电刺激大鼠尾核头部镇痛的中枢效应——〔~3H〕-2脱氧葡萄糖放射自显影研究

本文利用[~3H]-2脱氧葡萄糖定量放射自显影方法,研究了电刺激大鼠尾核头部镇痛时中枢神经系统有关结构的葡萄糖代谢率变化。结果表明,痛刺激后,皮层躯体感觉Ⅰ,Ⅱ区、扣带回皮质、丘脑束旁核、丘脑中央中核、丘脑腹后核、尾核、外侧缰核、外侧隔核、中缝背核及中脑导水管周围灰质等结等的葡萄糖代谢率均明显升高(P<0.05)。电刺激大鼠尾核头部后,中缝大核及延髓旁巨细胞网状外侧核的葡萄糖代谢率显著升高,中脑导水管周围灰质和中缝背核的葡萄糖代谢率亦有升高趋势。电刺激大鼠尾核头部可部份降低痛刺激引起的有关结构葡萄糖代谢率升高(如皮层躯体感觉Ⅰ、Ⅱ区、扣带回皮质、丘脑束旁核、丘脑中央中核、丘脑腹后核、外侧隔核及外侧缰核等)。上述结果提示,电刺激大鼠尾核头部镇痛时抑制了与痛感觉有关的结构,同时激活了与镇痛有关的结构。中缝大核、中缝背核、中脑导水管周围灰质及延髓旁巨细胞网状外侧核等结构是实现尾核镇痛的重要环节。     

[~3H]2-脱氧葡萄糖定量研究方法的介绍

2-脱氧葡萄糖(2-DG)方法是一种新的形态与功能结合的神经科学研究方法。我们在现有条件下对此方法的应用做了一些研究。在实验中,我们采用了股静脉注射[~3H]标记的2-DG,测定血糖、血液中放射性物质含量及用显微分光光度计测定放射自显影片光密度的方法,并采用 Sokoloff 的计算公式计算各脑区的葡萄糖代谢率。     

电刺激尾核头部对隐神经A类和C类纤维传入诱发体感皮层电…

实验用猫,在氯醛糖麻醉、三碘季铵酚制动下,用方波电脉冲刺激隐神经,配合极化电流阻断技术分别引起隐神经Ａ和Ｃ类纤维兴奋,在对侧大脑皮层ＳＩ区ＳＩＩ区记录平均诱发电位（分别简称为Ａ－ＳＩＥＰ、Ａ－ＳＩＩＥＰ、Ｃ－ＳＩＥＰ、Ｃ－ＳＩＩＥＰ）。用双级同心圆电极刺激尾核头部不同部位。实验结果表明,只有刺激同侧尾核头部内侧浅表部位,才对Ｃ－ＳＩＥＰ,Ｃ－ＳＩＩＥＰ,Ａ－ＳＩＩＥＰ有抑制作用,提示尾核头部对大脑     

慢性强直电刺激右侧尾壳核诱导大鼠癫痫样电图和行为发作特征

目的 :慢性强直电刺激右侧尾壳核 (CPu)诱导大鼠电图和行为癫痫点燃样现象 ,观察CPu或海马 (HPC)网络异常的靶向癫痫样行为表达特征。方法 :共用雄性SD大鼠 58只。强直电刺激 ( 60Hz ,0 .4～ 0 .6mA ,2s)大鼠右侧CPu或右侧前背HPC ,1time/d ,连续刺激 7～ 12d。结果 :①CPu电图节律性尖波样发放或HPC电图阵发性高幅失律。②CPu或HPC刺激组大鼠均可以出现原发性、继发性或点燃样湿狗样抖动 (wetdogshakes ,WEDS)、直立、洗面、好静、咀嚼和节律性点头等行为发作。③CPu刺激组大鼠原发性WEDS频率明显低于HPC刺激组大鼠( 2 .10± 0 .12和 2 .89± 0 .2 0times/min ,P <0 .0 1) ,继发性WEDS频率明显高于HPC刺激组大鼠 ( 1.2 3± 0 .11和0 .78± 0 .0 6times/min ,P <0 .0 1)。④CPu刺激组大鼠点燃样效应出现之前的行为静止天数较长。结论 :如同刺激HPC一样 ,慢性电刺激大鼠CPu可以出现类似的癫痫样行为发作。结果提示 :CPu功能异常有可能成为癫痫发作的起源病灶 ,与HPC类似 ,参与了颞叶癫痫电网络的重建 ,具有特征性的癫痫样靶行为表达     

大鼠尾核微量注射γ—氨基丁酸对尾核痛反应神经元放电的影响

在５３只成年Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠上,用玻璃微电极引导神经元放电,观察了尾核内注射γ－氨基丁酸后,尾核痛反应经元放电的变化和印防己毒素对ＧＡＢＡ作用的阻断效应。尾核内每２分钟分别注射ＧＡＢＡ２５,５０,１００μｇ／２μｌ,尾核痛兴奋神经元诱发放电频率减少,潜伏期延长;痛抑制神经元放诱发放电频率减少,潜伏期延长;痛抑制神经元放电抑制时程缩短,放电频率增加。ＰＥＮ和ＰＩＮ电活动反应与ＧＡＢＡ剂量间呈量效关系     

电刺激尾核头部对隐神经A类和C类纤维传入诱发体感皮层电反应的影响

实验用猫,在氯醛糖麻醉、三碘季铵酚制动下,用方波电脉冲刺激隐神经,配合极化电流阻断技术分别引起隐神经Ａ和Ｃ类纤维兴奋,在对侧大脑皮层ＳⅠ区和ＳⅡ区记录平均诱发电位（分别同称为Ａ－ＳⅠＥＰ、Ａ－ＳⅡＥＰ、Ｃ－ＳⅠＥＰ、Ｃ－ＳⅡＥＰ）。用双极同心圆电极刺激尾核头部不同部位。实验结果表明,只有刺激同侧尾核头部内侧浅表部位,才对Ｃ－ＳⅠＥＰ,Ｃ－ＳⅡＥＰ,Ａ－ＳⅡＥＰ有抑制作用,提示尾核头部对大脑皮层不同躯体感觉代表区有不同的调制作用,对ＳⅠ区Ｃ类纤维传入信息有独特的抑制作用。     

[~3H]2-脱氧葡萄糖方法研究辐射热痛刺激的中枢神经效应

本文用形态与功能紧密结合的2-脱氧葡萄糖方法研究了辐射热尾部热痛刺激信息在大鼠中枢神经系统中的传导途径。实验表明,痛刺激可使低位骶髓背角、丘脑腹后核和束旁核、躯体感觉皮层Ⅰ、Ⅱ区以及中脑中缝核群、尾核等结构的葡萄糖代谢率显著升高,其中尤以丘脑腹后核和中脑中缝核群最为显著。这说明,痛刺激信息可到达包括丘脑腹后核躯体感觉皮层在内的上述神经结构。本文还讨论比较了痛刺激和电针刺激这两种信息在中枢神经系统中表达的异同点。     

电刺激大鼠尾壳核诱导丘脑外侧背核神经元出现与海马电图变化相关的特征性放电脉冲间隔

本文旨在探讨电刺激右侧尾壳核（caudate putamen nucleus,CPu）对双侧丘脑外侧背核（1aterodorsal thalamic nucleus,LD）单个神经元放电和海马（hippocampus,HPC）电图瞬时时间编码形式的调制性影响。用21只雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠（150-250g）,重复急性强直电刺激（60Hz,2S,0．4-0．6mA）右侧尾壳核（acute tanizafion of the right caudate putamen nucleus,ATRC）诱发大鼠癫痫模型,4通道同步记录双侧LD神经元单位放电和双侧HPC深部电图。结果如下：重复施加ATRC可以诱导大鼠出现（1）双侧LD-HPC癫痫电网络间的功能性环状联系。起始点为对侧LD神经元原发性单位后放电,随后出现同侧LD神经元原发性单位后放电,然后呈现同侧HPC电图原发性后放电,最终引起对侧HPC电图脱同步化效应;（2）双侧LD神经元放电脉冲间隔（interspike intervals,ISIs）散点分布形式与刺激前呈现镜像对称特征。对侧LD神经元原发性后放电的ISI点分布基于底层而且持续时间较长,具有更加明显的突触可塑性特征;（3）随着ATRC串次的增加,对侧LD神经元原发性单位后放电间的爆发式放电时程逐渐延长,可以募集增强海弓电图同步化电活动;显现对侧LD神经元单个放电脉冲与HPC电图γ电振荡（20-25Hz）间的锁相（phase-lock）和锁时（time-lock）关系。结果提示：ATRC可以募集形成具有联系的双侧LD神经元放电和HPC电图特征性的神经信息编码形式,以对侧更加明显。这些跨越大脑半球、涉及多结构的功能性神经信息网络的建立很可能是癫痫发生、发展和扩布的重要信息编码机制。     

电及谷氨酸钠刺激兔杏仁中央核中心区对呼吸的调制效应

本实验在50只氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉的健康家兔上观察了电、化学刺激杏仁中央核(ACE)中心区对呼吸的影响,以膈神经放电做为呼吸观测指标,结果如下:1.长串电脉冲刺激ACE中心区,产生明显的呼吸易化效应,表现为吸气时程延长或增频增幅。2.短串电脉冲刺激ACE中心区,落位于吸气相中期,可使该吸气相明显延长;落位于呼气相中期,可使该呼气相提前结束向吸气相转换。3.微量注射胞体兴奋剂谷氨酸钠(MSG),产生与电刺激该区相似的呼吸易化效应。4.上述电、化学刺激的区域对照和盐水对照实验,均未出现有意义的呼吸改变。提示:ACE中心区细胞体的兴奋,对呼吸具有特异性影响,它参与了呼吸调节,可能在易化基本呼吸节律发生机制中起重要作用。     

A comparison of the cerebral uptake and metabolism of labeled glucose and deoxyglucose in vivo in rats

Experimental evidence indicated that: 1) [¹⁴C]deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (¹⁴C-DG-6-P) in brain (and other rat tissues) did not increase with time after injection of¹⁴C-DG, 2)¹⁴C-DG-6-P in rat brain (and other tissues) did not correlate with glucose metabolism 3)¹⁴C-DG-6-P in rat brain (and other tissues) had a significant negative correlation with glucose-6-phosphatase activity. Further, arterio-venous studies in rats, in which the cerebral uptake and metabolism of labeled glucose were compared directly with those of labeled DG (and labeled fluorodeoxyglucose, FDG), employing double labeled techniques, showed that DG (and FDG) cannot be used to measure glucose uptake and/or metabolism.     

The deoxyglucose method adapted for studies of glucose metabolism in the early chick embryo

14C-2-deoxyglucose (DG), currently employed in in vivo studies of brain glucose metabolism, has been used for determination of glucose consumption in the in vitro developing chick embryo. DG, presented in traces, accumulates in the embryo in proportion with incubation time. Analysis of tissue homogenates shows that the accumulated radioactivity is due to both phosphorylated (DGP) and nonphosphorylated DG. As it is only the radioactivity originating from the DGP that is proportional to glucose utilization, the nonphosphorylated DG must be washed out. The washout shows two distinct kinetics: a fast one corresponding to DG that has entered the cells but has not yet been phosphorylated and a slow one that is probably due to a dephosphorylated DGP coming from a different cellular compartment. On the basis of these results the optimal experimental conditions have been defined, allowing quantitative studies of glucose metabolism during the first day of development of the chicken embryo. From 18 to 24 hr of incubation (end of gastrulation), total glucose consumption increases from 50 nmol X h-1 at stage 3-4 to 90 nmol X h-1 at stage 6-7. This increase mainly reflects the growth of the blastodisc. Comparison with the values of O2 uptake measured at the same period of development suggests that only a fraction of the glucose consumed is oxidized, the major part being converted aerobically to lactate.     

Changes in rat adipocyte and liver glucose metabolism following repeated restraint stress

Rats exposed to repeated restraint weigh less than controls even 8 weeks after stress. Stress-induced weight loss is lean tissue, but the post-stress difference in weight between control and restrained rats is lean and fat mass. Whole-body glucose clearance is enhanced 1 day after stress, but adipocyte glucose utilization is inhibited and muscle glucose transport is unchanged. The studies described here demonstrated that glucose transport was increased in both restrained and pair-fed rats, but that glycogen synthesis was increased only in restrained rats, which may account for the improved whole-body glucose clearance. Adipocyte glucose transport was inhibited and adipose plasma membrane beta-adrenergic receptor number was increased 1 day post-stress in restrained rats when weight loss was lean tissue, but were not different from control rats 5 days post-stress, when both fat and lean tissue were reduced. Thus, repeated restraint induces reversible changes in adipocyte metabolism that may represent a transition from the catabolic state of stress to a new energetic equilibrium in rats that maintain a reduced body weight for an extended period of time.     

Changes in several lipid metabolism indices following death and resuscitation]

The lipolytic activity in the adipose tissue, unesterified fatty acids (UFA) in the blood and adipose tissue, as well as ketone bodies and beta-lipoproteins in the blood were determined in dogs during dying of acute blood loss and the restorative period after the revival of the organism. During agony the activation of lipolysis in the adipose tissue, a decrease of UFA and beta-lipoproteins and an increase of ketane bodies contents in the blood were detected. At the end of the third minute of clinical death there occurred a depression of lipolysis and an increase of UFA content in the adipose tissue. One hour after the revival of the organism the blood UFA content and beta-proteins decrease, but the ketone bodies content rises; simultaneously there occurs some reduction of lipolytic activity of the adipose tissue. At the late postreanimation period (in 1, 3, and 7 days) an activation of lipolysis in the adipose tissue and an increase of UFA, ketone bodies, and beta-lipoproteins content in the blood was noted. The adipose tissue UFA content was low during the postreanimation period. The given results have shown that the changes in the lipid metabolism could play some role in the pathogenesis of non-reversibility during dying and after the revival of the organism.     

14C]deoxyglucose labelling of functional activity in the cephalopod central nervous system.

For the first time, the [14C]deoxyglucose radioautographic technique has been successfully used to map physiological activity in cephalopod brains. In unilaterally blinded octopus and cuttlefish, the optic lobe of the deprived side showed a decreased uptake of the labelled tracer. This suggests that the uptake is related to functional activity. The potential of the [14C]deoxyglucose technique as a powerful tool in studying the functional organization of cephalopod brains is discussed.     

The effect of caudate nucleus stimulation on phenamine stereotypy in cats]

Large doses of d,1-amphetamine produce in cats a stereotype behaviour: its chronic administration results in low variability of the behaviour of one and the same animal and a stable set of motor automatisms. This makes it possible to use the cyclography for an objective estimation of the d,1-amphetamine-induced stereotypy. Low-frequency stimulation of the caudate nucleus head weakens or completely blocks the sterotype movements when current intensity is subthreshold for behavioral arrest reaction. The pecularities of the caudate control its similarity to the action of haloperidol and the absence of influence of the stimulation of the capsula interna and some thalamic nuclei on the stereotypy lead to the assumption that it is due to the depression of the inhibitory function of the caudate nucleus brought about by the intensification of the nigro-striatal dopaminergic transmission.