启动子替代构建糙皮侧耳漆酶高产菌株

POXC是糙皮侧耳合成最多的一种漆酶。应用启动子替代技术,用构巢曲霉的甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶基因（gpd）启动子替代POXC基因的启动子,构建了超量表达POXC糙皮侧耳转化子。转化子中POXC基因表达量比出发菌株提高了0.72–3倍。在PDA平板培养、PD摇瓶培养和棉籽壳试管培养条件下,转化子漆酶活力显著提高,比出发菌株提高了1.5倍以上。用棉籽壳栽培,转化子菇产量比出发菌株提高了16.2%,培养料中木质素含量比出发菌株减少21%。结果表明,应用高效启动子替代能够显著提高糙皮侧耳漆酶基因的表达量、漆酶活力及其木质纤维素降解能力。     

糙皮侧耳（Pleurotus ostreatus SR—2）产漆酶条件及漆酶性质的研究

在植物界中,木质素是仅次于纤维素的一种最丰富的大分子有机物质,是复杂的芳香族聚合物,是极具潜力的一种资源。木素的微生物降解酶类在制浆造纸工业、纸浆生物漂白、废水处理及饮料加工工艺等方面具有很大的研究价值和应用潜力。自然界中木素的降解主要是通过丝状真菌,主要由白腐担子菌的分解作用来完成,白腐菌降解木质素是通过其分泌的酶的作用来实现。降解木质素的酶主要有3种,即木索过氧化物酶（LigninPeroxidase,简称LiP）,依赖锰的过氧化物酶（Manganese－dependentPerokidase,简称MnP）和漆酶（Laccase）[1]。国外已在…     

香菇漆酶高产菌株筛选及漆酶基因的表达研究

漆酶是一种含铜的多酚氧化酶,其作用底物范围广,在食品、能源和环保等领域具有重要的应用价值,因此筛选高产漆酶菌株对于其工业应用具有重要意义。本实验以78株香菇菌株为实验材料,利用愈创木酚平板法初筛,液体发酵复筛的方法筛选高产漆酶香菇菌株,并通过实时定量PCR分析香菇漆酶同工酶在不同菌株之间转录表达的差异性和特异性。结果表明,不同香菇菌株的生长速度、变色圈大小存在差异,以菌丝圈和变色圈大小及其比例为依据,从78株香菇菌株中筛选出19株潜在的漆酶高产菌株;液体发酵从这19株菌株中复筛出3株高产漆酶的菌株:香240、15和冕宁浅灰,其中香240在培养第3天酶活达到最高(3.583U/m L),香15和冕宁浅灰则在培养第7天酶活达到最高(分别为3.842U/m L和2.806U/m L);实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,10个漆酶同工酶基因在两株香菇菌株中的表达存在差异性和特异性,其中Lelac5和Lelac9只在菌株香240中检测到转录本;Lelac1–4在菌株15中表达量较高,而Lelac8、Lelac10和Lelac11在香240中的表达量较高。研究结果将为香菇漆酶的进一步研究提供基础。     

白灵侧耳漆酶分离纯化及其酶学性质研究

为了探索白灵侧耳Pleurotus eryngii var.tuoliensis漆酶性质,以白灵侧耳菌株00485为试验材料,从发酵液中分离纯化得到胞外漆酶并对其酶学性质进行测定。纯化流程依次为DEAE-Cellulose阴离子交换层析,CM-Cellulose阳离子交换层析,SP-Sepharose强阳离子交换层析以及Superdex 75凝胶过滤层析,获得胞外白灵侧耳漆酶(Pn Lac)。SDS-PAGE检测结果表明Pn Lac为65k Da的单一蛋白。Pn Lac经过胰蛋白酶水解得到3种肽段,经过NBCI-BLAST后发现它们与糙皮侧耳、环柄韧伞、刺芹侧耳等的漆酶具有同源性。底物为2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)时该种漆酶的最适反应温度和p H分别为50℃和3.0,Ca2+和Hg2+能够抑制它的活性,相反地Cu2+和Mn2+能够提高它的活性,米氏常数Km和Vmax分别是0.17mmol/L和1.76OD/min/U。     

不同木质纤维素诱导对糙皮侧耳液体发酵产漆酶活性的影响

以2株糙皮侧耳Pleurotus ostreatus栽培菌株为材料,研究在添加木屑、玉米芯和棉籽壳3种农林废弃物后,对其液体发酵产漆酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同糙皮侧耳菌株的漆酶活性具有极显著的差异(P0.001),仅第3天和第9天差异显著(P0.05);而不同培养基条件对漆酶活性也产生了极显著的影响(P0.001)。此外,不同菌株在产漆酶能力上存在一定的差异,在不同培养基条件下所表现出的差异也不一致。相比之下,在含棉籽壳的完全培养基中漆酶活性高于含木屑或玉米芯的完全培养基,说明棉籽壳对不同糙皮侧耳菌株产漆酶能力的诱导作用更强。     

漆酶测定过程中缓冲体系的影响研究

采用L9（3^4）正交设计,研究了缓冲体系的三项指标——缓冲液成分、pH值和缓冲液浓度对白腐菌胞外漆酶活力测定的影响。结果表明：α=0．01时,缓冲体系的三项指标对白腐菌漆酶测定均有极显著影响;正交实验中获得的最高酶活测定值（14400-14976U,pH4．0,0．4mol／LNa2HPO4-柠檬酸缓7中液中）,是最低测定值（176-592U,pH4．8,0．8mol／LNa2HPO4-柠檬酸缓冲液中）的25～80倍。并考虑因素间交互作用,将分析所得最佳的缓冲体系“pH4．0,0．4mol／L邻苯二甲酸氢钾-NaOH缓冲液”,与正交实验中表现最佳的“pH4．0,0．4mol／LNa2HPO4-柠檬酸缓冲液”进行重复实验比较,灵芝菌株胞外漆酶测定的最适缓冲体系为“pH4．0,0、4mol／LNa2HPO4-柠檬酸缓冲液”。这为研究白腐菌漆酶酶活提供了较好的测定体系。     

不同栽培基质对糙皮侧耳不同发酵方式下产漆酶活性的影响

为了比较糙皮侧耳栽培种在不同常规栽培基质上的漆酶活性,分析更适合糙皮侧耳生长的栽培基质,以1株糙皮侧耳Pleurotus ostreatus栽培菌株为研究材料,研究在固态和液态发酵条件下添加木屑、玉米芯和棉籽壳这3种栽培基质后,对其产漆酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同栽培基质对糙皮侧耳漆酶活性具有极显著的影响（P<0.001）;不同发酵方法对糙皮侧耳漆酶活性也具有极显著的影响（P<0.001）,仅第2天差异不显著。固体发酵与液体发酵条件下,糙皮侧耳在棉籽壳培养基上所检测到的漆酶活性均高于在木屑或者玉米芯培养基上,表明棉籽壳对提高糙皮侧耳漆酶活性的诱导能力更强。此外,糙皮侧耳在棉籽壳培养基上能够快速分泌漆酶,表明棉籽壳对缩短糙皮侧耳漆酶分泌时间的诱导能力更强。     

漆酶同工酶基因在斑玉蕈生长发育过程中的表达分析

为了探明漆酶在斑玉蕈生长发育过程中的功能,对斑玉蕈转录测序预测的13个漆酶基因序列进行分析、鉴定和构建分子系统发育树;检测了不同生长发育时期漆酶的活性和漆酶基因表达水平。研究结果显示：13个基因片段中有10个是漆酶基因。不同的漆酶同工酶之间进化关系存在明显差异,大多数漆酶与木腐菌（金针菇Flammulina filiformis和侧耳属Pleurotus）进化关系较近。对斑玉蕈不同生长发育时期的酶活检测结果显示,从斑玉蕈的菌丝恢复期到钉头期,漆酶活性逐渐升高,而在子实体形成后期酶活逐渐降低。对培养40d、60d和80d的菌丝样品以及不同生长发育时期的样品进RT-qPCR检测,结果显示在菌丝营养生长时期,大多数漆酶基因在第40-60天表达量持续增加1-3倍,而在第60-80天时表达量出现降低的情况。而在生殖生长时期,大多数漆酶基因在转色期或者原基期相对表达量达到最大值,并在子实体期出现降低,这与漆酶活性的检测具有一致性。lcc3、lcc7、lcc8和lcc9在斑玉蕈生殖生长过程中相对表达量出现了10-100倍的上调。这说明从菌丝培养到菌丝扭结形成子实体和子实体发育的过程中,不同的漆酶可能发挥着不同的作用,表达量较高的漆酶基因可能对基质降解和子实体形成起主要作用。     

食用菌漆酶生物学性质及其应用研究进展

漆酶是一种含铜的多酚氧化酶,对木质素有很强的降解能力,食用菌在生长发育过程能够分泌漆酶。目前,国内对于食用菌漆酶的报道不多。综述了食用菌漆酶的生物学性质、酶活性分析方法及最新应用研究进展。     

Isolation of genes expressed during the developmental stages of the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, using expressed sequence tags

In order to isolate and identify the developmentally regulated genes during fruiting body development, cDNA libraries were constructed from eight developmental stages of the Oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus. From these libraries, 11 761 expressed sequence tags (PoESTs) were generated. Of these, 4060 different genes (PoUnigenes) were identified, representing 34.5% of the entire genome. Redundancy analysis of ESTs during the developmental stages identified eight, 13 and two genes that were specifically expressed in mycelia, fruiting body and basidiospore, respectively. RT-PCR was used to confirm the specific expression of nine genes which showed specific redundancy in fruiting body stages, four genes of which were expressed specifically in fruiting body stages as expected in redundancy analysis, and other genes were expressed abundantly in fruiting body stages. The EST database of P. ostreatus generated during this study provides a genetic and biochemical basis for future studies of the developmental stages of basidiomycetes.     

Purification and characterization of a new ribonuclease from fruiting bodies of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus.

A ribonuclease (RNase), possessing an N-terminal sequence disparate from those of ribonucleases from other mushrooms and previously isolated Pleuotus ostreatus RNases, was purified from the fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. The N-terminal sequence of Pleurotus ostreatus RNase did not manifest homology even to a previously reported RNase from the same mushroom. The ribonuclease was adsorbed on CM-Sepharose and Mono S. It exhibited a molecular mass of 12 kDa in both sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration on Superdex 75. The ribonuclease displayed an activity of 11490 U/mg on yeast tRNA. The highest ribonuclease activity was exhibited toward poly U, followed by poly A and poly C. No activity was shown toward poly G. The optimal pH for its activity was 7 and the optimal temperature was 55 degrees C. It inhibited cell-free translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate with an IC50 of 240 nM.     

Heterologous expression of heterodimeric laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus in Kluyveromyces lactis

Among the laccases produced by the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus, there are two closely related atypical isoenzymes, POXA3a and POXA3b. These isoenzymes are endowed with quaternary structure, consisting of two subunits very different in size. The POXA3 large subunit is clearly homologous to other known laccases, while the small subunit does not show significant homology with any protein in data banks. To investigate on the singular structure of the POXA3 complex, a new system for recombinant expression of heterodimer proteins in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis has been set up. A unique expression vector has been used and the cDNAs encoding the two subunits have been cloned under the control of the same bi-directionally acting promoter. Expression of the large subunit alone and co-expression of both subunits in the same host have been demonstrated and the properties of the recombinant proteins have been compared. Clones expressing the large subunit alone exhibited always notably lower activity than those expressing both subunits. In addition to the activity increase, the presence of the small subunit led to a significant increase of laccase stability. Therefore, a role of the small subunit in POXA3 stabilisation is suggested.     

不同诱导培养基对糙皮侧耳液体发酵产漆酶活性的影响

利用1株糙皮侧耳Pleurotus ostreatus栽培菌株为材料,研究添加碱性木质素或者配合简单碳源或氮源后对其液体发酵产漆酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同诱导培养基对糙皮侧耳漆酶活性具有极显著的影响（P<0.001）,而且不同诱导培养基对糙皮侧耳菌丝生物量也产生了极显著的影响（P<0.001）。此外,只利用碱性木质素或者是再添加碳源葡萄糖均有利于糙皮侧耳产漆酶,既包括产漆酶酶活性的提升,同时也包括产漆酶时间的提前,但只利用碱性木质素诱导不利于菌丝生物量的积累;而富含简单碳/氮源的诱导培养基,无论是否含碱性木质素,均有利于菌丝生物量的积累,其中,富含简单碳/氮源的培养基中再添加碱性木质素后的菌丝生物量和漆酶活性均高于不添加碱性木质素时的菌丝生物量和漆酶活性。相比而言,含碱性木质素的培养基中测得的漆酶活性大部分时间下都要高于不含木质素的简单碳/氮源培养基,含碱性木质素的培养基对糙皮侧耳菌株产漆酶的诱导作用更强。     

铜离子调控木质纤维素降解和糙皮侧耳形态发育的研究

漆酶是一种含铜的多酚氧化酶,在木质素的降解中起重要作用。铜离子对漆酶的产生和活性有重要影响。通过向秸秆固体培养基中添加铜离子,研究铜离子对糙皮侧耳木质纤维素降解酶、木质纤维素降解和形态发育的影响。结果表明,添加铜离子能在一定程度上提高漆酶的活性,添加3mmol/L铜离子在第7天漆酶活性比对照高出71.2%,28d后添加铜离子的样品木质素降解率稍高出对照,添加铜离子能促进糙皮侧耳原基的分化和子实体的发育。     

Classical breeding in Pleurotus ostreatus: a natural approach for laccase production improvement

White-rot basidiomycetes, the most common wood-rotting organisms, are characterized by their ability to produce extracellular oxidative enzymes, among which laccases are regarded as promising catalysts for many biotechnological applications. A significant obstacle to the exploitation of laccase-based bioprocesses is the large amounts of enzyme required. In this study the issue has been addressed by applying a classical breeding approach to increase laccase production yields in the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Starting from two different P. ostreatus varieties, three higher laccase-producing hybrids have been obtained by crossing selected compatible monokaryons. The three selected strains increased the titre of parental strains up to four fold, reaching an expression level of up to 100 000 U/L. One hybrid exhibited a more complex isoenzyme pattern, illustrating the potential of classical breeding to differentiate protein expression.