and 0.75U (mg protein)–1 for the respective enzymes after 28–35days growth. The maximum production of xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) of 0.63U (mg protein)–1 occurred after 20days while a relatively higher level of the phenoloxidase enzyme, laccase (EC 1.14.18.1) of 27.4U (mg protein)–1 (maximum) was found after 35days. Laccase, the activity of which is associated with morphogenesis, increased with mycelial growth, peaked at maximum growth and thereafter decreased rapidly. This could prove important commercially in timing the end of spawn-run in preparation for initiation of fruiting.     

A ribonuclease with antimicrobial, antimitogenic and antiproliferative activities from the edible mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju

A 12 kDa ribonuclease preferential for poly U and with much lower activity toward poly A, poly G and poly C was isolated from fresh fruiting bodies of the mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju. A purification procedure involving ion exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Red-Sepharose and Heparin-Sepharose, and fast protein liquid chromatography-gel filtration on Superdex 75 was used. The ribonuclease was adsorbed on all of the first three types of chromatographic media. It exhibited some activity toward herring sperm DNA and calf thymus DNA. The ribonuclease activity was unaffected in the presence of KCl (10 and 100 mM) and NaCl (100 mM and 1 M), but was strongly inhibited by CuSO4 (0.01 and 0.1 mM) and less potently inhibited by other divalent salts including MgCl2, CaCl2, ZnCl2, ZnSO4 and FeSO4. The optimal pH was 5.5 and the ribonuclease was stable up to 60 degrees C for 1 h. The ribonuclease inhibited mycelial growth in the fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Mycosphaerella arachidicola with an IC50 value of 95 and 72 microM, respectively. Out of the 12 species of bacteria tested, only Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were inhibited in growth by the ribonuclease. Viability of the tumor cells HepG2 (hepatoma) and L1210 (leukemia) was reduced with an IC50 of 0.22 and 0.1 microM, respectively in the presence of the ribonuclease. The ribonuclease inhibited translation in a cell-free rabbit reticulocyte lysate system with an IC50 of 158 nM and 3H-methyl-thymidine uptake by murine splenocytes with an IC50 of 65 nM.     

Transformation of the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus by particle bombardment

Uracil auxotroph of Pleurotus ostreatus was transformed to prototrophy by means of particle bombardment. Five transformants were obtained under three conditions differing in the two parameters of target distance and helium pressure. The transformation frequency was one transformant per microg of DNA. In the transformants, plasmid DNAs were integrated into the genomic DNA and stably maintained. This is the first report on transformation of P. ostreatus by particle bombardment.     

采自祁连山的冷杉侧耳生物学特性及栽培条件探索

以采自甘肃省祁连山国家级自然保护区菌物保育区的野生侧耳作为试验材料,通过形态学及系统发育分析方法将其鉴定为冷杉侧耳Pleurotus abieticola。对该菌株生物学特性及栽培条件进行初步研究,结果表明：菌丝体最适生长温度为25℃;最适pH为7.0;最适碳源为玉米粉;最适氮源为豆粉;在以棉籽壳、木屑和麸皮为栽培料时,可获得子实体。     

A novel ribonuclease from fruiting bodies of the common edible mushroom Pleurotus eryngii

A ribonuclease with a temperature optimum of about 70 degrees C and a pH optimum of 6.5 was isolated from fruiting bodies of the mushroom Pleurotus eryngii. The ribonuclease was unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel and S-Sepharose. It possessed a molecular mass of 16 kDa, and exhibited higher ribonucleolytic activity toward poly A and poly G and lower ribonucleolytic activity toward poly C and poly U. Its N-terminal sequence was distinctly different from those of other mushroom ribonucleases, and resembled that of Pleurotus tuber-regium only by 40%. Furthermore, its thermostability characteristics, polyhomoribonucleotide specificity and molecular mass were dissimilar to those of other mushroom ribonucleases.     

A lectin from an edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus as a food intake-suppressing substance

In an experiment in which rats were allowed free access to food and water, the rats did not eat the diet containing a mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus even if they were emaciated. A P. ostreatus lectin (POL) was isolated from the mushroom as the food intake-suppression principle. In hemagglutination inhibition assays, Me-alphaGalNAc was the most potent inhibitor among the monosaccharides tested. Among all the sugars tested, 2'-fucosyllactose (Fucalpha1-->2Galbeta1-->4Glc) was the strongest inhibitor and its inhibitory potency was five times greater than that of Me-alphaGalNAc. POL exhibited a binding ability to bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) and asialo-BSM and the other glycoproteins were inert to the binding. The food intake-suppressing activity of POL was dependent on the dose. The diet containing 0.1% POL caused a 50% decrease in the food intake of rats against the control.     

The structure of a polysaccharide from Fraction-II of an edible mushroom, Pleurotus florida

A water-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from Fraction-II of the aqueous extract of the fruit bodies of the mushroom, Pleurotus florida. Compositional analysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation study, Smith degradation, and NMR studies (1H, 13C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, HSQC, and HMBC) revealed the presence of the following repeating unit in the polysaccharide: [structure: see text].