Oidium albicans Robin [Mycotorula albicans (Rob.) Lang. et Tal.] e Monilia pseudotropicalis Castellani [Mycocandida pseudotropicalis (Cast.) Cif. et Red.]

Riassunto Gli AA., sulla base dello studio colturale, micromorfologico, biochimico e biologico di un ceppo isolato dalle feci di un bambino, rivedono la diagnosi e la posizione sistematica di Mycocandida pseudotropicalis (Cast.). Cif. et Red., insistendo sui suoi caratteri differenziali nei confronti di Mycotorula albicans (Robin) Lang, et Tal. e di Candida tropicalis (Cast.) Red.

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Summary The AA. through a Cultural, micromorphological, biochemical and biological study of a yeast isolated from the feces of a child, revised the diagnosis and the systematic position of Mycocandida pseudotropicalis (Cast.) Cif. et Red., insisting on the differential characters in relation to Mycotorula albicans (Robin) Lang. et Tal., and to Candida tropicalis (Cast.) Red.

     

Studies on Osmophillic Yeasts

Influences of concentrations of sodium chloride and pH values of soy mash on the changes of microflora during the ripening process were investigated. The proportions of various yeasts in the soy mash were proved to be changed with the above two environmental factors. And it was shown that growth sequence of yeasts in soy mash was controlled according to their pH sensitivities at the hypertonic condition. From young soy mash (3 days’ old), the following yeasts were isolated: salt-tolerant type.…Saccharomyces rouxii Boutrpux, Torulopsis famata (Harrison) Lodder et Kregervan Rij, Candida polymorpha Ohara et Nonomura, Pichia farinosa (Lindner) Hansen, and Trichosporon behrendii Lodder et Kreger-van Rij ; salt-sensitive type.…Candida tropicalis (de Beurm., Gougerot et Vaucher) Ota and Candida rugosa (Anderson) Diddens et Lodder.     

The genusCandida berkhout

The aim of the study was to verify the accuracy of the taxonomic classification of rough variants of the speciesCandida guilliermondii on the basis of comprehensive study of phenetic manifestation and to determine differences in cell wall structure with special reference to polysaccharides (1) According to their phenotype, the test strainsCandida guilliermondii (Cast.) Langeron et Guerra andCandida guilliermondii var.membranaefaciens Lodder et Kreger-Van Rij belong to the speciesCandida guilliermondii, whileCandida guilliermondii var.nitratophila Diddens et Lodder is phenotypically closer toCandida pelliculosa. (2) Observation of native and hydrolysed cell walls in the electron microscope showed no differences between the test strains. (3) The results of X-ray phase analysis of cell walls differentiatedCandida guilliermondii var.nitratophila from the other two, however. (4) Electron microscopy photomicrographs and diffractograms of cell walls indicated that, after 2% HCl extraction at 100 C, the cell walls contain chitin, which is isolated by further extraction with 30% HCl. After 3% NaOH hydrolysis the chitin diffractogram is not clear.     

Yeasts in greenhouse environment

Summary The examination of a total of 98 yeast cultures collected from the buds, the open flowers and the host animals of 8 different species of plants and from the related soils of the vessels in a greenhouse, has demonstrated the presence of 13 different yeasts, including 3 sporogenous and 10 asporogenous species. The more frequent species were: Torulopsis bacillaris (Kr. et Krumbh.) Lodder (frequency 37.5%) and Candida reukaufii (Grüss) Diddens et Lodder (37.5%), on the open flowers. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (Jörg.) Harrison (37.5%), and Rhodotorula glutinis (Fres.) Harrison var. rubescens (Saito) Lodder (25%), on the bud flowers. Torulopsis bacillaris (Kr. et Krumbh.) Lodder (50%) on the animals. Saccharomyces ellipsoideus Hansen (37.5%) and Pichia fermentans Lodder (37.5%), in the soils of the related vessels.The yeast like form Aureobasidium pullulans (De Bary) Arnaud, has 50% of frequency on the bud flowers and 12.5% on the open flowers.     

The yeast genus Yarrowia gen. nov.

The ascigerous teleomorph of Candida lipolytica (Harrison) Diddens et Lodder, previously classified as Endomycopsis lipolytica Wickerham et al. and as Saccharomycopsis lipolytica (Wickerham et al.) Yarrow, has been assigned to the new genus Yarrowia. Yarrowia lipolytica (Wickerham et al.) comb. nov. is the type species for the genus.The remaining species of Saccharomycopsis are revised.     

Saccharomyces Marxianus Hansen

III Conclusion and Summary Zygosaccharomyces Marxianus andSaccharomyces macedoniensis belong to the same species. This species is met with in the haplophase (Z. Marxianus) as well as in the diplophase (S. macedoniensis). It was possible to bring this yeast from the haplophase into the diplophase and vice versa. By keeping this yeast during long times on maltagar it showed a tendency to change from the haplophase into the diplophase, but not into the opposite direction.It seems quite possible thatHansen, who did not describe a conjugation in this yeast, had met with the diplophase.It has been once more emphasized — at whichWinge andLaustsen and alsoLindegren andLindegren have pointed —, that the genusZygosaccharomyces is no valid genus.The yeast studied here belongs to the genusSaccharomyces and must be designated with the original name given to it byHansen:Saccharomyces Marxianus.For the sake of completeness it is mentioned here that also an imperfect stage ofS. Marxianus has been describedviz., Candida macedoniensis (A. Castellani) Berkhout (I).Saccharomyces fragrans Beijerinck has to be considered as its synonym.     

The genus Candida Berkhout

The properties of 53 fermentation type II strains of the genusCandida Berkhout were studied. The strains in question were originally identified asCandida tropicalis (Castellani) Berkhout,Candida pelliculosa Redaelli,Candida robusta Diddens et Lodder,Candida intermedia (Cif. et Ashf.) Langeron et Guerra,Candida langeroni Dietrichson,Candida obtusa (Dietrichson) v. Uden et Carmo Sousa and as various intermediate forms between these and other similar species. The classification criteria were extended by a number of very important characteristics, such as the degree of utilization of raffinose, the assimilation of lysine, xylose, cellobiose, maltotriose, maltotetraose and arabinose, virulence for mice, nutrient requirements, serological properties, etc. Actual classification was based on the numerical method of a similarity count. On the basis of this extension of the classification criteria, the characteristics of the speciesCandida tropicalis (Castellani) Berkhout andCandida pelliculosa Redaelli were defined in greater detail.Candida intermedia, evaluated on the basis of previously employed characteristics (lactose utilization, non-assimilation of KNO₃) does not appear to be a separate species, but a collection of different border-line forms of other species of this group.Candida robusta Diddens et Lodder is regarded as a member of the genusSaccharomyces, notCandida. The varietiesCandida tropicalis var.lambica andCandida pelliculosa var.cylindrica likewise do not seem to belong to the species concerned and will have to be studied in greater detail from the genetic aspect, in relation to other membrane-forming types ofCandida. The authors' extension of the classification criteria considerably reduced intraspecific variability, particularly in the speciesCandida tropicalis (Castellani) Berkhout, and led to greater accuracy in the practical diagnosis of this species, which is frequent in clinical material.     

The genusCandida Berkhout

Glucose and mannose were demonstrated by chromatography in polysaccharides isolated by alkaline and acid extraction from cell walls. A mannan composed ofd-mannopyranose units bound by α(1–2) and α(1–6) bonds was isolated from the polysaccharides of the strainsCandida guilliermondii (Cast.) Langeron et Guerra andCandida guilliermondii var.membranaefaciens. Mannans isolated from these two strains have the same chemical structure and immunochemical properties. The polysaccharide isolated from cell walls of the strainCandida guilliermondii var.nitratophila has a different chemical structure and different immunochemical properties.     

Characteristics of yeast causing clouding of dry white wines

Summary Fourteen cultures of yeast were isolated from dry white wines which contained a cloud and/or sediment. These organisms were identified asS. chevalieri Guilliermond (2 cultures),S. carlsbergensis var.monacensis (Hansen) Dekker (1),S. oviformis Osterwalder (6),S. cerevisiae (2),Pichia alcoholophila Klöcker (2), andCandida rugosa (Anderson) Diddens and Lodder (1).     

Strategies for the production of lipase by Candida rugosa; neural estimation of biomass and lipase activity

Summary Various strategies for the production of lipase by Candida rugosa Diddens and Lodder (ATCC 14830) in stirred tank reactors were investigated. The strain was first screened for lipase production with agar plate assay based on the fluorescent dye Rhodamine B, followed by adaptation to the production medium used. The highest lipase activity of 7.6 U/ml was obtained on a medium containing 40 g olive oil/l and 1 g glucose/l, with supplying pure oxygen. Neural networks were used in the estimation of biomass and lipase activity.     

Sul presunto Endomyces albicans Vuillemin

Summary The micromorphology displayed by one north american strain (Illinois) of Manilia albicans is identical to the classical morphology of Endomyces albicans Vuill. or E. Vuillemini. From the study of the strain, the conclusion is that the very abundant and early production of acrogenous spherical, double-walled chlamidospores were considered as asci, only for the superficial analogy with true species of the Genus Endomyces. The original Vuilleminian strain, conserved up to-now appeared as one asporogenous, while no exhaustive proof of the original sporogenicity were presented by Vuillemin. In conclusion, our strain, with the Vuillemin's strain and E. Cruzi (and probably E. fulmonalis and E. bonaerensis) has been considered as a variety [var. Vuillemini (Landrieu ex Cast, et Chalm.) nobis] of Mycotorula albicans (Rob.) Lang. et Tal.     

L'Oidium albicans Robin

Summary The authors after an accurate review of the literature try to establish the morphological, biochemical and biological properties of the yeast strain which has been observed first by Robin, afterwards examined by many other researchers and finally indicated besides the name of Oidium albiccans with several other names. They establish that the yeast which has been isolated most usually since 1853 up to the present day from the trush and the superficial and profound diseases of men and animals, shows the morphological properties of the genus Mycotorula, that it ferments always glucose, levulose and maltose, but inconstantly and only very little the other carbohydrates (never saccharose), that it liquefies sometimes but not regularly gelatine and that it behaves in the same inconstant way by the milkcoagulation and finally that it can be pathogenic for the animals.On these conclusions taken from the literature they examine 15 different strains procured from all parts of the world and indicated as Oidium albicans or by the synonyms, 12 of which belong to the Robin strain and one has been identified as Torulopsis colliculosa (Hartmann) Saccardo, while two others are still studied.The revision of the medical and mycological literature about the asporogenous yeasts provided with mycelium allowed the authors to establish that many strains, although retained by the reason of properties insufficient to identify specific or subspecific taxinomical unities, to belong to distinct species, are to be attributed to the Robin strain.They discuss the nomenclature and the synonyms and point out the utility to use for the Robin species the genus name of Mycotorula Will, emend. Cif. et Red. instead of other terms as Syringospora Quinquaud. As to the species name to give to the Robin strain they discuss these species which although they are to be attributed to the Robin strain, are described as distinct species as the Monilia Pinoyi Cast, and the Monilia psilosis Ashford. For several reasons they consider it as opportune to conserve the species term albicans. At last the authors conclude that it would be better to name the Robin species which represents the fungus most usually isolated from the thrush and the clinical-anatomical lesions of men and animals, Mycotorula albïcans (Robin) Langeron and Talice, 1932.Under that name there are collected 45 synonymous certain and 9 uncertain species. Finally there is the complete diagnosis which gives most accurately the culture and micromorphological properties of the Mycotorula (including the oscillations of altered and in different phases fixed strains) and the biochemical properties (fermentation of glucose, levulose and maltose, more rarely and less constantly of mannose and galactose, the slow and not always existing liquefaction of gelatine and the same inconstant beha viour of the milkcoagulation) and at last the inconstant pathogenicity for the animals A short note deals with the question of the variability of the Mycotorula albicans and the eventual existence and remaining in the R and S phases.

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Zusammenfassung Die Verfasser bei einer Nachpruefung an Hand einer genauen Uebersicht der Literatur versuchen, die morphologischen, biochemischen und biologischen Eigenschaften des Pilzstammes festzustellen, der zuerst von Robin beim Soor beobachtet, spaeter von vielen anderen Forschern untersucht und schliesslich auch mit verschiedenen anderen Binomia ausser dem von Oidium albicans bezeichnet wurde. Es wird festgestellt, dass der Pilz, der seit 1853 bis heute am haeufigsten bei Soor und aus den oberflaechlichen und tiefen Krankheitsveraenderungen des Menschen und der Tiere isoliert wurde, die morphologischen Eigenschaften der Gattung Mycotorula aufweist, und dass er immer und regelmaessig Glykose, Laevulose und Maltose fermentiert, unregelmaessig jedoch und nur wenig die anderen Kohlehydrate (niemals Saccharose); er verfluessigt manchmal, aber nicht immer Gelatine und zeigt das gleiche inkonstante Verhalten gegenueber der Milchgerinnung; fuer die Versuchstiere kann er pathogen sein.Auf Grund dieser aus der Literatur gewonnen Folgerungen werden 15 aus den verschiedensten Teilen der Welt bezogene und als Oidium albicans oder mit Synonyma bezeichnete Staemme untersucht. Von diesen werden 12 als dem Robinschen Stamm angehoerig und einer als Torulopsis colliculosa (Hartmann) Saccardo identifiziert,waehrend zwei sich noch in Untersuchung befinden.Die Revision der medizinischen und mycologischen Literatur ueber die asporogenen Hefen, die einen filamentoesen Apparat besitzen, hat es ausserdem den Verff. erlaubt festzustellen, dass viele Staemme, die auf Grund von zur Feststellung von spezifischen oder subspezifischen taxonomischen Einheiten unzureichender Eigenschaften als gesonderte Arten angesehen wurden, dem Robinschen Stamm zuzurechnen sind.Ferner werden die Nomenklatur und die Synonyma diskutiert, wobei darauf hingewiesen wird, dass es geeigneter waere, den Gattungsnamen Mycotorula Will, emend. Cif. und Red. fuer die Robinsche Art anzuwenden als andere Namen wie Syringospora Quinquaud. Was den dem Robinschen Stamm zu gebenden Artnamen anbetrifft, so werden jene Arten eroertert, die, obschon sie der Robinschen Art zuzurechnen sind, als selbstaendige Arten beschrieben wurden wie die Monilia Pinoyi Cast, und die Monilia psilosis Ashford. Verschiedener Gruende wegen wird es als angezeigt erachtet, den Artnamen albicans beizubehalten. Dann kommen die Verff. zu dem Schluss, dass es besser sei, die Robinsche Art. die den am haeufigsten aus dem Soor und aus den klinisch-anatomischen Laesionen des Menschen und der Tiere isolierten Pilz darstellt, mit dem Binomion Mycotorula albicans (Robin) Langeron und Talice, 1932 zu bezeichnen.Unter diesem Binomion sind 45 synonyme sichere und 9 ungewisse Arten aufgefuehrt. Zum Schluss wird die vollstaendige Diagnose gegeben, die die kulturellen und mikromorphologischen Eigenschaften der Mycotorula unter Einschluss der Schwankungen der veraenderten und in verschiedenen Phasen fixierten Stämme genaustens angibt wie auch die biochemischen Eigenschaften (Vergaerung der Glykose, Laevulose und Maltose, seltener und weniger konstant der Mannose und Galaktose, die langsame und nicht immer vorhandene Verfluessigung der Gelatine und die sich ebenso inkonstant verhaltende Milchgerinnung) und schliesslich die inkonstante Pathogenitaet fuer die Versuchstiere. Eine kurze Note beschaeftigt sich mit der Frage der Variabilitaet der Mycotorula albicans und des etwaigen Vorhandensein und Stehenbleiben in den Phasen R und S.

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Resumen Los Autores, atraverso un diligente estudio critico de la literatura, buscan de reidentificar y de fijar las caracteristicas morfologicas, bioquimicas y biologicas de la cepa micosica de Robin observada por la primera vez en el muguet y sucesivamente restudiada por muchisimos autores e indicada con binomios diversos del Oidium albicans. Los Autores constatan que la cepa mas frequentemente ashislada desde 1853 hasta hoy del muguet y de formas morbosas superficiales y profundas en el hombre y en los animales presenta caracteres morfologicos del genero Mycotorula, fermenta sempre el glucosio, el levulosio y el maltosio, irregular y scarsamente otros hidratos de carbonio (nunca la sacarosa); puede fluidificar o no la gelatina, puede coagular o no la leche; y en los animales de experimento puede tambien explicar acciones patogenas.Los Autores, sobre la base de estas conclusiones traidas del estudio critico de la literatura, examinan 15 cepas obtenidas de deferentes partes del mundo y etiquetadas como Oidium albicans o como uno de sus sinonimos; identifican a 12 de ellos con la cepa robiniana, a uno con la Torulopsis colliculosa (Hartmann) Saccardo, y dos estan todavia bajo estudio.La revision de la literatura medica y micologica a proposito de levaduras asporigenas provistas de aparato filamentoso, a permitido a los Autores de establecer ademas que muchas cepas retenidas especies distintas (en base a caracteristicas no suficientes a la individualización de entidades especificas o subespecificas) tienen que ser reportadas a la cepa de Robin.Discuten entoces la nomenclatura y la sinonimia afirmando la oportunidad de usar para endicar la especie de Robin el nombre generico Mycotorula en lugar de otros nombres entre los cuales Syringospora Quinquaud. A cerca al nombre especifico da asignar a la especie de Robin, se pone en discusión el nombre de especies que si bien se pueden reportar a la especie misma, vinieron descritas y consideradas especies a parte, como la Monilia Pinoyi Cast, y la Monilia psilosis Ashford. Convienen, sobre la base de varies argumentos, por la oportunidad de conservar el nombre especifico albicans. En tal modo los Autores concluyen aconsejando de indicar la especie de Robin, que es tambien el hongo mas frequentemente ahislado del muguet y de formas anatoso-clinicas similes, superficiales y profundas del hombre y de los animales, con el binomio Mycotorula albicans (Robin) Langeron et Talice, 1932.Bajo este binomio estan indicadas 45 especies sinonimas ciertas y 9 especies sinonimas inciertas. En fin viene dado el diagnostico completo que precisa las caracteristicas culturales, aquellas micromorfologicas de Mycotorula, inclusas las oscilaciones proprias de las cepas degradadas y fijadas en fases diversas; las caracteristicas bioquimicas de la fermentación del glucosio, levulosio y maltosio, mas rara e incostante la del mannosio y galactosio, lenta e inconstante la fluidificación de la gelatina y la coagulación de la leche; incostante la actividad patogena hacia animales de experimento.Una nota nos habla de la cuestión de la variabilidad de la Mycotorula albicans con su possible presentación y fijación en fases R y S.

     

Genero Candida: Especies Que Asimilan La Lactosa

Resumen El grupo lactosa positiva del géneroCandida actualmente está compuesto por especies que asimilan el nitrato de potasio y otras que no lo asimilan. En el género estructurado porLodder &Kregervan Rij solo existen especies que son nitrato negativo cuando son lactosa positivas.Entre las especies de este último grupo genérico dos de ellas han sido declaradas sinónimos. (C. humicola yC. curvata).Entre las nuevas especies pertenecientes al grupo de las que no utilizan el nitrato de potasioCandida pseudotumoralis yCandida vanrijii aparecen como especies muy vecinas.En el grupo de las que utilizan el nitrato de potasio sucede algo semejante conCandida muscorum yCandida yokotsukaensis.Solo el estudio de mayor número de cepas de estas especies podrá dar solución para considerar la validez o sinonimia de ellas.

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Summary In the GenusCandida sensuLodder &Kreger-van Rij there are species which assimilate lactose but not nitrate.With the addition of eight new species two groups can be formed:1) one which assimilates nitrate and 2) one which does not. Candida humicola andCandida curvata can be considered synonymous. Candida pseudotropicalis andCandida vanrijii, on one hand, andCandida muscorum andCandida yokotsukaensis, on the other, are similar species.

     

Torulopsis or Cryptococcus?

Summary Use of the generic name Cryptococcus Kützing should be avoided in yeast taxonomy, as it is both a nomen dubium and a nomen confusum. Dubium because it is at the least doubtful that the first Cryptococcus species described by Kützing (Cr. mollis) was a yeast (Kützing himself classified Cryptococcus among the Algae). Confusum because it has appeared from an examination of authentic herbarium material of Cr. mollis, that Kützing dit not deal with one, bur with a mixture of at least five organisms.The generic name Torulopsis Berlese, on the contrary, is a valid name for a group of asporogenous yeasts, since Berlese has purposely included, as appears from the diagnosis given, in his new genus Torulopsis the yeasts at that time brought to the genus Torula sensu Pasteur-Hansen.The objection which at first sight could be raised against the acceptance of the genus Torulopsis, namely that the first species described by Berlese: Torulopsis rosea, belongs to the present genus Rhodotorula Harrison is untenable, since this species certainly was not a yeast with a carotinoid pigment. All evidence available is in favour of the suggestion that Berlese's species was identical with Torulopsis pulcherrima (Lindner) Sacc.Herewith the validity of the generic name Torulopsis for the asporogenous, nonmycelium forming, colourless yeasts may be considered to be proved.A slightly amended diagnosis of the genus Torulopsis Berlese is given.     

Étude Électrophorétique Et Immunochimique Comparée Des Antigènes De Quelques Levures Du GenreCandida (C. Albicans,C. Stellatoidea,C. Tropicalis,C. Zeylanoides,C. Krusei,C. Pseudotropicalis,C. Macedoniensis)

Résumé L'électrophorèse en gélose pratiquée sur les antigènes des espèces deCandida étudiées, met en évidence 6 fractions. La séparation bien que sommaire a permis l'appréciation de la nature chimique de ces antigènes. La zone de faible mobilité anodique constitue le composant majeur de nature essentiellement protéique, tandis que la fraction lente est intensément révélée par la coloration à l'acide périodique-réactif de Schiff. L'électrophorèse en gel d'amidon, grâce au grand pouvoir de résolution du support a fourni une meilleure séparation des protéines. Intéressants mais insuffisants, les résultats acquis par ces deux types d'électrophorèse de zone sont très largement complétés par ceux de l'immunoélectrophorèse. Cette dernière méthode d'une haute spécificité encore qu'elle reste tributaire de la qualité des immunsérums employés a conduit à un dénombrement précis des fractions antigéniques desCandida puis à la mise en évidence des antigènes communs et spécifiques des espèces étudiées. Les résultats obtenus confirment ceux que nous avons obtenus précédemment (Biguet & coll., 1959a, 1959b, 1960) quant aux affinités réciproques de certaines espèces. Reposant sur des bases physico-chimiques très différentes, ils rejoignent et confirment les travaux extrêment importants de l'école japonaise deTsuchiya et apportent un nouvel argument immunologique à l'hétérogénéité du genreCandida. Sous l'angle taxonomique au moins, il semble que notre méthode présente sur celle des auteurs japonais l'avantage de révéler un nombre beaucoup plus considérable de fractions, partant de permettre en particulier la mise en évidence de divergences de structure qui échapperaient par l'utilisation de leur technique (par exemple, celle qui séparentC. pseudotropicalis deC. macedoniensis).

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Summary Agar electrophoresis carried out on antigens ofCandida species studied yielded six fractions. The separation, though summary, permitted the evaluation of the chemical nature of the antigens. The zone of the weak anionic motility constitutes the major component, essentially proteinic in nature, while the slow fraction is intensely revealed by the PAS stain. Starch gel electrophoresis, due to its great power of resolution, yielded better separation of proteins. The results obtained by these two types of zone electrophoresis, interesting but not sufficient, are a great deal complemented by the results of immuno-electrophoresis. The latter method of high specificity, even though it depends on the quality of the immune serum used, led to a precise enumeration of the antigenic fractions ofCandida, furthermore to the evidence of common and specific antigens of the species studied. The results obtained confirmed those previously obtained (Biguet et coll., 1959a, 1959b, 1960) concerning the reciprocal affinities of certain species. Resting on very different physico-chemical bases, they confirm the extremely important work of the school ofTsuchiya and bring a new immunologic argument as to the heterogeneity of the genusCandida. At least under taxonomic point of view, it seems that our method shows an advantage compared with that of the Japanese authors in revealing a much greater number of fractions, consequently in permitting the proof of divergence of structure which would escape by using their technique (e.g. those which separateC. pseudotropicalis fromC. macedoniensis).

     

Funghi lievitiformi isolati dalle ovoteche diPariplaneta orientalis L.

Sommario L, A. ha ripreso il tentativo di isolate dalle cellule del corpo adiposo delle blatte (Periplaneta orientalis e Blattella germanica) i simbionti con lo scopo di determinarue la natura. I1 tentativo è fallito; lo studio è stato condotto su 40 ovoteche di Periplaneta orientalis; le colture hanno dato in una percentuale altissima l'isolamento di uno schizomicete che entra nel gruppo del B. subtilis e l'isolamento di due funghi lievitiformi. Da sei ovoteche sono state isolate cinque volte unaTorulopsis sp. e una volta laCandida Zeylanoides (Cast.) Lang. et Guerra.L'A. ritiene che questi funghi lievitiformi derivino dalla flora della cavità s matica della Blatta, frequentemente inquinata e che passino facilmente nelle ovoteche.

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Summary Yeast-like fungi isolated from the oothecas of Periplaneta orientalis The A. retook the attempt of isolating from the cells of the fatty body of beetles (Periplaneta orientalis and Blattella germanica) their simbionts, in order to enlight their nature. The attempt failed; the study has been performed on 40 oothecas of Periplaneta orientalis; the cultures allowed in a highest rate the isolation of a schyzomycetes belonging to the B. subtilis group, and the isolation of two yeast-like fungi. From 6 oothecas have been isolated five times aTorulopsis sp. and once theCandida Zeylanoides (Cast.) Lang. et Guerra.The A. thinks these yeast-like fungi to come from the flora of the often polluted celomatic cavity of beetles from which they might pass, easily, in the oothecas.

     

Interaction between pathogenic fungi in culture. Considerations on the mechanism of cell division in the dimorphism of pathogenic fungi

Summary A mutual antagonism (in vitro) has been shown betweenTrichophyton rubrum andCandida albicans by means of two membered pure cultures and by means of cultures filtrates from each organism grown singly. The growth ofT. rubrum was inhibited by metabolic products ofC. albicans. The pigment ofT. rubrum has been shown to be a pH indicator in vivo. Metabolic products ofT. rubrum completely inhibit the development of mycelia byC. albicans, but have little effect on growth in the yeast phase. Chemical fractionation experiments indicated that there are two diffusible metabolic products ofT. rubrum affecting mycelia development: 1) soluble in water and in acetone, heat stable, and adsorbed by activated charcoal, 2) soluble in water, insoluble in acetone, heat labile, and not adsorbed by activated charcoal. The general phenomenon of yeast to mycelia conversions has been considered in detail. A notation system has been developed in this connection; yeast (Y) to mycelia (M) transformations may be expressed as YM; interconversions of the type exhibited byBlastomyces may be written Y:M. The relationships between these processes and the analogous bacteria (B) to filament (F) conversions, B F, has been pointed out. Evidence that Y..M, YM, and BF may result from the inhibition of a common unit enzymatic mechanism has been presented. Converging evidence from such diverse fields as the physicochemical study of the kinetics of bacterial growth (Hinshelwood), genetics of irradiated bacteria (Witkin; Eisenstark andClark), cytochemical mechanism of penicillin action (Pratt andDufrenoy), and dimorphism of pathogenic fungi (this paper;Nickerson andEdwards) are all interpreted as pointing in this direction.     

Contribucion al estudio de las Tricopatias Piedricas de Venezuela

Summary In Venezuela, as in Colombia, Brazil and Argentine, two trichopathies of the piedra type were found, namely one with black knots, caused by Piedraia Hortai, and another with light-coloured knots, the so-called Colombian piedra. The last named trichopathy is caused by Trichosporium giganteum Behrend, 1890, not causing hair lesions, and by T. humahuaquensis Mazza et Niño, 1932, causing hair lesions; but it is possible that both species are referable to the same taxonomic entity.     

Flocculation phenomenon of Candida albicans by lysozyme

Young colonies of Sabouraud's glucose agar room temperature culture ofCandida species from human isolation were suspended in distilled water. The suspension was mixed with a solution of lysozyme and incubated in a 37° C water bath. Within 3–5 hours, various species ofCandida cells showed flocculation to varying degrees which occurred at varying periods of onset. Among sevenCandida species,Candida albicans andCandida stellatoidea showed the strongest flocculation, earliest onset and most solution clarity than did any other species.Candida stellatoidea was indistinguishable fromCandida albicans in its degree of flocculation, and in the clarity of solution.Candida species may be arranged in the following order according to their decreasing positivity in flocculation:

1. Candida albicans
2. Candida stellatoidea
3. Candida tropicalis
4. Candida krusei
5. Candida pseudotropicalis
6. Candida parapsilosis
7. Candida guilliermondii
8. Saccharomyces species may be placed afterCandida guilliermondii.

It seems possible to separate theCandida species into 3 groups by the rate of flocculation, and clarity of solution. Group I.Candida albicans andCandida stellatoidea. Group II.Candida tropicalis, C. krusei andCandida pseudotropicalis. Group III.Candida parapsilosis andCandida guilliermondii. Saccharomyces specimens (S. cerevisiae and others) were placed after group III.