马齿苋叶片磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶活性及调节特性的光/暗变化

在光照条件下C_4植物马齿黄金苋叶片PEPC的提取活性高于在黑暗中的。PEPC的光/暗活性比率与测定系统的pH及底物PEP浓度有关。pH升高及PEP浓度增加均可使光/暗活性比值下降。日间提取的PEPC与夜间提取的PEPC对于激活剂G6P及抑制剂Mal的敏感性有明显差异。日型PEPC的敏感性低于夜型PEPC的。G6P对PEPC的激活作用表现为增加酶对底物PEP的亲和性,Mal的抑制作用表现为既降低酶对底物PEP的亲和性,又降低酶促反应的最大速度。G6P、Mal对于日型和夜型PEPC的动力学参数的影响是不同的。     

水分胁迫对露花叶片中PEP羧化酶活性及其调节特性的影响

水分胁迫期间露花叶片中PEP羧化酶的活力随胁迫时间的延长明显增加,复水后PEPC同工酶的活力下降。从露花叶片中分离到3个具有不同动力学和物理学特性的PEPC同工酶(PCⅠ,PCⅡ,PCⅢ),其中同工酶PCⅠ只存在于水分胁迫下露花叶片中,复水后消失。 这3个同工酶的K_m(PEP)值不相同;PCⅠ的K_m(PEP)值介于PCⅡ与PCⅢ之间,它在PAGE上的相对迁移率(Rm)比PCⅡ和PCⅢ大,对效应剂G—6—P及Mal的反应不敏感,分子量为PCⅡ之半;PCⅡ被G—6—P激活和被Mal抑制的程度介于PCⅠ与PCⅢ之间,它在PAGE上的相对迁移率和分子量与PCⅢ极相近。     

植物磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶的研究——Ⅱ.高粱叶片PEP羧化酶的代谢物调节特性和油酸抑制效应

本文报导高粱叶片的PEP羧化酶与一些代谢物相互作用的动力学特性。MgCl_2对不同PEP羧化酶同工酶表现程度不同的负协同性,Hill系数分别为0`86(PC Ⅰ)和0.47(PCⅡ)。PEP的饱和曲线呈S型。Hill系数为2.4,表现为正协同性。在不同浓度的G6P存在下,曲线的S型特性消失,Hill系数下降至1。而在不同浓度甘氨酸存在下负协同程度逐步增强,Hill系数为0.72。测定不同浓度G6P对酶活化程度的影响结果表明高浓度G6P(10 mM以上)活化程度反而下降,同时加入低浓度的甘氨酸(0.1～5 mM)能减缓高浓度G6P活化作用下降的程度。上述结果表明Mg~( )和PEP不仅作为底物或辅因子参与反应而且以同位协同的方式调节酶构象的变化,G6P和gly活化酶的作用类型是不同的。低浓度油酸(5～50 μM)对酶有强烈的抑制效应。高浓度Mg~( )不能解除其对酶的抑制。不同材料的酶对油酸反应不同。使高梁叶片PC Ⅰ活性完全抑制的油酸浓度(100 μM),对PCⅡ和小麦的PEP羧化酶活性几乎没有多大影响,表明油酸对高梁光合型PEP羧化酶的选择性抑制与Mg~( )的螯合作用无关。酶先后与Mg~( )或油酸预保温试验结果表明油酸可能作用于Mg~( )在酶蛋白上的调节位置。     

植物磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶的研究——Ⅲ.高粱叶片PEP羧化酶的多构象状态

应用NEM对酶的化学修饰技术,报导了半胱氨酸残基与高粱叶片的PEP羧化酶催化功能的关系。结果表明,NEM修饰使PEP羧化酶活性丧失。酶的失活速度表现为拟一级反应动力学特性。随NEM浓度的增加酶的失活速度加快。不同效应剂对酶的NEM失活具不同影响。油酸和MgCl_2促进酶的失活,G6P、甘氨酸和苹果酸各具有不同程度的保护作用。以P_(0.5)值来比较G6P和甘氨酸的保护效果,其值各为4.17mM和3.44mM。而当这两种效应剂以等量浓度同时存在时,P_(0.5)值下降为0.06mM,表现出它们的协同保护作用。从复合效应剂对酶的热失活速度和最大反应速度(V_(max))的影响亦可看出这种协同作用的存在。上述两方面的结果表明G6P和甘氨酸同时存在时诱发的酶的构象状态与它们分别存在时诱发的构象状态各不相同。根据这些结果提出了高粱叶片的PEP羧化酶可能存在的多构象状态模型,并对其生理意义进行了讨论。     

色氨酸残基在磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶催化功能中的作用

在pH7.5条件下,用NBS对PEP羧化酶中色氨酸残基进行共价修饰表明,PEP羧化酶中48个色氨酸残基均能被NBS修饰。用邹承鲁图解法求得,其中4个残基为酶表现催化活性所必需的。 PEP羧化酶的变构效应剂G6P、Gly及Mal分别与酶预保温后,再经NBS修饰,前两种处理中,同样浓度的NBS所用修饰的色氨酸残基数和处理后的残存酶活与对照相比有很大的差异,而用Mal处理的,两者与对照相差无几。     

低温胁迫对水稻幼苗PEP羧化酶的影响

水稻幼苗经低温(0℃)处理后,叶片中PEP羧化酶活性明显地降低.Km值增大。经1—2天低温处理者,增加反应底物的浓度,有减少PEP羧化酶活性降低的幅度;当低温伤害严重时(0℃4天),这种效应则消失。这些结果表明:水稻叶片中PEP羧化酶对低温反应是敏感的,其活性的下降是由于该酶对底物的亲和力的降低。     

菠菜叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶的调节

电泳均一的菠菜叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活力受G6P,Mg~(2 ),Mn~(2 )的调节;G6P对此酶的促进作用在F6P浓度较低时表现得比较明显;此酶对Mn~(2 )较对Mg~(2 )敏感,Mg~(2 ),Mn~(2 )对此酶的促进作用可被EDTA解除。底物F6P的饱和曲线为S型,底物UDPG的饱和曲线为双曲线型。NADP是此酶的负效应剂,NADP对F6P表现为混合型抑制,使V_m(F6P)降低和K_m(F6P)增大,3mmol/L NADP使F6P的K_m值从2.5mmol/L上升至3.8mmol/L,但不影响希尔系数,n=1.3。NADP对UDPG表现为K_m不变的非竞争性抑制,K_m(UDPG)=3.8mmol/L。     

植物磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶的研究——Ⅷ.C_4植物PEP羧化酶的光诱导形成

连续照光可使玉米和高粱黄化叶切片PEP羧化酶活性提高,同时[~3H]一亮氨酸掺入蛋白质和叶绿素的含量也增加。 应用蛋白质合成抑制剂放线菌酮、放线菌素D和光合作用抑制剂DCMU所得资料表明光刺激黄化叶片PEP羧化酶活性的提高与光合电子传递无关而与叶片蛋白质的合成有关。放线菌酮和放线菌素D强烈抑制酶的活性,同时也抑制放射性标记化合物掺入转绿叶切片中。放射性同位素标记试验表明[~3H]一亮氨酸大量掺入转绿玉米叶切片的PEP羧化酶蛋白中。 应用PEP羧化酶抗血清进行双向免疫扩散和兔疫吸附测定得到的结果亦表明玉米、高粱等C_4植物绿色叶片的PEP羧化酶的形成受光的诱导。     

植物磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶的研究——Ⅸ.高粱叶片PEP羧化酶的可逆酸变性

在酸性pH下高粱叶片PEP羧化酶的酶活性的丧失伴随着酶蛋白内源荧光强度和ANS-酶复合物荧光强度的变化。经变性缓冲液(pH 3.4)处理导致蛋白质内源荧光强度的下降和ANS-酶复合物荧光强度的增加,同时表现出ANS-酶复合物发射光谱最大荧光波长的轻微蓝移(从493 nm移至487nm)。经pH 2.6和pH 3.4酸处理变性的PEP羧化酶可以借含有DTT或β-巯基乙醇的缓冲液(pH 8.3)恢复大部份酶活性。在最适条件下,酶活性的恢复可达90％以上,随着酶潘性的恢复,酶的荧光特性随之恢复。酶复性过程遵从一级反应动力学。甘油明显减缓酶的复性过程,减缓程度与其浓度有关。酶的效应剂甘氨酸、丝氢酸和G6P提高酶的复性速度,其中甘氨酸最为有效。动力学分析表明无论上述效应剂或甘油存在与否都不改变复性过程的反应级。     

植物磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶的研究 V.PEP羧化酶的可逆冷失活

从高梁叶片中纯化的PEP羧化酶在低温下活性迅速丧失,失活是可逆的。将低温失活的酶重新加热至室温酶,活性可以得到恢复。酶的失活速度与介质温度有关。温度越低,失活速度越快。 底物PEP、效应剂G6P、甘氨酸均能防止酶的低温失活。在G6P和甘氨酸同时存在时对酶的保护更为有效。 酶的沉降特性表明在低温下酶由聚合状态(10.2S)解联成低聚状态(4.1S)。而在G6P和甘氨酸的共同保护下,酶在低温下仍保持具有催化活性的聚合状态(10.1S)。 尿索(3M)导致酶的失活,而在G6P和甘氨酸的存在下酶的失活程度大大下降(残存酶活性为53％),而在Mg~(++)同时存在下可使酶对尿素的稳定性大大提高(残存酶活性为79％)。 NaCl,KCl等也具有防止酶低温失活的作用。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.